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A lecture delivered in 2006 by pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg became famous because of a reference of the speaker to the allegedly different ways Christians and Muslims were supposed to view the duty of propagating religious faith. A passage from the Byzantine emperor (1391-1425) Manuel II Palaiologos’ (1350-1425) Dialogue with a Certain Persian, who Ηeld the Οffice of Muterizes, in Ankara of Galatia was quoted, where Muslims from their very appear ance on earth up to that time were accused of regarding violence against “non-believers” as a legitimate means of disseminating their faith. In contrast, it was held by an appeal to some of Palaiologos’ statements on the rational character of Christian morality (an appeal that also made Palaiologos’ text famous for a while), Christianity excluded violence against other religions from its mentality, partly because, having been blessedly cultivated from almost its very beginnings within a culture imbued with the «Hellenic (i.e. the Greek philosophical) spirit», accepted «reason» as a substantial criterion for judging the morality of human acts, religious behaviour included, and regarded God’s will and His commandments as e limine in conformity with reason. It is not my intention, of course, to be entangled in any inter-religious discussion (which may have been the aim of the Pope’s reference to Manuel II, as the very date of the lecture suggests). Instead, I would like to comment on the validity of the scholarly material that formed the background to the way Palaiologos’ text was used in that lecture.
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Translated from the original Greek text into Bulgarian language by Divna Manovola.
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During the entire period of transition, Romania was exposed to constant and intense pressure from structures of the former communist nomenclature and its activists, who dictated decision making related to both internal and external policies and strategies. On another front – in Parliament, Government, the Justice system, the secret services, the press – large groups of former Securitate operatives were able to exert an active influence on decision making on matters of interest to them. Over a number of years, these structures consolidated into informal power networks. They represent, in their own right, a decision making factor – a fifth power.
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Peut-être moins bien connu que le fis albanais ou le pleme slave, le système d’organisation tribale propre aux populations d’Aroumains vient compléter l’image de l’espace balkanique, du début de XXème siècle. La manière dont ces communautés aroumaines étaient organisées et fonctionnaient s’insérait dans le réseau de systèmes sociaux qui tissaient le « mosaïque » des Balkans.
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Aus der Krisensituation am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts entstand die Heideggersche Hermeneutik der Faktizität - eine Alternative, die Heidegger nicht völlig ausgeschöpft hat. Gadamer blieb die Aufgabe, diese Richtung zu übernehmen und alle Aspekte der Faktizität, der faktischen Wahrheit, des Verstehens, des hermeneutischen Zirkels und der endgültigen Trennung der Geisteswissenschaften von den Erkenntnisidealen der Naturwissenschaften zu entwickeln. Er hat dadurch zur Rettung der Geisteswissenschaften aus der Krise, die unabwendbar schien, beigetragen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden wir die folgenden Punkte analysieren: 1) Die Idee der Universalität der Hermeneutik 2) Die Dimension der Geschichtlichkeit als eine zentrale Dimension im Bereich der Geisteswissenschaften, die in den Naturwissenschaften vernachlässigt wurde. Es wird die Idee vertreten, dass die Hermeneutik eine der wichtigsten gegenwärtigen Richtungen in der Philosophie geworden ist. Dies wird ihr aufgrund einer Tugend, die im traditionellen philosophischen Raum neu ist, nämlich einer nachholenden Bescheidenheit, die das Statut der Vernunft als begrenzt feststellt, zugestanden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden wir die perspektivische Dimension der Hermeneutik betonen, die zu keinem Relativismus führt. 3) Endlich werden wir zu zeigen versuchen, wie sich ein solches hermeneutisches Prinzip (das in seinem Wesen perspektivisch, begrenzend und geschichtlich ist) vom Niveau einer einzelnen Hilfswissenschaft zu einem Kohärenzprinzip erhöht - einem Prinzip, das die Vergangenheit und die Überlieferung (in einem bestimmten Bereich der Kunst) nachholt.
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Cet article se limitera à esquisser quelques directions de réflexion pour reconsidérer les lignes fortes du discours des parlementaires libéraux roumains. Il essaiera de traiter le Parlement comme un objet d’étude en soi, en tant qu’espace politique privilégié de production de l’Etat-nation. La perspective d’ensemble s’inscrit, par sa dimension sociopolitique, dans une approche selon laquelle le politique englobe le social, parce que les actions historiques seraient orientées par les pensées et les discours politiques, le politique étant un endroit privilégié d’action de la société sur elle-même4. C’est une approche qui se propose de restituer des problèmes plus que de décrire des modèles, persuadée que « les délibérations rationnelles et les réflexions philosophiques élevées ne sont pas dissociables des passions et des intérêts », des contingences donc.
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Si l’année où Dante écrit De Monarchia reste jusqu’aujourd’hui inconnue, on ne peut établir qu’un terminus ad quem (1317)1, il est cependant certain que cet ouvrage est l’oeuvre d’un exilé qui se réfugie à Vérone après avoir été condamné à mort en 1302 par les guelfes noirs. C’est là qu’il conçoit ce traité de philosophie politique, avant de s’établir ensuite à Bologne [...]
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The present study is meant as an attempt to retrieve some classic echoes of equality and liberty that I think will not undermine the modern liberal-democratic tradition of equality of opportunity, rule of law, and negative liberty, while, at the same time, providing a vital breathing space for our liberal institutions by recollecting some standards of human excellence neglected today, which have, however, outlived for most part of our human history. And although attaching some importance to something that has been enduring enough to last for centuries is a common-place, it is probably against historical and ethical common-sense to think that contemporary social and political institutions are so innovative that no reference to classic landmarks related to human excellence is needed any more.
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This research is about herders and capitalism. It represents an attempt to assess the economic potential of peasant husbandry in terms of pastoral transhumance in contemporary Europe. The ethnography of herders in Central Romania, Northern Greece, and Southern France will be discussed here from the theoretical and methodological perspective of economic anthropology. While it would clearly be difficult to approach peasantry or any other social group in Europe today from outside the general framework of the market economy, it seems equally problematic to speak of capitalism among the herdsmen. As will be seen, this issue has already given birth to some controversial literature in the anthropology of pastoralism. At the same time, however, the debate centered on the emergence of the capitalist esprit and system of production and exchange does reach the peasant economy in general.
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In this paper I examine various issues in the genesis of creole languages from the perspective of language ecology. The creole varieties considered are the Atlantic and Pacific English pidgins and creoles. For reasons of space, the analysis is restricted to the so-called world-wide features of these varieties of restructured English. The paper is structured as follows: section 1 – introduction; section 2 provides a summary of the ecological or ecolinguistic framework; section 3 looks at ideological prejudices and stereotypes of creole languages; section 4 outlines the theory of creole genesis adopted in this paper; section 5 gives a brief description of the world-wide features found in English pidgins and creoles, sources and the methodology; section 6 presents the views of Baker and Huber (2001) on the emergence of world-wide features in English pidgins and creoles; section 7 contains an own account; and section 8 presents some conclusions.
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Chromotherapy or its elements can be held during nursery classes, at ople's home. Its main aim is to support and enhance health, it can be carried out individually or in groups. The article contains the description of the method along with the interpretation of the meanings of colours most often used in chromotherapy.
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Boredom as an emotional state is hardly often described in pedagogical or psychological literature. Nevertheless, it is the undesirable condition and every so often even dangerous for a boring person. The article cosists of reflections on and proposals of boredom prevention through the use of situational humour as a therapy factor.
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The text is a report on research on the quality of speech therapy offered, within the framework of Polish educational system and medical section, to children with speech disorders. Brief introduction illustrates contemporary system of speech therapy in Poland, successive parts comprise a presentation of evaluations of examined teachers, speech therapists and parents, regarding the quality and range of speech therapy. Within the last part conclusions have been drawn form the research and an attempt to delineate necessary changes has been made.
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Necessity of children's psychic need cognition seems to be one of the basic conditions for correct process of the disabled children's integration with school community. Disabled child often feels uncomfortable at school He or she may be plagued by feeling of inferiority and alienation. There is also lack of acceptation and liking for disabled child in the classroom. Doubtless, disabled learner feels hidden desire to contact with other classmates. In order to take care about their correct development and functioning in society, we should observe this special need of contact that those children with different dysfunctions have. The matter is not the same for different children. Disabled learners with intellectual norm desire contact with other children differently than learners with intellectual deficit and learners with emotional disorders. Some of them contact easily and willingly with healthy children but the others, for many reasons, limit this contact with healthy children and they choose their disabled peers.
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Aggressive behavior by children and adolescents continues to be a serious and increasing problem in our schools, on the streets, and in our communities Aggression Replacement Training (ART) is a multimodal psychoeducational intervention designed to alter the behavior of chronically aggressive adolescents and young children.
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