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The theory of stages of economic development was conceived and developed in 1960s. Michael Porter’s seminal book The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990) was arguably the most advanced contribution to this stream of research. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the validity of the stages of economic deve-lopment concept in view of the current economic conditions and the current level of advancement of economic thought. It is found that Porter’s model of stages of economic development needs to be enhanced and updated. This fi nding, however, does not seem to put into question the usefulness of the very idea of stages of economic development. Rather than that, it suggests the necessity to advance it in further conceptual and empirical studies. Possible contributions might deploy it in the context of sustainability and economic complexity con-cepts
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Count Ignác Batthyány (1741–1798) was the Bishop of Transylvania from 1780 until his death. Before his death, he had made a foundation for the custody, the conservation and further administration of the so-called ‘Batthyaneum’; an institution he had established himself, which was comprised of a library, natural history and antique collections, an astronomical observatory and a printing press. He stipulated that the Batthyaneum should be open for people interested in science, regardless of their religion. According to his last will, the institution serving his church and his ’province’ was to be directed by the subsequent Bishops, the Chapter of Transylvania and the Roman Catholic Status. Batthyány also stipulated that so long as the governor (Gubernator) of the Great Principality of Transylvania would be a person of Roman Catholic religion, he should have the control over the institution as well. The bishop’s final wish was respected until 1948 when the Batthyaneum was nationalized. The institution was put under the state’s administration without taking into consideration the fact that it functioned as the library of the Institute of Catholic Theology, it was part of its building, and that it was meanwhile enriched with many episcopal and canonical legacies. Today, the Batthyaneum is a section of the Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Naţională a României, Bucharest).
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Paradoxon-e populáris kultúrával elegyí- teni a filozófiát, a plátói Nap sugara mellett a tûz fényérõl társalogni, vagy netán eszünkbe se jusson visszatérni a barlangba? Mennyire nyitottan viszonyulunk a felmerülõ kérdésekre valóságértelmezõ, igazságkeresõ kísérleteink során, netán köznapibb helyzetekben – filmnézés, kártyaparti, meccs, esetleg az aznapi ebéd kapcsán? Az Open Court Kiadó Popular Culture and Philosophy (a továbbiakban PCP) sorozata ezt a befogadói nyitottságot teszteli, legalább két oldalról biztosan: egyrészt, hogy a filozófia számára elfogadható-e esettanulmányként például az Atkins diéta, másrészt hogyan reagálna a rajongói oldal arra a merész kijelentésre miszerint Harry Potter Hogwartsának akár Arisztotelész is lehetne az igazgatója…
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In the post-war socialist Yugoslavia political and/or economic situation has become unacceptable for part of the population. Since legal emigration from Croatia was not allowed, the number of illegal immigrants increased since the end of World War II. The article deals with this group of migrants using the comparative analysis of original archival materials and available literature in the period from 1945 to 1961 when the state began to gradually open the border. Mostly young people, under 25 years of age, immigrated illegally, mainly for economic reasons, and this was associated with a tradition of emigration, especially in the coastal region. In addition to the poor economic situation, people also emigrated for political reasons, then for adventure, to avoid serving in the Yugoslav People’s Army or to escape from the law for committing criminal offenses. They were fleeing by land or by sea, which was much more successful. Usually the first destinations of the immigrants were Italy, Austria and Germany, from where the majority of them moved to overseas countries. Most people fled the districts of Rijeka, Pula, Zagreb, Zadar, Šibenik and Split that existed at that time so that 74% of all illegal immigrants came from them. The runaways were mostly workers, followed by farmers, vocational school students, public servants, pupils and students, sailors and craftsmen. According to gender, there were many more men than women among the runaways, most of whom were unmarried. The authorities were trying to prevent the escape abroad by methods of controlling the border and prison sentences, but also by the attempts to ensure better living conditions in the affected areas. As these measures had not yielded the desired results, but also due to the beginning of the economic crisis and the appearance of unemployment, the authorities liberalized emigration procedures and opened the borders to immigrants which resulted in a new wave of economic emigration.
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The secret of today’s anticommunism consists in the confusion between the theory of real socialism and communist theory, readily, albeit involuntarily, assisted by Stalinists and their unconscious heirs.
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A study about the friendship developed between Professor Ernő Gáll, a left-oriented intellectual and former Editor-in-Chief of Korunk, and Count Ernő Teleki, a prominent representative of the Transylvanian aristocracy, as reflected by the files kept by the Securitate, the Communist secret service of Romania. The two man were situated in opposite positions during the Communist regime, still, they had an honest relationship, and from time to time they discussed on subjects of mutual interest. Surrounded by an entire army of Securitate officers and agents, Ernő Gáll tried to find a solution for the problems of the Hungarian minority living in Romania, mainly based on the documents of the Helsinki and Belgrade Conferences.
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The transition between the investment-driven and the innovation-driven stages of economic development involves the process of institutionalization of inventive and innovative activity. At the investment-driven stage of development, the inventive activity had been undertaken by inventor-amateur, who, as a rule, was only partially compensated by businesses for his capital investment, effort and risk taken. When the businesses become more innovative, inventors – amateurs are gradually replaced by professional inventive fi rms. Universities gradually become investment fi rms, they commercialize their research and ask remuneration from businesses for their inventive activity. This new role of universities in any country, performed side by side with the traditional one, producing and disseminating research as a public good, symbolizes the beginning of the transition process of the economy from the investment-driven to the innovation-driven stage of economic development. The level of institutionalization of innovation activity and commercialization of knowledge is one of the indicators of the consolidation of an economy in the innovation-driven stage of development.
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There has been an increasing number of immigrants arriving to Serbia from various places ever since the end of the last century. It is primarily a forced displaced population from war affected territories in the 1990s who have still been living in Serbia even two decades after completion of the conflict and the relative normalization of relations. Furthermore, the number of asylum seekers and irregular migrants has also enormously increased. Since demographic forecasts and experiences of other former socialistic countries show that migration transition towards immigration is to be expected in the coming decades, especially with the formal EU membership, it seems there is a need for greater visibilisation of this phenomenon in order to be adequately prepared to face these challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the geopolitical position of Serbia and lay down the long-term prospects regarding immigration as well as to shed light on the attitudes of Serbian citizens towards immigrants, especially when it comes to their influence on the local culture, customs and everyday life. The data presented and analysed were collected by field survey research carried out by the Institute for Sociological Research of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade in 2013. Besides analysing attitudes of the local population concerning the influence of refugees, the authors also examine their opinion on the foreigners’ impact on culture and everyday life in local communities.
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The study analyses jurisdiction both as an institutional system that fulfils one of the fundamental roles of the state and as an independent branch whose framework is provided by the theory of law and constitutional law. The author details the inner connections between jurisdiction and justice, examines the multilayered meanings of justice, and also the manner and extent to which justice is present in the judicial practice. The study aims to answer the cardinal questions of whether the judicial branch of the state is a truly independent branch, what are its characteristics, and how does it relate to the legislature and the executive branches. The second part of the study investigates the overriding principles of a quality jurisdiction, namely the right to a fair trial and public hearing. The analysis follows the development and transformations of these principles within the given constitutional framework. The major conclusion of the study is that the state must ensure, through the supporting legislation and the judicial branch, the delivery of a correct, fair, effective and predictable jurisdiction, as this constitutes a prerequisite for any state of law, an instrument to guarantee the respect of human rights. Equally, the proper functioning of jurisdiction is in the best interest of each member of the society.
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This article presents a general overview of the history of the Cuman-Qipčaq, a loose confederation of Turkic nomadic tribes. While the group never formed a state of their own, the presence of their horsemen in other armies often proved to be a decisive factor in the numerous medieval factional struggles between Rus’ principalities, in the Bulgar-Byzantine wars, in internal Hungarian or Serbian struggles, and other conflicts in the wider region. In their heyday (1050–1240) the Cumans controlled the entire area from the Lake Aral to the lower Danube basin. Gordlevski suggests it is impossible to understand the history of Turkic peoples without the Mongols who in the 13th century incorporated many Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe into their vast empire. In the same way, any study of Southeast Europe is incomplete without considering the influence of the Turkic peoples. While the Cumans had a history of taking slaves, they themselves would eventually become the most numerous slaves sold in the Black Sea region to Italy, to the Near and the Middle East. However, the Cuman language remained a long-standing lingua franca of the Black Sea steppe and is understood by the majority of Turkic peoples even today. In (South)East Europe the Cumans slowly melted into a colourful ethnic pot of populations of Slavic, Hungarian and Turkic origin. In Asia they contributed to the formation of the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz and other Turkic peoples. The legacy of the Cumans is woven into dozens of European and Asian nations, and therefore the study of Cuman history is important as a platform for understanding the broader framework of Eurasian migration as well as the relations between nomadic and sedentary societies in that area.
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The present paper deals with the fundamental dysfunctions, barriers, and threats to shaping an effective government and corporate innovation policy. Among those threats, of particular importance is short-termism in socioeconomic policy-making in such areas as innovation and investment, leading to the marginalization of the culture of strategic thinking and long-term forecasting. The objective of the paper is to indicate both opportunities for the socioeconomic development of Poland and threats linked to the secular stagnation emerging in the Western world, as formulated in the “New Secular Stagnation Hypothesis.” Methodology – The paper is based on a study of the Polish and international literature dealing with the discussed subject matter. The presented, hermeneutically inspired views and conclusions, are also grounded in analysis of statistical data, which suggests that while Poland has a relatively robust development potential, it also faces strong barriers to its effective utilization. This is refl ected in the symptoms of antinomic drift identifi ed in the paper. Due to the threats of stagnation in Poland, socioeconomic policy should be redefi ned and reoriented towards a more rational labor market and efforts to alleviate unemployment, which is one of the most severe forms of resource wastage. The study combines secular stagnation theory with analysis of barriers to the development of Poland
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The first day of October 2011 marks the entering into force of the new Romanian Civil Code. Why did Romania need a new codex of private law? A complex of causes led to the adoption of the new codex, such as a real need for modernization (the former codex dated form 1864), as well as the voluntarily assumed obligation towards the European Union in the context of judicial reform. These are all facts that to some extent contributed to the adoption of the new Civil Code. The main subject of this article is the binding effect of the contract. The rights and obligations created trough the contract must be respected and performed accurately. The binding character of the contract is mandatory for the judges as well, the judge cannot amend the contract; eventually, through interpretation, he establishes the precise content of the not so clear clauses. However, the new Civil Code introduced a new regulation regarding the judicial amendment of contracts in case of frustration of contract (commercial impracticability). These new rules expressly create – if the conditionality, inspired by the text of the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), is met – the possibility for the judges to suspend, modify or cease the contract, and this is an exception from the binding effect of the contract, respectively a strong intervention into the private autonomy of persons.
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Ivica Radoš, Zoran Šangut, Branili smo domovinu: pripadnici nacionalnih manjina u obrani Hrvatske, Zagreb: Udruga pravnika »Vukovar 1991.«, 2013, 255 str.
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The Collective Archive of the Transylvanian Reformed Church’s diocese of Marosvásárhely is situated at the upper level of the Teleki-House (Bernády Street 3, Marosvásárhely) since 1961, when it was moved there. In the collection of the archive there are more than 170 linear meters of documents from the years between 1567 and 1987, preserved in proper conditions. The archive contains mostly documents and records of local deaneries (ex. Maros, Görgény, Bekecsalja and Ludas), parishes and other major institutions of the Reformed Church. The documents can be studied with the help of typed and manuscript versions of the archive guide. The archive conducts a massive document saving and preserving project, but it is open for researchers and historians at a defined period of time. The editing of the inventory guidebook of the archive is in progress. Since 2003, the archivist of the Collective Archive of the Transylvanian Reformed Church’s diocese of Marosvásárhely is Árpád-Róbert Berekméri.
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