Plemiška družina Sulkowski v Bresternici pri Mariboru v 20. stoletju

Author(s): Mojca Rjavec / Language(s): Slovenian Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the situation of the Slovenian nobility in the period of major economic and political changes in Europe from 1900 until the 1980s. The case is being builton a noble family of Sulkowski, originating from Poland whose successors arrived andmarried in Maribor and later on in Bresternica at Maribor. Chronologically it is dividedinto parts dedicated to the parents and subsequently to each of their four sons separately.Some military careers were added to describe the life of male noble descendants. Bymeans of various primary and secondary sources (archival documentation, books, articles,newspapers, correspondence and oral witnesses) a thorough and a more objectivedescription is to be presented.

Przyczynki do dziejów zespołu Archiwum Książąt Sułkowskich w Bielsku w zasobach Archiwum Państwowego

Author(s): Grażyna Sokół-Szołtysek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article entitled “A contribution to the study of the history of the body of documents of the Archive of the Sułkowski Princes in Bielsko in the collections of the State Archive” discusses in a slightly broader context the factors which influenced the emergence of such documentation heritage of this post-manorial archive and the causes that influenced its state of preservation. An important role which influenced the kind and the nature of archive materials which were created was played by the frequent changes of owners of theBielsko estate, starting from the Cieszyn prince Wacław III Adam, who in 1563 contributedto the establishment of this dominion, through numerous subsequent owners until theappearance of the Sułkowski princes, who ruled these demesnes by means of heredityfrom 1752 until 1944. Of course, a significant role was played by political, system-relatedand social changes which occurred over the course of these centuries.The article also describes the collections of documents which have been preserved inthe princely archives until the present. Many factors in various periods of time influencedthe preservation and the physical state of such a great number of archive materials. Thesefactors included the following: the transmission of documents beyond the princely archive,numerous fires, damage caused by war-related activities, negligence toward the archiveon the part of its owners. These were the causes why the archives were not arranged andrecorded. The documents were also moved within the Bielsko castle. Another thing whichinfluenced the history of the princely archive was the fact that the control over the latterwas assumed by state authorities after the Second World War. The newly established Polishstate entrusted the princely archives to the budding state archive authorities, whichresulted in the fact that the documents wandered from city to city.What is significant, particularly as far as the physical state of preservation of archivematerials is concerned, is the fact that the archives were moved repeatedly along with theentire stock of the State Archive in Bielsko-Biała (eventually the princely archive returned to Bielsko in 1959). The Bielsko state archive was moved repeatedly due to inappropriatehousing conditions. Currently, the archives are about to be moved once again, thistime – let us hope – for the last time, to a modern, recently erected structure which wasdesigned specifically to house the archive.

Polityka zagraniczna państwa jako jedna z kategorii w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych. Wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Katarzyna Czornik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A country’s foreign policy serves as a definiens and stimulator of the country’s activity in the international environment. It is one of the fundamental concepts used in the studies of international relations as it refers to the activities of the state on the international arena and relations with other states as well as with non-state participants in international relations. While still in the 19th century the foreign policy of the country was treated very narrowly and identified exclusively with diplomacy, in the 20th and early 21st century the understanding of this concept was much broadened. Both in Polish and western science, many researchers in the field of international relations have thoroughly analysed and described the concept meticulously.It should, therefore, be pointed out that this article is purely theoretical in nature, and its aim is to attempt to synthesize and explain selected terms from the theoretical scope of international relations (a country’s foreign policy), which are commonly present in both Polish and western literature on the subject.

Od integracji do stagnacji. Poszerzanie i pogłębianie integracji europejskiej w ramach Unii Europejskiej w XXI w.

Author(s): Monika Szynol / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Founded in 1993, at the turn of the 20th century, the European Union faced two fundamental challenges: extending and deepening its integration. The aim of this article is to identify the main trends in both aforementioned processes influencing the European integration in the EU at the beginning of 21st century. Nevertheless, showing different pace of cooperation between the Member States (e.g. the economic and monetary union) is also important as well as analyzing the prospects for further collaboration in relation to the EU structures.

Migracje z Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej jako wyzwanie i zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa Europy Zachodniej

Author(s): Agata Sawicka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to show the challenges and dangers Europe faces in connection with the migrant and refugee crisis and, resulting from it, a massive inflow of foreigners from the Near East and North Africa to its territory According to the author, the crisis constitutes a great threat to the European security, both politically and socially, involving its citizens directly. As far as the political issues go, the threats concern lessened cohesion and unanimity between the European Union countries and possible collapse of the Schengen Area. The main dangers for the citizens are connected with terrorist attacks and different acts of violence whose number has rapidly grown since migrants and refugees started coming to Europe on a massive scale. Criminal activity of those foreigners also causes a huge problem. It concerns sexual crimes committed against women or even children. Moreover, the migration crisis poses a threat to the cultural security of Europeans, who face an identity crisis nowadays, whereas the Arab culture seems to grow stronger. On the other hand, we have been experiencing an increasing influence of the radical and nationalisticorganizations opposing the culturally different foreigners. The migration conflict constitutes both a challenge and threat to the European security and its implications shall be described in this article.

Wybrane przyczyny i implikacje kryzysu migracyjno-uchodźczego w skali globalnej

Author(s): Dominik Lelonek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

From 2015 European, African and Middle East states are struggling with the migrant and refugee crisis, famously termed “refugee crisis” by the media. UNHCR statistics show that 65.3 mln people have been resettled. This implies that every 113th person in the world is a refugee. This situation – the result of many different factors – implies serious problems in domestic and foreign policy for the states on the international area. The influence of migrant and refugee crisis on international relations is considerable and will reverberate in history of 21st century.

Strefa Schengen a zarządzanie kryzysowe Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Bożena Kalisz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The establishment of the Schengen Area in 1985 was a significant achievement for Western European countries. The possibility of free movement of persons and goods across the internal borders of the countries that participate in the Schengen Agreement generated considerable benefits: economic, cultural, political and many more. Opening up of internal borders required strengthening of controls at the external borders of the European Union. Bearing in mind the effects of the current migrant crisis, we can come to the following conclusion: only by efficient and effective management of EU external borders can the legitimacy of the Schengen Area be confirmed. The EU countries should focus on more in-depth monitoring of migratory flows and feel democratic responsibility for the fate of Europe.

Obszar euroatlantycki w strategii Federacji Rosyjskiej

Author(s): Borys Gawroński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Since the collapse of the USSR, in relations between Moscow and the West, we have been able to distinguish periods of relative friendship and cooperation as well as times of tensions and divergences of interests. However, the current crisis, which has originated in the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas, resembles the time of the Cold War. The increase in defense spending, intensification of military maneuvers and improvement of combat capability across the border between Russia and Euro-Atlantic space are just some of the indicators of the current relations. Therefore, the Moscow strategy is worth analyzing in the context of further shaping of the relations with the Euro-Atlantic community. For this purpose, it will be appropriate to carry out the exegesis of the basic Russian strategic documents, and then to try to analyse them taking into account the real policy of the Kremlin.

Federacja Rosyjska – potęga militarna czy fikcja

Author(s): Eugeniusz Januła / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The armed forces of the Russian Federation pose again, like during the „cold war” powerful and effective body of international influence. Contemporary Russia vaguely forces the rest of the world to recognize its superpower role and subjectivity. Large-scale modernization and reform of the armed forces FR clearly indicate that Moscow has regained its long-standing role and everyone must reckoned with.

Podaytońska Bośnia i Hercegowina jako przykład niestabilności na Bałkanach – utrzymanie państwowości czy rozpad?

Author(s): Dawid Pudło / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state with the regime imposed by the Dayton Agreement is ineffective and since 1996 any change and reform introduced there have been linked to the blockade of the Serbian side, which does not want any transformations. Also the establishment of political bodies after the Bosnia and Herzegovina elections lasts for several months, which is also a consequence of the Post-Dayton order. The aim of the article is to examine the functioning of the major state bodies under the Dayton Agreement in the 21st century as well as the impact the Agreement has had on relations with neighbors and foreign policy. The author of this article is attempting to analyze possible disintegration of Bosnia and Herzegovina, i.e. the outcome that is conceivable but not welcome by the international community.

Nordyckie inwestycje w polskim sektorze energetycznym

Author(s): Jakub Siotor / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this study is to show the attractiveness of Nordic investments in the Polish energy sector. Nowadays, the Polish power industry is facing a serious challenge connected with the implementation of European Union’s climate & energy package. Nordic energy companies, which are investing in Poland, offer a specific approach that meets the package standard, which creates an opportunity for the Polish energy sector to develop. The first part of the study focuses on current challenges in the Energy Policy of Poland. The second part describes the role of investments in modernization of energy sector. The third and last part contains the specification of current cooperation with Nordic companies.

Zwalczanie przestępczości zorganizowanej jako jedna z form kooperacji państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej w XXI w.

Author(s): Norbert Wilczyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The issue of security can be examined from many perspectives and considering many variables. It may be security in terms of internal state policy, international relations, economy, or with the focus mainly on energy. Depending on the author’s approach to the problem, his professional experience and interests, the output of the examination may be different. I would like to scrutinize the cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries in combating organized crime. Why the Visegrad Group? Firstly, it is not unimportant that cooperation with representatives of the Police among these countries attracts my particular interest and evokes very positive associations. Another reason is that we are connected by centuries of history as we have undergone a systemic transformation together. Do we need cooperation within our states, or do we need to use pan-European mechanisms? Could it be better to just exchange information and solve problems within your own country?

Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych w XXI w.

Author(s): Tomasz Okraska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to show the role that the Far East region plays in global policy. The Far East is an area marked by great dynamics of change, which was particularly evident in the first and especially in the second decade of the 21st century. This region is of the utmost importance in the context of the evolution of the global international order, particularly in the context of the weakening of the West and the gradual departure from the unipolar model of the world system. The most important state in the Far East is the People’s Republic of China, playing an increasingly important role not only on the regional and supraregional scale but also global one. Beijing’s policy concerns all actors in the Far East, as well as actors from outside the region, with particular focus on the United States.

Nowa Wielka Gra, rosyjsko-chińska rywalizacja w Azji Centralnej

Author(s): Tomasz Waśkiel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the literature concerning the subject, the competition for influences in Central Asia is often referred to as “New Great Game.” The involvement in the region is demonstrated by a number of actors, but Russia and China seem to play a leading role nowadays. In the present text, the most important aspects of activities carried out by these two states have been analyzed from three perspectives: cultural, economic as well as political and military. Due to the historical heritage, Russia is definitely closer in terms of cultural closeness to the Central Asian states. At the economic level, there is a tendency to increase the Chinese interference; which, however, does not mean complete Chinese domination. On the other hand, in the political and military sphere, Russia still maintains its traditional influence tools.

Indie – Bangladesz: rozwój stosunków bilateralnych w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w.

Author(s): Magdalena Cyran / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The beginnings of bilateral relations between India and Bangladesh date back to the founding of the autonomous state of Bangladesh. The area that was formerly part of Pakistan became a sovereign state in 1971. The relationship between India and Bangladesh has changed over the years and was determined by the internal policies pursued by the authorities in New Delhi and Dhaka as well as the international situation in the region. With the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a change in relations between India and Bangladesh. A significant shift in internal politics has taken place in both states that has largely influenced the interstate relations.

Modernizacja Izraelskich Sił Obronnych w kontekście konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego w XXI w.

Author(s): Bartosz Rogacz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The beginning of the 21st century is a period of dynamic development of military technology. The change in the perception of security and the emergence of new counter threats to which the armed forces are designated. Terrorism, cyberattacks, asymmetric conflicts and an increasing tension in international relations after the stabilization of the 1990s have left the armed forces out of stagnation resulting from the breakdown of the bipolar system. The army has always been the forerunner in the use of modern technology, which is particularly evident in the 21st century, where innovative solutions begin to replace the physical presence of a soldier on the battlefield. Israel is the state where these changes are most visible. Due to its geographical location and antagonisms with its neighbors, the country has to have strong armies, possible to get mobilized at a moments notice. The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) have put in place solutions aimed at combating specific hazards under typical conditions. The most important events of the 21st century that should be cited as those having a decisive impact on IDF’s development include: the Al-Aqsa Intifada suppression in 2000-2004, Second World War Lebanon’s Operation Between December 12 and August 14, 2006, Liquid Lead operations between December 27, 2018, and January 18, 2009, Operation Pillar Defense between 14 and 21 November 2012 and Operation Shoreline begun on July 8 and ended on August 26, year. Based on these operations, the Israeli Defense Forces have introduced a number of doctrinal solutions in the form of technical modernization plans and have deployed armaments to combat missions experienced in the field of combat. Based on the illustrated examples of military equipment, the author shows how these issues are implemented in practice. The doctrinal changes, new armaments and the modernization of the existing holdings show that IDF is moving away from heavy armor, to increase unit mobility, speed and accuracy, to respond to threats. The most important changes that took place in the IDF were the increasing share of unmanned platforms, increased ability to strike accurately and the increase in protective value of the armaments.

Introduction

Author(s): Tomasz Kamiński,Małgorzata Pietrasiak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Paradiplomacy – Discourse Analysis and Research Conceptualization

Author(s): Tomasz Kamiński / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Paradiplomacy in India As Exemplified by the State of Gujarat

Author(s): Grzegorz Bywalec / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Conclusions

Author(s): Tomasz Kamiński,Małgorzata Pietrasiak,Dominik Mierzejewski,Grzegorz Bywalec,Michał Słowikowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0