Preliminary Considerations Regarding the Anthropomorphic Vinča Figurine of Venus Discovered in the Archaeological Site Limba-Oarda de Jos (Alba County

Zur anthropomorphen Venus-Statuette der Vinca-Kultur von Limba-Oarda de Jos (Kreis Alba)

Author(s): Marius Mihai Ciută / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Archaeology; Neolithic Age; anthropomorphic figurine; Vinča-Culture; Venus

The present paper is a preliminary study regarding an early Vinča anthropomorphic figurine discovered in site of Limba-Oarda de Jos during the archaeological campaign from 1997. The description of the type, the manufacturing technologies, the specific anatomical features, the specific characteristics are presented by the author. Finally, are advanced, generically, some assumptions most frequent disseminated in the literature regarding the significance of these artifacts, respectively short interventions with similar findings analogies from Transylvania and Banat. Regarding the artistic aspect, we note different trends. The artist drew a particular attention to some parts. Anatomical elements are sometimes represented accurate, with an overflowing realism, while others are rendered sketchy, geometrical, leading to abstraction. In the case of Venus from Limba, we noticed a harmonious junction between Starčevo and early Vinča elements, all of them showing a balanced symbiosis, a mixture of two conceptually different patterns where Vinča elements tend to impose (by triangular mask oriented up, by flatting of top of head which form the upper edge of the mask, by the arms construction in an original manner with means of wooden rods which remained well-shaped imprinted; by the loss of the Starčevo elegant forms in the benefit of Vinča brutal forms, more massive, respectively by typical Vinča ceramic clay).

The Miraculous Image of the Virgin Mary in Maria Radna. Observations regarding the iconography

Das Gnadenbild von Maria Radna. Anmerkungen zur Ikonographie

Author(s): Frank-Thomas Ziegler,Herbert Habenicht / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Engraving; miracle image; iconography; Maria Radna; Carmelite Order; recatholization; scalpulier; pilgrimage

The miraculous image of the Virgin Mary in Maria Radna – the latter, once a Franciscan convent and most important Catholic place of pilgrimage in the Banat region up to the present – represents a rather special case within the larger group of Christian miraculous images. Contrary to the presumption hitherto, it is not a product of the Remondini's print studio in Bassano del Grappa, but very probably that of the Carmelite Order’s own office in Rome. As scholars already pointed out, the central image clearly shows a depiction of the Holy Virgin holding the scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. For a better understanding of this image, it might be useful to point out its connection with to the most important representation of the Virgin, done by Girolamo Massei, and kept in the Carmelite chapel in San Martino ai Monti in Rome. Responding to the post-Tridentine demand to show the continuity of the Catholic faith in the arts, the painting belongs to a specific type concerning the representation of the Holy Virgin, tied to the origins of the Carmelite Order: the Eléusa. However, in contrast to the painting by Massei, the representation of the Holy Virgin from Maria Radna is surrounded by painted frames. The frame below the central picture shows the sinners in the purgatory, a scene which refers to the Sabbatine Privilege, consisting in the prerogative for early liberation from the purgatory, owned by the confratres and consorores of the Carmelite Order since the 14th century. The fifteen scenes framing the other three sides of the central image are referring to miraculous interventions of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, collected and disseminated during the 17th century in handwritten or printed compilations.

The German Periodicals in Socialist Romania (1949–1989), a Means of Preserving Ethnic Identity

Die deutschen Publikationen im sozialistischen Rumänien (1949-1989), ein Mittel zur Bewahrung der ethnischen Identität

Author(s): Gudrun-Liane Ittu / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Cultural life; German periodicals; ethnic identity; language

In the 1930s and 40s (of the 20th century) the leading political figures of the German minority in Romania embraced a pro-fascist attitude. Consequently, after WWII Germans had to suffer expropriation, deportation and privation of civil rights. Since 1949 they were permitted to rebuild their cultural life which – according to the communist paradigm – had to be “Marxist in its content and national in shape”. In this context, the periodicals had to play a major role. Since 1949 the newspaper Neuer Weg was published, followed by the reviews Banater Schrifttum/Neue Literatur and Kultureller Wegweiser/Volk und Kultur. In 1957, when the political situation became more liberal regional periodicals as Die Wahrheit and Volkszeitung were published in Timişoara and Braşov. As a result of the same political attitude, in 1959 the sole scientific review of the Romanian Academy Forschungen zur Volks-und Landeskunde, entirely written in German, came into being. These periodicals together with thousands of book titles published by several publishing houses were means of preserving the most important attribute of the ethnic identity of the Germans, their language.

Seven Theses Regarding the Saxons’ Colonization in Transylvania

Sieben Thesen zur Ansiedlung der Siebenbürger Sachsen

Author(s): Paul Niedermaier / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Construction style; colonization; Transilvanian Saxon; settlements; settlers; families; farmsteads; centers; deserted villages

The paper is aiming at completing the theory of prof. dr. Thomas Nägler regarding the Saxons’ colonization in Transylvania with seven theses as follows: I. The region they were colonized was regarded in the Middle Ages as quite improper to be inhabited by humans. II. The construction style of their churches constitutes a reliable evidence concerning the moment they settled in different zones of Transylvania. III. The stages of colonization are consistent with a strategic concept. IV. The nuclei of the settlements offer evidence concerning the moment of colonization and the initial dimensions of the villages. V. The context of immigration and relocation allows the researcher to establish hypotheses concerning the number of colonists. VI. Immigration and relocation took place during a long period of time. VII. The Saxons’ settlements were generally speaking very stable, so the abandonment of settlements was of less importance.

Kazinczy Ferencz, a Traveller through Transylvania. His Visit to Sibiu in the Year 1816

Kazinczy Ferencz, ein Reisender in Siebenbürgen. Sein Besuch in Hermannstadt/Sibiu im Jahre 1816

Author(s): Maria Ordeanu / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Samuel von Brukenthal; Fine Art Gallery; Hungarian visitor; 1816; mentality

The Hungarian writer Kazinczy Ferencz (1759–1831) visited in 1816 the city of Hermannstadt/Sibiu and the Brukenthal Art Gallery. He wrote down his impressions in a serious of letters, published later under the title “Letters from Transylvania”. When he prepared an edition of his works, Kazinczy contacted Johann Friedrich Seiwert (1755–1832), who was a member of the Brukenthal Foundation. One of the Transylvanian Letters, published in 1818, tells about Kazinczy’s visit at the Brukenthal Gallery and the meeting between him and Seiwert.

Traditional Romanian Culture and Civilization Reflected in the Journal Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde

Traditionelle Kultur und Zivilisation des rumänischen Volkes in der Zeitschrift "Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde"

Author(s): Ilie Moise / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Traditional culture and civilization; interference; ethnology

The article emphasizes the preoccupation of the journal with Romanian folk art and culture during its existence of half of a century. The most important ethnologists who contributed articles with were Cornel Irimie, Herbert Hoffmann, Gheorghe Pavelescu, Corneliu Bucur, Anca Goţia, Horst Klusch a.o – most of them were living in Sibiu. The major topics were folk art, traditions, the history of folklore, Romanian-German interferences, the place and status of Ethnographical Museums in Romania. There were also published book reviews and annotations by the researchers from the Academy Institute (Carl Göllner, Paul Niedermaier, Anca Goţia, Gudrun-Liane Ittu) and from other institutions (Horst Klusch, Amalia Pavelescu).

Plans for the Administrative Reorganization of Transylvania and the Beginnings of the Abrogation of the Saxon Autonomy after the Compromise of 1867

Die Pläne zur Neugliederung der Verwaltung in Siebenbürgen. Zu den Anfängen der Aufhebung der Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen Autonomie nach dem Ausgleich

Author(s): Judit Pál / Language(s): German / Issue: 53/2010

Keywords: Transylvania; Saxons; fundus regius; administrative reorganization; local autonomies; state centralization; administrative reform from 1876

In the modern era, European states conferred, by means of a centralizing policy, political meanings to the territory, henceforth perceived as a “national“ territory. The homogenizing tendencies of national states, however, often faced resistance from the embattled autonomies or the targeted nationalities. The debates on the administrative reorganization of Transylvania, including the reorganization of the “Königsboden“ in mid-nineteenth century and especially in the first years following the Compromise of 1867, are telling examples in this respect. The present article makes a detailed analysis of these debates. After a period of transition that witnessed heated debates between the promoters of the principle of state centralization and those of local autonomies, the great administrative reform from 1876 abrogated the autonomy of the “Königsboden“ and replaced it with several counties. The principle of centralism prevailed over the preservation of local autonomies, but this was a double-edged victory: on the one hand, it contributed to the strengthening of the state apparatus, but on the other hand, it weakened the adherence of nationalities to the new state organization as well as their participation in the political life.

Costume and Human Beauty According to Bulgarian Folksongs

Носията и човешката хубост според българските народни песни

Author(s): Jacqueline Todière / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

Le costume national et la beauté humaine d’après les chansons populaires bulgares L’auteur se propose non d’analyser en détail au point de vue cognitif les descriptions des costumes nationaux et de la beauté humaine contenues dans les chansons populaires mais de relever, en se basant sur elles, l’attitude du peuple à leur égard et ses conceptions esthétiques. Les observations reposent sur un matériel important tiré et analysé aux fins d’une dissertation sur le reflet des costumes nationaux dans les chansons populaires bulgares. On étudie successivement les critères de la beauté féminine, l’effet du vêtement et des parures qui créent de l’ambiance et participent aux rapports mutuels entre les hommes. Cette fonction est accomplie également par chacun des composantes du vêtement. L’une parmi les plus importantes est la couleur. Dans les chansons populaires sont émotionnés le plus souvent le rouge et le blanc et aussi le noir. Leurs fonctions esthétiques sont liées à des survivances anciennes aux nuances magiques, de symbolique traditionnelle, émotionnelle et autres. Un rôle dans les chansons jouent également l’ornementation du vêtement, sa coupe, le tissu ainsi que les parures et la coiffure. On relève la préférence pour les chemises brodées, le tissu mince, l’éclat de la soie et la broderie d’or, les parures d’or et d’argent. Sans prétendre ériger en quelque sorte une théorie, le chanteur populaire dévoile directement les critères esthétiques du peuple.

The Scientific Life of Soviet Folklorists

Из научния живот на съветските фолклористи

Author(s): Radost Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

Contribution to the Research of Bulgarian Ritual Folklore by Historians of Music

Принос в музиковедските изследвания на българския обреден фолклор

Author(s): Mihail Bukureshtliev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

Some Methodical Principles in Collecting Folklore

За някои методически принципи при събирането на фолклора

Author(s): Vasilka Kuzmanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

Sur certains principes méthodiques dans le rassemblement du folklore L’article porte sur certains principes méthodiques concernant le rassemblement du folklore. L’auteur se réfère à la définition du folklore comme type de culture artistique populaire qui fonctionne dans les limites d’un village, d’une région, d’une ethnie par les cycles folkloriques: de rite, de travail, de fête. La science folklorique contemporaine se rend compte de la nécessité d’études régionales qui montre comment le folklore se réalise entièrement en regard aux besoins actuels de la Communauté. De telles études peuvent être faites sur la base de matériaux recueillis pendant une longue période de temps dans une localité donnée. L’auteur étudie les formes essentielles de rassemblement de folklore qui sont utilisées dans la science folklorique contemporaine. Dans le processus de rassemblement de renseignements il faut décrire en détail la situation communicative dans laquelle se réalise la communication esthétique dans le folklore. Le chant, la narration et la création artistique matérielle représentent des sphères fondamentales d’activité artistique dans le folklore. Elles se distinguent également par le type de communication, et dans le perfectionnement de la méthode de rassemblement et d’étude du folklore il est utile de recouvrir aux possibilités de la théorie de l’information. Lorsqu’on observe l’attitude verbale de l’exécutant il importe de marquer aussi tous les phénomènes paralinguistiques. L’auteur démontre la nécessité du développement de l’orientation expérimentale également dans la science folklorique bulgare.

Celebrating the Anniversary of Hristo Vakarelski

Чествуване годишнината на Христо Вакарелски

Author(s): Lilyana Daskalova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

A New Document about the History of Bulgarian Artistic Metal Work

Нов документ за историята на българската художествена металопластика

Author(s): Lyubomir Mikov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

Conference on Interethnical Relations in the Folklore of the Carpathain Region

Конференция върху интеретничните отношения във фолклора на Карпатската област

Author(s): Stefana Stoykova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

On the Theory of the Myth

Към теорията на мита

Author(s): Konstantin Mechev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

A Student Folklore Expedition in the Sakar Region

Студентска фолклорна експедиция в Сакарската област

Author(s): Albena Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

A New Soviet Book on the Theoretical Problems of Folklore

Нова съветска книга върху теоретичните проблеми на фолклора

Author(s): Milena Benovska-Sabkova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/1977

Evolution of objective scope of fiscal control in Poland in 1918–2014

Ewolucja zakresu przedmiotowego kontroli skarbowej w Polsce w latach 1918–2014

Author(s): Jacek Kulicki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 08/2014

Keywords: Poland; fiscal control; development of fiscal control;

The article reviews the development of fiscal control in Poland since the interwar period until now.

Trends in the evolution of fiscal system of OCDE and EU countries, and România

Tendinţe în evoluţia sistemelor fiscale ale ţărilor membre OCDE, Uniunii Europene şi României

Author(s): Iulian Văcărel / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 3-4/2007

In the beginning, this article briefly presents the general evolution of fiscal policies, during the XX-th century, within different countries. Enhancing the historical importance that regional organizations have had in orienting the countries’ fiscal policies, during the second half of the XX-th century, the author largely describes those policies and their evolution, in the next three chapters. Thus, it is presented the evolution of fiscal policies in the member-states of: OECD, EU for the reminded period, than the same analysis is made in the case of Romania, in the beginning of its EU integration. The conclusions presents personal opinions of the author regarding the budgetaryfiscal system of Romania, in the new context – Romania as EU country,trough several proposals and analyses.