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Casual Findings of Archaic Scythian Mirrors in the Northern Black Sea Coast

Случайные находки скифских зеркал эпохи архаики в Северном Причерноморье

Author(s): Igor A. Bazhan,V.Yu. Zuyev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2014

Keywords: bronze mirrors with a handle on a turn and Borysthenitic type; Greeks and Scythians; Northwest Black Sea Coast; Scythian forest-steppe; Crimea; North Caucasus; Archaic era

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a series of bronze mirrors dating back to the Archaic Epoch and found in the Northern Black Sea Coast into scientific circulation. The findings published supplement the knowledge available on the Greek import routes within Scythian world which evidence tangible contacts of Greek colonists with nomadic people of the Northern Black Sea Coast.

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To the question of the "sind sculpture"

К вопросу о «синдской скульптуре»

Author(s): Andrey M. Novichikhin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2014

Keywords: Bosporan Kingdom; Sindika; Gorgippia; "sind sculpture»; tombstones; statues-half-figure; reliefs; Sinds; Aspurgians

In 1960—1970 N.I. Sokolsky included two groups of Bosporan tombstones — statues-half-figure and reliefs with hip-or knee-images of the human figure to the monuments of the "sind sculpture". Recent studies give reason to doubt that straightforward ethnic attribution. Statues of half-figure are common to the Bosporus and the whole of the ancient world phenomenon, reflecting the desire of the ancient sculptors to portrait images. Relief gravestones in part without architectural design should be associated with the activities of one of the workshops of the Bosporus city Gorgippia located in the Syndica: they depict the characters dressed in Greek robes and not necessarily portray the Sinds. The only specific group of statues-half-figure soldiers, carrier ethnographic features of the costume Meotian or Meoto-Sarmatian tribes, should be considered sculptural images of Aspurgians — people, settle by Bosporan kings in the I century B.C. in the Eastern Bosphorus to protect against external and internal enemies.

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Regional Features of the Subjects and Everyday Life Attributes in the Monumental Funeral and Memorial Artifacts of Scythia Minor in the 1st — early 3rd cc. AD

Региональные особенности сюжетов и бытовых реалий в монументальных поминально-погребальных памятниках Малой Скифии I—III вв. н.э.

Author(s): Sergey A. Yatsenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2014

Keywords: funeral and memorial monuments; Scythia Minor; subjects; iconography; regional features; religion of Iranian-speaking peoples

The series of depictions on the Funeral and Memorial monuments in three regions of Crimean Scythia Minor in the 1st — early 3rd cc. AD were examined, many new important local details were came to light. Their iconography and semantics may be explained on a religious pre-Islamic believes of Iranian and Indo-Iranian peoples, first of all — on Alanian-Ossetian traditions.

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The Gerays burial in the architectural complex of Murad Reis

Погребения Гераев в архитектурном комплексе Мурад Рейса

Author(s): V.V. Ageev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2014

Keywords: Rhodes; Murat Reis Complex; House of Giray; Girays Burial; Crimean Khanate; Ottoman Empire

The paper deals with Gerays graveside on the island of Rhodes in the context of Murat Reis architectural complex. It describes the complex and provides selective bibliography and concise history of studying it. The author lists all Gerays burial monuments of the complex discovered to date, shows the possibilities and prospects of their further examination.

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Armenia and Great Armenia in the historical and geographical concept of Strabon

Армения и Великая Армения в историко-географической концепции Страбона

Author(s): A.Zh. Arutyunyan / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Strabo; The Great Armenia; Armenia; frontier; ancient historians; Artashes I; Tigran II the Great

In the matter of finding the frontiers of ancient Armenia evidence of Strabo are very essential. The perception of the frontiers of Armenia, the Great Armenia and the State Armenia of Tigran II the Great by ancient Greek historian is not the same. The first two boundaries in his world outlook are inseparable. And the last he sees as a temporary phenomenon or an anachronism.

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Role of strategists of Cherson in implementation of foreign policy of the Byzantine empire in the first half of the X century

Роль стратигов Херсона в осуществлении внешней политики Византийской империи в первой половине Х века

Author(s): V.V. Khapaev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Byzantium; Cherson; Ancient Russia; Pechenegs; foreign policy

The role of Byzantine theme Cherson strategoi in implementing of the Byzantine foreign policy on the North Black Sea region in the first half of the 10th century is analyzed in the article. The author comes to conclusion that Cherson strategos were responsible for the direct implementation of the Byzantine policy towards Pechenegs, Khazars, black Bulgarians, Alans and Russians. Despite the serious threats and a number of defeats, Byzantium managed to establish a balance of power between the peoples of the Northern Black Sea region. It guaranteed its military security in the region for the period until the year 987. A significant role in these foreign political successes played Kherson strategoi.

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Whom are "Amalkits" at Ioann Geometr, or about patricide Cometopuli

Кем являются «Амалкиты» у Иоанна Геометра, или об отцеубийстве Комитопулов

Author(s): I. Simeonov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Amalkits; Bulgaria; Byzantium; Cometopuli dynasty; Melitina

One of the biggest challenges facing modern Byzantinists is the interpretation of medieval texts. The author explores the evidence of literary sources, resulting in a new interpretation of the term produces «Amalkits». He suggests that neither Bulgarians nor Russian is not so called.

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Lithuanian and Horde relations of 1419 — 1429 and first attempt of formation of the Crimean khanate

Литовско-ордынские отношения 1419—1429 гг. и первая попытка образования Крымского ханства

Author(s): R.A. Bespalov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: the Crimean Khanate; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Beck-Sufi; Davlet-Birdie; Boraq; Ulu-Muhammed; Vytautas

Preconditions for the emergence of Lithuanian-Crimean relations formed back to the beginning of the reign of Khan Tokhtamysh. They were due to the fact the Grand Duchy of Lithuania included the Russian lands, which were also depending on the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde. Later, this led to the fact that while the Golden Horde was collapsing, the grand Dukes of Lithuania played an active role in the formation of the Crimean Khanate. In this study highlights the attempt to form an independent state in the Crimea in 1420-1424 years.

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To a question of border of the principality of Feodoro and possession of the Genoa republic in Southwest Taurica

К вопросу о границе княжества Феодоро и владений Генуэзской республики в Юго-Западной Таврике

Author(s): Evgeniy V. Nedelkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Genoese republic; Theodoro; border; Consulate Cembalo; border fortifications; 15th century

This article discusses one of the important aspects of the medieval history of the southwestern Taurica — the problem of determining the boundaries of the Principality of Theodoro and consulates Chembalo the Republic of Genoa in the region. Based on a comprehensive analysis of archaeological, epigraphic and written sources, the author has attempted reconstruction of border areas of the two medieval state formations. The results were displayed on the appropriate map, which made it possible at least supposedly show property boundaries, the Republic of Genoa and Theodoro in southwestern Tauris.

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About early Christian painting of Chersonese — Cherson the IV—VI centuries

О раннехристианской живописи Херсонеса—Херсона IV—VI вв.

Author(s): Mihail Fomin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Christianity; art; frescoes; mosaics; paintings; tombs

In the article considers the question of formation of early Christian art tradition in the Chersoneses. Chersoneses Christian community was formed under the influence of Middle East Christians. This process was reflected in the Chersoneses Christian artistic tradition.

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About some plots of the IV—V centuries of an early Christian sculpture of Chersonese

О некоторых сюжетах раннехристианской скульптуры Херсонеса IV—V вв.

Author(s): Mihail Fomin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Early Christian art; icon; sculpture

The article is devoted to problem of interpretation fragments of sculpture, which was found the territory of Chersonesos. Today, in the museum collection there are several monuments of early Christian plastic, which date IV—V centuries. This series includes two fragments of sculptures “The Good Shepherd” and three fragments of compositions, which was identification as “Orpheus with animals”. These images were one of the most common in art tradition in period of formation of early Christian system. The sculptures of “Orpheus” can interpretations as icons of “The Good Shepherd” and reflect process of foundation early Christian art tradition. In the first century, attitude to images was difficult. The Old Testament prohibition of portrayal of God had a great influence on formation art system. Icon “The Good Shepherd” wasn’t icon of God. It was one of symbol of God. A lot of fragments early Christian sculptures, which founded in Chersoneses, can illustrated active process of developing. churches in IV-V centuries.

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Crimean Gotiya and "happy country Oyum" of Jordanes

Крымская Готия и «счастливая страна Ойум» Иордана

Author(s): Yuri Yu. Shevchenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Velbark; goth; Oyum; church archeology; Chernyakhov culture

The author continues to enter into scientific circulation research results in Southwest Crimea. The article analyzes the new archaeological material and the results of the study of church monuments of archeology. On the basis of the synthesis of the written and archaeological sources, the author hypothesized localization country «Oyum» in Crimea.

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To a question of initial sense of a list of the cave temple "Three riders"

К вопросу о каноническом смысле росписи пещерного храма «Трех всадников»

Author(s): N.V. Dneprovskiy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Archaeology; theology; St. George; epigraphy; fresco; «cave towns»; cave сhurch; the сhurch of the «Three Riders»; Eski-Kermen; Crimea

This article suggests a new interpretation of the theological content of the fresco painted on the northern wall of the «Three Horsemen» cave church which is situated at Eski-Kermen (Crimea). The mural painting represents three Holy Martyrs in the form of riders. A small human figure can be seen on the rump of the first martyr’s horse. The second warrior is fighting with snake. Formerly the fresco was considered by scholars as the representation of three different images of St. George. But this consideration comes into contradiction with iconography of the fresco itself as well as with the content of the Greek inscription situated beneath it. Our analysis shows the absence of any reasons for identifying the fourth man’s image with a character of «the miracle of St. George with the boy». A simultaneous studying of the fresco and the liturgical planning of the church itself shows that the fourth figure is the compositional center of the entire temple. This fact allows us to assume that it represents the late inmate of Eski-Kermen, and the images of the Holy warriors were painted just for the sake of the salvation of his soul. Our analysis of fresco with the inscription disposed beneath carried out according to these considerations allowed us the first time to present a complete and consistent theological interpretation of the content of the mural painting of the Church of the «Three Horsemen».

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About silver of Chersonese of the Persian weight of the last quarter of the IV century BC.

О херсонесском серебре персидского веса последней четверти IV в. до н.э.

Author(s): Eugeny Ya. Turovskiy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Drachma; the magistrate; numismatics; tetradrachm; Chersonesos

Drachma, the magistrate, numismatics, tetradrachm, Chersonesos

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Byzantine Taurica's formation: according to numismatics

Становление византийской Таврики: по данным нумизматики

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Byzantium; Cherson; Province; numismatics; epigraphy

The study was conducted with the purpose of detailed coverage of the history of Byzantine Taurica in the first half of the V — VI centuries. The fact that no written sources nor archaeological research results do not give a complete picture of the time and circumstances of the establishment of the Byzantine province in the region. , Data of numismatics. As a result, it was found that the reopening of the Cherson Mint under Justinian I indicates an increase of Byzantine influence on Taurica . Link the event to the establishment of the province.

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To a question of location of the inscription found by V.I. Grigorovich in the district of Tcherkess-Kermen

К вопросу о местонахождении надписи, обнаруженной В.И. Григоровичем в округе Черкес-Кермена

Author(s): N.V. Dneprovskiy,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

Keywords: Archaeology; epigraphy; dating problems; fresco; «cave towns»; cave сhurch; the сhurch of the «Three Riders»; Eski-Kermen

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the assumption which is widespread in the scientific literature that V.Grigorovich in 1873 saw a part of the date in the caption beneath the fresco in the cave church of «The Three Riders» in Eski-Kermen. Unfortunately, neither of the researchers have cited the caption published by Grigorovych as the evidence for this opinion. Our analysis of this text shows that it is not identical with the text of the inscription in the Church of «The Three Riders». It depicts the creation and painting the «Holy Church», while the inscription in the church of «The Three Riders» is dedicated to the creation of the image painted for the sake of the salvation of the soul and the remission of the sins of the unknown person. In addition, the date is missing in the surviving copies of the inscription of the temple of the «The Three Riders». It allows to assume that Grigorovich also couldn't see it. Therefore, it is inappropriate to use the information of Grigorovich as the evidence for dating of the frescoes in the Church of «The Three Riders». The authors suppose that Grigorovich have seen the dated inscription which is nowadays lost in some other cave temple. Some indirect indications point that it could be the church of «Donators» in Tcherkess-Kermen.

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Michael III and Basil I the Macedonian monetary reform: transition to issue of Taurian follis

Денежная реформа Михаила III и Василия I Македонянина: переход к эмиссии таврических фоллисов

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2012

Keywords: Monetary reform; Follis; Michael III; Basil I Macedonian; Taurica

Until now it was thought that in Cherson started issuing Follises under Basil I the Macedonian. This view has been generally accepted. We, based on the results of years of research, not only refused and refuted this claim, but in a new way looked very history of many years of monetary reform that led to the entry into circulation Follis of Tauride casting. We believe that the first coins of this denomination were issued under Michael III. Under Basil I the Macedonian in the treatment received three series of coins. And they produce three emission centers, geographically separated from each other

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To a question of attribution of copper coins of the series "القوه قريم"

К вопросу об атрибуции медных монет серии « القوه قريم »

Author(s): A.P. Kozlov,Mikhail M. Choref,A.V. Yakushechkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2012

Keywords: Crimea; Golden Horde; history; numismatics; Selçuk’s

In the article focuses on the copper coins of the Golden Horde, the Crimean coinage with the rider on the obverse and the inscription «قريم القوه» on the reverse. These coins were minted in the first half of 1260-ies. We believe that the issue of these coins was under the control of the Selçuk’s

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On the reconstruction of the full image prints Azak dies for minting Dirhams of Tokhtamysh

О реконструкции полных изображений оттисков азакских штемпелей для чеканки дирхамов Тохтамыша

Author(s): N.M. Fomichev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2012

Keywords: Azak; dirham; Golden Horde; Toktamysh

I study was conducted two hoards of silver coins in the XIV detected in Azov in 1962 and 1977. It is allowed to make the reconstruction of the images on stamps mint Azak of Tokhtamysh time. Submitted image reconstruction stamps help to clarify attribution dirhams of Azak of 80s. and the first half of the 90's. XIV. Classification and image analysis provided the basis to identify the handwriting of individual carvers stamps, set the course of their work

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Monetary unit of the Crimean khanate in the middle of the XVIII century (on written sources)

Монетная стопа Крымского ханства в середине XVIII в. (по письменным источникам)

Author(s): A.V. Yakushechkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2012

Keywords: Crimean Khanate; history; numismatics; ratings

An attempt was made to coincide with the known from written sources denomination coins with real Crimean khan coins. Were considered evidence C.-K. de Peyssoneel and N.E. Kleeman and analyzed the results of numismatic research.

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