The dean of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Szeged calls Professor Wittman to mind and he presents his career in brief.
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Keywords: society in late-colonial and post-independence period; Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay
This paper focuses on four Latin American countries, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and it provides an overview of their societies in the early nineteenth-century. The aim of a comparative analysis is to touch the social conditions and to describe the greatest continuities and discontinuities between the colonial and national periods. Also examined the impact of independence of La Plata region from Spain and Portugal.
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Keywords: meteorological expeditions (1924-1927); „Transozeanprojekt”; „vertical dimension”; Luft Hansa; air mail service; Berlin; Rio de Janeiro; Buenos Aires; Treaty of Versailles
From the middle of the 1920’s, a massive rivalry started to develop between Germany and France to establish the European-South American intercontinental air route. The „Transozeanprojekt” became one of the largest undertakings of the Weimar Republic. The most significant task was executed by the research vessel called Meteor that conducted systematic meteorological surveys between April of 1925 and June of 1927 to reveal the so called „Luftozean", the climate circumstances of the South Atlantic. This enabled the development of a safe foundation for the air mail service between Berlin, Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. While the hang-glider (217 units) program examined the lower layers of the atmosphere, the pilot-balloons (814 units) that were used to gain meteorological data analyzed the higher layers of the atmosphere. The 14,000 km long air route, the „vertical dimension” proved to be the best „civilian” solution for the German aircraft industry to circumvent the military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. After the test flights and meteorological research conducted between 1924 and 1934, the Luft Hansa air mail flight began to operate – with a 5 day long flight – between Berlin and Buenos Aires from February of 1934. Despite being defeated in WWI, Germany surpassed its French rival.
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Keywords: South America; airspace; British Empire; Great Britain; aerial; air mail; 1919-1939; geopolicy; air routes; archive documents; race; Southern Atlantic.
The British Empire has never interested in to conquer the northern and southern American airspace until the 1930’s, however the british company Handly Page already had a plan in 1919 to operate airmail service between Great Britain and South America. The plans were rejected because of the lack of financial background. The principal project was the developement of an air route system from London to India and further to Australia. Also the British government tried to reach South Africa using the west-coast of the African continent across the colonial Gambia. British Gambia was the only african possibility to connect an air route to Brasil and Argentina. Finally the government decided to build the South African air route from London to Cape Town across Khairo. The other solution was to cooperate with the US and operate the air mail system using the North Atlantic air routes from London to New York and then to the Bermudas. Further plans were to reach the airspace of South America from the Bermudas. However these attempts were failed.
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Keywords: Aerial survey; Antarctic; catapult ship; expedition; Germany; New Swabia; Norway; Queen Maud Land; Schwabenland; territorial claims.
At the end of 1938, with two flying-boats on her board, German catapult ship Schwabenland – a former freighter, which was converted and used as a floating airbase – left the docks of Hamburg to execute her secret task in the Southern Ocean: the aerial surveying and mapping of the Antarctic mainland area between the longitudes 12˚W and 20˚E. Officially, the expedition – which was organized by the German government – was a scientific journey; but in the background, Nazi Germany prepared to claim for herself a South Polar district. However, the abovementioned territory was not absolutely derelict, because Norwegian explorers visited these coasts of Antarctica several times previously. Norway also vindicated sovereignty rights over the region, thus the international conflict was unavoidable between the two countries.
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Keywords: Geopolitics; Geopolitical Schools; Geopolitical Theory and Praxis; Political Power; International Relations; Communication Network.
Geopolitics as a multidisciplinary branch of social science and as a theory of foreign policy appeared on the Latin-American continent in the second half of the 1920s. The main features they include are the next: aggressive approach to the space, the continental adaption of the organic state-theory elaborated by Ratzel and Kjellen, moreover, the developed geopolitical theory was thought to be converted into practice via the growing role of the army. The armed forces and their various institutions became the scientific centre of elaborating the new attitude to the international relations as a theory. When the army assumed the political power, however, it was given an opportunity to put these theories into practice. On the Latin-American continent the geopolitical schools with important theoretical background were established in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. In this study we introduce the Brazilian geopolitical theory and practice elaborated in the Supreme Military Academy and the Chilean geopolitical theory and practice established by generals Ramon Cañas Montalva and Augusto Pinochet.
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The structure and the staff of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry after 1945.
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Keywords: realpolitik; Nixon doctrin; Twin Pillars Policy; Pahlavi; Nixon; Kissinger; SAVAK; Nasser Afshar
Les relations entre les États-Unis et l'Iran dans les années 1970 étaient basées sur l’application de la „Doctrine Nixon” dans la zone du Golfe. Même si la „Politique des Deux Piliers” et ses implications garantissaient des relations excellentes entre les deux États, les changements de valeurs au niveau global et l’émergence de l’opinion publique comme acteur de la scène internationale imposaient de nouveaux efforts aux responsables de la politique étrangère. À travers l’analyse comparative de sources non-gouvernementales et diplomatiques, nous souhaitons explorer le lien entre les changements culturels, la politique et la diplomatie aux États-Unis et la mesure de son impact sur les relations avec l’Iran. Les trois dimensions analysées – intérieure américaine, diplomatique entre les deux pays et intérieure iranienne – montrent respectivement le maintien des prérogatives gouvernementales sur les décisions de l’assistance militaire à l’Iran à travers le contournement de la Public Law 94-329; la coopération entre les diplomaties américaines et iraniennes afin de contraster les critiques aux régime et améliorer l’image de l’Iran au niveau global; les initiatives du Shah directement liées au mouvement pour les droits de l’homme.
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