China vs. US: The Green Energy Race Overview of China’s and America’s green investment plan and what that means for the future of fossil fuels

China vs. US: The Green Energy Race Overview of China’s and America’s green investment plan and what that means for the future of fossil fuels

Author(s): Katharine Klačanský / Language(s): English

This paper calls on global renewable energy leaders such as China and the United States to collaborate more closely by building a competitive sustainable energy platform, along with its global partners such as the European Union. By sharing information, costs, and efforts, it would possibly accelerate technological advancements towards more renewables and climate-friendly policies. The idea is for governments to create an environment in which companies can compete to produce more renewable technologies. China is realizing quickly that if governments increase their efforts, especially by supporting research and development, this is likely the key to winning the “green-energy race”. Better yet, increased technology cooperation and competition between countries and their respective companies, could help motivate and engage other countries into action as well and ultimately mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Regional cooperation formats from the perspective of the Czech Republic. Summary and recommendations resulting from the round table discussion of the National Convention on the EU held on January 20, 2023

Formáty regionální spolupráce z pohledu České Republiky. Shrnutí a doporučení vyplývající z diskuze kulatého stolu Národního konventu o EU konaného dne 20. ledna 2023

Author(s): Zuzana Kasáková,Jana Juzová / Language(s): Czech

Regional cooperation within various platforms and formats is a multi-layered process involving a number of actors at various levels. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the Czech Republic has been actively involved in this type of cooperation. Its location in Central Europe determines the nature of this cooperation with countries in its immediate vicinity, but there is also involvement in platforms outside Central Europe. The intensity of cooperation is determined not only by the political situation in the individual countries involved, but especially by the topics discussed and the interests of the Czech Republic.

Evaluation of the Czech Presidency of the Council of the EU. Summary and recommendations resulting from the round table discussion of the National Convention on the EU held on 24 February 2023

Zhodnocení českého předsednictví v Radě EU. Shrnutí a doporučení vyplývající z diskuze kulatého stolu Národního konventu o EU konaného dne 24. února 2023

Author(s): Zuzana Kasáková,Vít Havelka / Language(s): Czech

The Czech Republic's presidency of the Council of the EU ended in December 2022. The Czech Republic took on its presidency for the second time and once again cooperated with France and Sweden within the presidency trio. However, the context in which the Czech Republic carried out its role changed. Russian aggression in Ukraine led to a fundamental reassessment of the program priorities of both the Czech presidency and the entire presidency trio. The European Union had to deal with the impacts of the war in Ukraine and still the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. Unlike in 2009, this time the Czech presidency took place in the post-Lisbon functioning of the EU, which, among other things, meant a limitation of the role of the rotating presidency in the European Council, where this authority was transferred to the permanent president, or the Foreign Affairs Council, which is chaired by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

Energy Market Review. Summary and recommendations resulting from the roundtable discussion of the National Convention on the EU held on 31 March 2023

Revize energetického trhu. Shrnutí a doporučení vyplývající z diskuze kulatého stolu Národního konventu o EU konaného dne 31. března 2023

Author(s): Vít Havelka / Language(s): Czech

Last year marked a significant crisis for the European energy sector, characterised by an extreme increase in energy prices and disruptions in natural gas supplies from Russia. This was due to the interplay of several circumstances, from an unusually intense drought, the shutdown of a large part of France's nuclear power plants to the Russian war in Ukraine and the use of energy resources as a means of blackmailing the European Union by Russia. In response to the excessive increase in prices and the risk of gas shortages during the winter of 2022/23, a series of short-term measures were adopted during the Czech Presidency to stabilise the situation and ensure the availability of energy.

Response to the US Inflation Reduction Act. Summary and recommendations arising from the National Convention's roundtable discussion on the EU held on April 28, 2023

Reakce na americký zákon o snížení inflace. Shrnutí a doporučení vyplývající z diskuze kulatého stolu Národního konventu o EU konaného dne 28. dubna 2023

Author(s): Kateřina Davidová,Tereza Novotna / Language(s): Czech

In August 2022, the US Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). This law is a response to the multiple crises of recent years, from the current climate crisis, to the Covid and energy crises, to rising inflation, and together with the adopted CHIPS and Science Act, it continues the trend of protecting the US industrial base against a rapidly expanding China. The core of the law is a massive investment package that has $369 billion available for climate and energy projects over the next ten years, especially in the field of clean technologies. US investment in climate measures will increase from 0.6% of GDP to 1.2% of GDP, and it is expected that the US will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 compared to 2005. In addition, the investment does not have a maximum upper limit, so it is likely that much more money will flow into the clean economy as a result. It is estimated that IRA investments will create 9 million jobs over the next ten years, almost 1 million new jobs per year.

The European Political Community and its Future Potential. Summary and Recommendations Resulting from the Round Table Discussion of the National Convention on the EU Held on 26 May 2023

Evropské politické společenství a jeho budoucí potenciál. Shrnutí a doporučení vyplývající z diskuze kulatého stolu Národního konventu o EU konaného dne 26. května 2023

Author(s): Jana Juzová,Žiga Faktor / Language(s): Czech

The success of the Prague summit was followed by Moldova, Spain and the United Kingdom, who announced that they would host further meetings, thus ensuring the necessary continuity for the ENP. However, the future of the initiative raises a number of questions regarding its long-term purpose beyond the duration of the Russian war in Ukraine, its thematic focus, format and possible conditional membership, as well as its possible overlap or complementarity with other organisations in the European space. In the future, it will also be necessary to clarify the relationship of the ENP to the European Union, its institutions, policies and financial resources. Another question related to the future of the ENP is the possibility of inviting other state and non-state actors and partners.

The Union and its defence capability: the impact of geopolitics, transatlantic relations and technological developments on the security of the European continent. Summary and recommendations resulting from the round table of the National Convention o

Unie a její obranyschopnost: vliv geopolitiky, transatlantických vztahů i technologického vývoje na bezpečnost evropského kontinentu. Shrnutí a doporučení vyplývající z kulatého stolu Národního konventu o EU konaného dne 29. listopadu 2024

Author(s): Tereza Novotna,Zuzana Krulichová / Language(s): Czech

The European security environment has fundamentally changed over the past decade in response to growing geopolitical risks. The Russian invasion of Ukraine, the growing influence of authoritarian powers such as China and Russia, and the escalation of tensions in key regions such as the Middle East or the Indo-Pacific are reshaping the way Europe perceives its security and defence. These challenges are leading to deepening defence cooperation within and beyond the EU, including the development of new policies, structures and initiatives such as Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) or the European Peace Facility. At the same time, the growing emphasis on strengthening collective resilience and cooperation with NATO underlines the need for strategic alignment between European and transatlantic partners.

Prospects for changes in the composition of the European institutions after the 2024 elections

Prospects for changes in the composition of the European institutions after the 2024 elections

Author(s): Tomasz Zając / Language(s): English

This policy brief is based on interviews conducted in Brussels, Belgium between the 4 and the 8 of September 2023. 11 interviewees participated in the research, including officials from the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament (EP), analysts from various think tanks, an assistant to a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and an MEP. The discussion focused on the prospects for changes in composition of the European institutions after the 2024 elections. To ensure honesty and openness during the interviews, the Chatham House rule was applied, hence, the identity of the interviewees is not revealed. Combining expert interviews with media sources and think-tank analyses, allowed for method triangulation and enriched the paper by providing a more in-depth discussion of the described matters.

Were Czech Industrial Policy Interests reflected in EU 2024-2029 strategic Agenda Discussions?

Were Czech Industrial Policy Interests reflected in EU 2024-2029 strategic Agenda Discussions?

Author(s): Klára Votavová / Language(s): English

Like other EU Member States, Czechia enters the new era of a more proactive, sectoral industrial policy as a country with specific interests. The aim of this policy brief is to outline how these interests were reflected in debates leading up to the adoption of 2024-2029 strategic agenda. After defining the Czech interests regarding the industrial policy, the brief will review the industrial policy commitments made in the EUCO conclusions leading to the SA adoption, and the industrial chapters of the Letta Report. Subsequently, the brief will discuss to what extend Czech interests were reflected in these documents.

Preparing for EU35+: The View from Central Europe

Preparing for EU35+: The View from Central Europe

Author(s): Jolana Gubalová,Vladislava Gubalová / Language(s): English

With future enlargement of the European Union (EU) finally becoming a plausible reality, the Visegrad Four countries (V4) have a unique opportunity to step up as leaders in the ‘EU’s most successful foreign policy tool.’ However, taking on such responsibility will necessitate significant shift in evaluating the forthcoming processes and their short-, medium- and longterm consequences (enlargement and internal reform), forging reasonable and benefiting negotiation strategy and ability to communicate strategically upcoming gains from enlargement and cost of non-enlargement. Are the Central European countries prepared? In May 2024, several Central European countries, celebrated twenty years since their own accession to the EU. No longer ‘new members’, such anniversary calls for careful evaluation of the tenure so far. And, with future enlargement back on the Agenda, for the first time the V4 countries are pressed to look at the upcoming process through the lens of wellestablished member states.

Winning the Race for AI without picking the Winners: How the EU can use Industrial Policy to unlock Competition and spur AI Innovation

Winning the Race for AI without picking the Winners: How the EU can use Industrial Policy to unlock Competition and spur AI Innovation

Author(s): Silke Maes / Language(s): English

As the European Union enters a new mandate, its leaders have set three top priorities for the next five years: raise productivity, enhance competitiveness, and bolster economic security. Each of these goals hinges on Europe’s ability to harness and develop digital technologies. Yet, so far, the digital transition has been too slow,1 leaving the EU trailing the US and China in the global tech race.

How to pay for the Green Transition? An Outlook on future EU financial instruments

Jak zaplatit zelenou transformaci? Výhled budoucích finančních nástrojů EU

Author(s): Filip Křenek,Tomáš Jungwirth Březovsky / Language(s): Czech

From the statements of leading European political leaders, it might seem that the current emphasis on climate policy and decarbonization will be replaced in the coming years by an emphasis on industry and competitiveness. But Europe's ability to compete on the global stage, especially with the United States and China, will inevitably be linked precisely to clean industry and green technologies. The energy crisis has shown the need for an accelerated transition to cheap and emission-free energy sources. Research, development and production of clean technologies are the clear economic drivers of the 21st century. And the costs of climate change are gradually increasing, while Europe is warming faster than any other continent. Competitiveness, industry and climate policies must therefore go hand in hand as one of Europe's main priorities.

Unveiling the Impact of EU Climate Adaptation Strategy on Safeguarding the Rights of the Most Vulnerable in the Czech Republic

Unveiling the Impact of EU Climate Adaptation Strategy on Safeguarding the Rights of the Most Vulnerable in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Elif Naz Němec / Language(s): English

The European Union (EU) has been implementing an ambitious agenda under the European Green Deal. Sustainable development and climate action have been prioritized as per the ambitious goals covered in the European Green Deal. However, as underscored by Ursula von der Leyen, the focus for the strategic priorities has recently shifted towards economic security, competitiveness, and defence. 1 Yet, the climate crisis constitutes an unprecedented security threat for modern humanity and the development of resilience towards climate change should still serve as a precondition for the fulfilment of those strategic priorities.

Will the Fund fund enough? A conversation with stakeholders on the suitable allocation of the Social Climate Fund and expected impacts of the ETS2 on transport poverty in EU Member States

Will the Fund fund enough? A conversation with stakeholders on the suitable allocation of the Social Climate Fund and expected impacts of the ETS2 on transport poverty in EU Member States

Author(s): Rebeka Hengalová / Language(s): English

In this policy brief, I will outline the upcoming Emission Trading System (ETS) extension to road transport and heating of households (ETS2) as this policy is directly tied to the disbursement of the Social Climate Fund (SCF or Fund). Next, I will outline the presumed impact of the ETS2 on the prices of heating and transport fuels, along with the mechanism of the Fund's allocation and suitable measures and investments financed by the Fund. Moreover, I will supplement the data with the opinions of interviewed policymakers and experts from European institutions, think tanks, Czech state representatives, and universities that helped contextualise the reality in which the SCF is to be implemented. In conclusion, I will summarise the current status quo and provide recommendations for the upcoming years of transposition, implementation and successful usage of the ETS2 and SCF policies.

Impacts of Ukraine's accession on the EU and its Member States

Impacts of Ukraine's accession on the EU and its Member States

Author(s): Anton Bendarzsevszkij / Language(s): English

Ukraine has been trying to become part of the European Union since the Orange Revolution in 2004, while European decision-makers lacked the political will to continue the enlargement, and the process has been stagnating for many years. All this changed suddenly after the Russian aggression in 2022, after which the accession process accelerated, but now it turned to another extreme: the statements on Ukraine’s quick EU accession became too unrealistic, creating false hopes. In fact, in the current geopolitical circumstances, full of crises and moving towards blocisation, the EU needs Kiev as much as Ukraine needs the EU. However, this would require a number of other conditions to be met, including internal EU reform, question of money and EU funding, and the end of the war on Ukrainian soil.

Transformation of Ukrainian transport system and its perspectives for the EU integration

Transformation of Ukrainian transport system and its perspectives for the EU integration

Author(s): Sandra Baniak / Language(s): English

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine has led to significant changes in the Ukrainian transport sector due to disruptions in supply chains, cargo flows, and damage of the country’s infrastructure. The Ukrainian transport system has undergone significant transformations. The country's borders with Russia and Belarus and its airspace have been closed. In the first months of the full-scale war, the temporary blockage on the operation of Black Sea ports forced Ukraine to develop land transport corridors to the EU countries and neighboring Moldova to enable both export and import of goods needed for the economy. Despite the ongoing war, Ukraine has accelerated a long-planned reform of the country's transport system to adapt its infrastructure to the EU standards and integrate it with the European transport network. Ukraine, as well as other countries like Belarus, Moldova and the Baltic states, inherited broad-gauge infrastructure (1520 mm) from the USSR. For economic and security reasons and symbolic connection with European transport infrastructure, the construction of standard-gauge railways (1435 mm) remains a high priority for the country. In the recent revision of the TEN-T network, four corridors were extended to Ukraine. In addition, since 2023, Ukraine can apply for funds for transport infrastructure projects under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) Transport instrument, which shows the highest priority given to transport connectivity by the European Commission (EC). One of the main challenges in the context of Ukraine's European integration process is how to fully transform the local transport sector, link it to the EU transport infrastructure and adapt it to the EU standards.

A Paper Tiger or a Game-Changing Project: European Defence Industrial Strategy and Views from Central Europe

A Paper Tiger or a Game-Changing Project: European Defence Industrial Strategy and Views from Central Europe

Author(s): Timotej Kováčik / Language(s): English

This paper deals with the topical issue of the first-ever European Defence Industrial Strategy (EDIS), which was introduced by the European Commission and the High Representative/Vice-President for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR/VP) in March 2024. The strategy aims to increase European defence industrial readiness, encourage Member States to invest in the European defence industry, and reinforce joint European defence procurement and ownership. EU Member States from Central Europe have played a crucial role in supporting Ukraine after the start of the Russian unprovoked and illegal full-scale invasion in February 2022. They also stressed the need to focus the EU's efforts on new initiatives in the field of defence and the defence industry, such as the Act in Support of Ammunition Production or enhancing the European Defence Fund. The main objective of this study is to identify how Central European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) and their representatives (state officials, Members of Parliament, Members of the European Parliament) perceive EDIS and what priorities they seek to pursue during the implementation of the strategy to use its full potential for their defence industries and cooperation among Member States. Furthermore, the paper discusses the preparatory phase of the strategy from the perspective of the Central European Member States and the European Commission. It also explains what Member States from Central Europe expect from the newly appointed Commissioner for Defence and Space. In order to obtain data, the author conducted interviews with relevant stakeholders such as politicians, academics, diplomats and experts from EU institutions and leading European think-tanks.

Elevating EU-NATO Synergy for Enhanced European Defence

Elevating EU-NATO Synergy for Enhanced European Defence

Author(s): Federica Mangiameli / Language(s): English

The latest appeals of Pete Hegseth – newly appointed US Secretary of Defence – to “European allies to step into the arena and take ownership of conventional security on the continent” represent a renewed clear call to Europe that should not go unheard. Against this backdrop, the EU can be instrumental in achieving this goal without necessarily becoming a mere cashbox to fund the Allies’ build-up of capabilities. The EU has the tools to concert and coordinate the efforts of the European Allies whilst incentivising its Member States that are not part of the Alliance to invest more in defence. Both organisations can jointly work in a common framework created with a shared purpose: increasing readiness and preparedness to counter external threats. From this perspective, the aim of this policy brief is to answer the question, “How to elevate the EU-NATO cooperation to strengthen European defence?”. The content of this paper is a result of research and interviews with officials from both the EU and NATO, as well as distinguished experts in the field of security and defence.

How to make the EU ready for Enlargement: Member States’ perspective

How to make the EU ready for Enlargement: Member States’ perspective

Author(s): Marta Szpala / Language(s): English

The credibility of the full-fledged membership promise for the Western Balkan countries has been significantly weakened in the past years, and the current debates on the gradual integration and the idea of concentric circles of integration rather enhance than dispel doubts regarding the outcome of the process desired by member states – full-fledged membership, accession to the Single Market only, or maybe some kind of deeper cooperation based on sectoral integration. The EU’s internal debate on enlargement has become in-ward looking and focused predominantly on the absorption capacity and necessary internal adjustment of the EU. Moreover, this debate omits the main challenge – how to make aspiring countries enlargement ready. Currently, none of them is and probably will not be ready in the foreseeable future, as enlargement policy lost its credibility and effectiveness, especially in the most crucial area of democratic governance. The Freedom House Nations in Transit reports reveal that the democratic institutions are still weak in most of the countries rated as partly free. Since 2017, only one recorded some improvements (Kosovo), Serbia's situation significantly deteriorated and in the case of the others, scores have not changed.

After October 7: EU Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in 2023-2024

After October 7: EU Policy Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in 2023-2024

Author(s): Michał Wojnarowicz / Language(s): English

Keywords: Hamas; October 7; Tererorism;

The purpose of this text is to analyse the EU policy towards Israel's war with Hamas, its dynamics, and the changes it has undergone since October 7, 2023. The starting point is an analysis of the EU’s approach in the years leading up to the crisis. Further, selected actions, changes and processes undertaken by the EU institutions at the Union level will be presented. The conclusion is an assessment of the policy, its effects and an approximation of its prospects, especially in the context of Donald Trump's second presidency. The analysis builds on desk research and interviews conducted in September 2024 with representatives of the EU institutions at various levels, diplomats, and experts on the region and EU policy towards MENA.1 Due to space limitations, the article focuses primarily on the institutional dimension of the EU level, addressing member states' actions at the bilateral level to a lesser extent. The timeframe covered in the analysis is concluded by the start of the mandate of the new European Commission on December 1, 2024.