The magnitude of the socialist movement in Romania until the outbreak of the First World War

Amploarea mişcării socialiste în România până la izbucnirea Primului Război Mondial

Author(s): Florin Daniel Mihai / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: P.S.D.M.R; labor movement; socialist movement; legitimacy; working class representation

This article seeks to establish the magnitude of social and labor movements in Romania. Starting from small local movements of large industrial centers of the country, the socialist movement will evolve gradually. Thus, there will be associations, workers' socialist circles, house help or socialist clubs that will open the road to socialist legimitate and representation. Following the work of prominent socialists as C-tin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Ioan Nădejde or Vasile Gh. Morţun appears legitimate and representative party for socialist romanian movement-Socialist Democratic Workers Party Romanian-P.S.D.M.R. It will come into being in March 1893 and it has occurred a necessity of the working class. Eager legitimacy and representation at the higher levels of the working class will be found in the work of the new party set up. Small victories leading to workers' right of representation have been registered with the election of the first two socialist deputies in Parliament: Vasile Gh. Morţun, in Roman, and Ioan Nădejde, in Iasi. The socialist movement has had media outlets through which to inform and educate the working class. I mention the newspapers: "Contemporarul" – 1881, Iaşi, "Revista socială" – 1884, Iaşi, "Dacia viitoare" – 1883, Paris, Brussels, "România muncitoare", "Munca", etc. The socialist movement included all areas of industrial development of the Old Kingdom: Bucharest, Iaşi, Ploieşti, Galaţi, Brăila, Craiova etc. There will be a move as hard and abroad in cities like Timişoara, Arad, Braşov, Cluj.

The historical approaches regarding the direct and indirect costs of the participation of Romania in the First World War

Costuri directe şi indirecte ale participării României la Primul Război Mondial. Abordări, omisiuni şi potenţialităţi istoriografice

Author(s): Casandra Şerban / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: costs; First World War; Romania; historiography; damages

The First World War was and still is because of its global character, a historical dimension of ardent debates that continues to develop under the spectre of diversity, as well as upon specific fields of methodological challenges, due to the permanent historiographical improvements. It is a fact that soon after the war, an immense analytical struggle emerged, at the centre of which stood the financial background regarding the States investments in terms of evolutions and damages, that were supposed to reveal to the political deciders the consequences of replacing diplomatic actions with military aggression. The basic questions were: Was the war worth fighting? Were the sacrifices justified? Were there winners or merely survivors? The first author that participated in this focal debate was E. Bogart, who gathered financial information about all the belligerents – including Romania. The present article will explain how he calculated the losses, while pointing out his mistakes and his erroneous economic estimations, without disregarding his methodological efforts in presenting the global direct and indirect costs, in a framework governed by inflation and depreciation of currencies, in the Romanian study case. I have focused strictly upon the comparison between western and south-eastern historiography regarding these issues, since – unfortunately – the gap between Romania and other countries is evident, even relating to the interest for economic theory and practice in explaining political events and developments.

The administrative and political problems of the city of Galati from 1933 to 1947

Probleme politico-administrative ale oraşului Galaţi în perioada 1933-1947

Author(s): Ionuţ Alexandru Drăghici / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: Galaţi; interwar; politics; administration; economy

Even since the ancient times the need for knowledge and information caused great human challenges. This need for information presents several technological, economic, political or military characters. Things have not changed nowadays, and we live in an age when information is increasingly abundant and necessary. But not always the historical information plays a central role in present reflection (understanding), often the vision of past restricting itself only at great events that history is based on. Though history teaches us that the great events in the eyes of contemporary people, and we could include here also the disasters, natural or manmade, which, for a moment produce a massive impact, with the passing of time they have sometimes the inclination of petering out up to erase from memory. Even worse, not only the past events are petering out, the events that seemed enormous, also the mentalities. It is much harder for descendants to understand the behaviour of some ancestors if in the meantime the historical investigation is not moving towards the unnoticed cases by contemporaries. This paper tries to bring to the public a taste of unwritten pages of local history, unmentioned and forgotten, but with the real issues as social, economic or administrative with which the city of Galati struggled during the years 1933 -1947, moving from a democracy to a royal dictatorship followed by a military dictatorship and ending with the beginning of the communist regime which in Galati was closely monitored by Colonel Sidorov.

The Stalinist vision and the role of the Red Army in the implementation of the Soviet model in Central and South-Eastern Europe

Viziunea stalinistă şi rolul armatei roşii în impunerea modelului sovietic în Europa Centrală şi de Sud-Est

Author(s): Isabella Harţuche / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: “people’s democracy”; the Red Army; Sovietization; buffer zone; Stalinist vision

The establishment of the communist regime in Eastern Europe, according to directions from Moscow, represented a volatile process, given the freedom of movement that the USSR had in the region, but was also a determinate step towards the restructuring of Soviet-Eastern European relations. This study starts out with the hypothesis that Stalin had a masterplan to turn the states of Central and Eastern Europe into satellites, the Soviet army being one of the main instruments for implementing said masterplan. The presence of the Red army helped strengthen the so-called „people’s democracy”. This aspect is well argumented by both international historiography (J.F. Soulet, W.R. Smyser and others) and by Romanian historiography as well (Florin Constantiniu, Ioan Scurtu, Gheorghe Buzatu, Vladimir Tismăneanu, Mioara Anton, Dan Cătănuş, Octavian Roske, Laurenţiu Constantiniu and other).

The dismantling of civil society during the communist period (1947-1949)

Destructurarea societăţii civile în perioada comunistă (1947 - 1949)

Author(s): Cătălina Mârza / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: civil society; nongovernmental organizations; censorship; communism; subordination

The dismantling of civil society during communist period, between 1947 and 1949, which is the main theme of this article, is basically structured on the persecution and terror brought by the years of communism, that led to the extinction of a great number of organizations and thus, to the collapse of dignity and of the free spirit. Civil society is represented by its citizens who, under different forms of association, can defend and promote population’s interests. The great majority of people understand, when referring to the civil society, that it is mainly represented by the nongovernmental organizations. In most dictatorships, one cannot speak about a civil society because the citizens do not have power over decision dealing with economic activities, also over the political and cultural ones concerning the state. The dismantling of the civil society became present through the censorship of the cultural environment. The Romanian Academy was founded as a new institution under the authority and subordination of the Romanian Communist Party. The francophone associations along with foreign languages schools found themselves in the same situations. The libraries and bookstores started to vanish and the activity of all writers, musicians and journalists were put under the authority and control of the Party’s Central Committee, the Propaganda Section. In other words, lie and imposture soon installed and won control over the private life of individuals. The clear objective was to create the new type of man, the obedient man.

The dissident movement in Czechoslovakia: Vaclav Havel and Jan Patocka

Mişcarea de disidenţă în Cehoslovacia: Vaclav Havel şi Jan Patocka

Author(s): Sorina Raicu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: Vaclav Havel; Jan Patocka; Czechoslovakia; The Velvet Revolution; Charter 77

The Communist regime brought a lot of reactions. The kidnap of freedom of speech could not be ignored. Freedom is a fundamental element in ensuring a healthy society and it is also a “sine qua non” element in reaching progress. Some people were aware of this thing. They chose to fight against a faulty system, a system that doesn't affect only the elites, but also the destiny of the whole community. Within the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, the voice of Vaclav Havel was the strongest. The famous playwright couldn’t be silenced. He chose to fight against the system, in order to defend the fundamental values of the society. Jan Patocka, despite the influence he had within the dissident movement, seems to be an enigma for a lot of people. He will remain in the collective memory as a Socrates of Prague, while Vaclav Havel will remain the man of truth. Jan Pavlik and Barry Smith found Jan Patocka and Havel as continuing the Austrian libertarian tradition of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek.

Unites States national security concepts and theories during the Cold War

Concepte şi teorii ale politicii de securitate naţională americană pe durata Războiului Rece

Author(s): Alexandra Radu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: Cold War; national security; policy decision making; National Security Council (NSC)

This study outlines the specific context of the Cold War which led the United States to formulate a strategy whose main objectives were keeping the West together and stopping the communist threat. Although the Cold War marked the evolution and broadening the concept of national security, which contains doctrines, strategies, tools, and this concept has its origin at the end of the Second World War. In addition, we will examine its evolution in time and the contextualization of the security policies.

The Nuclear power of France. Its impact on International Relations

Puterea nucleară a Franţei. Impactul asupra relaţiilor internaţionale

Author(s): Laura-Andreea Raţă / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: France; nuclear weapons; nuclear power; experiments; security

The 20th century involved, among others, significant research into the realm of weapons of mass destruction. France, wanting to take front stage, joined the nuclear club in 1960. The tests for creating the “perfect bomb” were conducted in the French colonies of Algeria and French Polynesia. France argued that said tests would bring economic benefits to these territories. The country has had many nuclear weapons development programs, one of them being ongoing. All French leaders have justified the possession of nuclear weapons as necessary for national security and have threatened to use them if necessary. The French authorities promote transparency in this field as the means towards better international cooperation.

Steve Tsang, Hong Kong - An Appointment with China, London, I. B. Tauris, 1997, 188 p.

Steve Tsang, Hong Kong - An Appointment with China, London, I. B. Tauris, 1997, 188 p.

Author(s): Stoica Cristinel Popa / Language(s): English / Issue: 09/2016

Editorial

Editoriál

Author(s): Danuša Serafínová / Language(s): Slovak,English / Issue: 1-2/2016

Freelance Radio in Austria

Freies Radio in Österreich. Ein Instrument von Gegenöffentlichkeit?

Author(s): Wolfgang Duchkowitsch / Language(s): German / Issue: 1-2/2016

Keywords: pirate radio; freelance radio; Radio Orange; FM4

Freelance radios in Austria – tool of the opposition from among the public. The study focuses on the social value of radio in Austria from the 70s till the present day. The line of thoughts starts from the disputes over the definition of pirate radios that represented a specific form of freelance radios in the 70s. Then the study proceeds to an introduction of differences between “Radio Orange”, a private radio station in Vienna and FM4, ORF's offer for young listeners, and ends with the description of a successful story of freelance radios in Austria.

Tabloidization of media in the context of contemporary society

Bulvarizace médií v kontextu současné společnosti

Author(s): Irena Žantovská / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2016

Keywords: Media, public; manipulation; tabloidization

Tabloidization is a phenomenon which is in the Czech media theory discussed since at least 2000. Most analyzes agree that this phenomenon has both an economic dimension - interest in higher attractiveness for the audience, thus strengthening economic media, but also a political dimension: the tabloid form deformed image of reality, and thus the political atmosphere in the country and public confidence in the media as such.

Reader’s responses in current political weeklies

Ohlasy čitateľov v súčasných spoločenských týždenníkoch

Author(s): Terézia Rončáková / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

Keywords: journalism; genres; reader´s responses; genre criterions; new impulses

The paper is grounded in a wide research of new journalistic genres in current weeklies. Examining a sample of 102 copies of four Slovak weeklies (.týždeň, Plus 7 dní, Život, Slovenka) the author defined some new genres and new findings about some traditional ones. Here she presents the current reader´s responses in detail: working with five genre criterions (topic, function, form, composition, language) and presenting its characteristics (stylistic value, expertness, subjectivity, personal stories, superficial reflections, emotiveness). Separately she points out the elements of internet discussions in these texts and the tendency to use this space for corrections and apologies.

Historical aspects of business and financial journalism in the United States and Great Britain

Historické aspekty ekonomickej žurnalistiky v USA A Veľkej Británii

Author(s): Olívia Strapeková / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

Keywords: history of financial and business journalism; muckrackers; investigative reporting

The work examines historical aspects of financial journalism in English speaking countries with emphasis on the elements of accountability and access reporting. The author illustrates how financial journalism in USA and Great Britain evolved over time, including the predecessors of financial press, muckracking initiatives, in-depth reporting of Kilgore’s era, modern investigative reporting, and the current reactive reporting of the business dailies and magazines.

Current questions of theory and practice of journalism in the era of the internet

Aktuálne otázky teórie a praxe v ére internetu

Author(s): Anna Kačincová Predmerská / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

Theoretical and historical aspects of modern British newspapers' typology

Teoreticko-historické aspekty typológie moderných britských novín

Author(s): Lenka Môcová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

The gatekeeping process of foreign news – individual forces

Selekcia zahraničných správ – individuálne vplyvy

Author(s): Simona Mikušová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

Keywords: news; gatekeeping; gender; international news; television

Following study examines selection criteria for international news, specifically individual forces in gatekeeping. Scholars recognize that individual gatekeepers have the power to pass some items „through the gates“ and reject others, but they have also shown that gatekeepers' actions must be understood within the context of their environment. The aim of our study lies particulary in the explanation whether gender affects news selection.

Jubilant professor Juraj Vojtek

Jubilant profesor Juraj Vojtek

Author(s): Ján Višňovský / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

Ninety years of radio in Slovakia

Deväťdesiat rokov rozhlasu na Slovensku

Author(s): Róbert Šedivý / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1-2/2016

This article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Slovak Radio. It discusses nine decades of its existence, its connectivity with various historical events that our country met. The article divides the stage of existence Slovak Radio chronologically and according to the state system in which Slovak Radio broadcast

Media chronicle 2016 (January – May)

Mediálna kronika

Author(s): Ján Hargaš,Frederika Halászová / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016