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Analysis of the service research studies in the german research field

Analysis of the service research studies in the german research field

Analysis of the service research studies in the german research field

Author(s): Patrick Siegfried / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: service sector; service engineering; strategic orientation

The services sector is also called “tertiary sector” and has become increasingly important in the last few decades. The process of this structural change occurrence is characterized by a significant increase in employment in the services sector. On the other hand, the former economic importance in traditional areas, such as agriculture and forestry, as well as manufacturing, is declining. In this article the research field of the service sector is shown beginning from the 70s up to the present. The goal of the article is to demonstrate the necessity of service engineering research.

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The influence of the Cost-to-Serve methodology on customer profitability

The influence of the Cost-to-Serve methodology on customer profitability

The influence of the Cost-to-Serve methodology on customer profitability

Author(s): Paweł Wroński,Dawid Lahutta / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: Cost-to-Serve; customer profitability; customer-based costing; empirical example

The article covers the subject of the Cost-to-Serve as a costing method. There are customers providing little profits to the enterprise and some that even generates a loss. Cost-to-Serve is a tool allowing for optimising costs to make every customer profitable. In the first part of the paper covers the whole concept and emphasise its main areas. The second part shows how Activity Based Costing may be used as a sub process to the CTS analysis. The third part focuses on the Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) for the Cost-to-Serve methodology. The paper contains the example of applying the Cost-to-Serve. It uses results of the research conducted in the Brazilian food industry to present how the Cost-to-Serve affects real costs. The article ends with conclusions concerning the Cost-to-Serve concept and its further perspectives.

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Integrated cost management in supply chain

Integrated cost management in supply chain

Integrated cost management in supply chain

Author(s): Bartłomiej Nita / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: supply chain; activity-based costing; total cost of ownership

The article presents the basic foundations of cost management in the supply chain. In the first part of the paper the scope of cost management in the supply chain and the importance of supply chain costing are explained. The second part of the paper presents the total cost of ownership (TCO) according to the opinions of various authors and discusses the most important components of the total cost of ownership. In the last part of the article the use of activity-based costing method for the assessment of cooperating partners within the value chain is presented. Moreover the need for integration of activity-based costing (ABC) and total cost of ownership (TCO) are explained. Such an integrated approach can be further supplemented by the computation of the supplier performance index (SPI). These methods of management accounting can provide a basis for the assessment of suppliers with respect to the activities performed in the supply chain.

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Discount rate in the assessment of investment project effectiveness

Discount rate in the assessment of investment project effectiveness

Discount rate in the assessment of investment project effectiveness

Author(s): Justyna Dyduch / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: discount rate; investment project; NPV; MIRR

The discount rate expresses the limit rate of return expected by the investors from the capital invested by them. Calculating the discount rate on the appropriate level is important because of its effect on assessing investment projects in both absolute and relative calculation of investment effectiveness. In the article examples of changes in value of indicators of investment effectiveness assessment depending on the adopted discount rate are analyzed. In the absolute calculation of investment effectiveness, basically an increase in the discount rate reduces the attractiveness of the project. However, with a special distribution of cash flows over time, the opposite relationship may occur. In the relative calculation, a situation is possible in which, for different levels of discount rates, different projects are those most profitable.

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The role of behavioural research in management accounting

The role of behavioural research in management accounting

The role of behavioural research in management accounting

Author(s): Marta Mazurowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: accounting; management accounting; behavioural accounting

The changes that are currently taking place in economic sciences cannot remain without effect on accounting. The purpose of this article is to present the role of behavioural accounting research in management accounting as a vital trend which has been developing in response to the shifting fundaments at the base of economics. The proposed aim has been achieved applying critical analysis of domestic and international literature in the field of economic sciences, including accounting and behavioural science. At the beginning, the text shows the origin of behavioural research in economic sciences. Then, the essence of behavioural research in accounting is highlighted, as a vital, prospective trend in accounting research. Finally, emphasis is placed on the role of behavioural research in management accounting, with particular attention given to the pillars of the contemporary studies.

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Conceptual framework of strategic and operational cost accounting in agriculture

Conceptual framework of strategic and operational cost accounting in agriculture

Conceptual framework of strategic and operational cost accounting in agriculture

Author(s): Tomasz Kondraszuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: cost accounting; agriculture; strategic and operational management

The paper presents the specific characteristics of agricultural activity and its implications for the strategic and operational management of costs. This perspective served as a foundation for developing the framework of strategic and operating cost accounting. Due to the mass character of agricultural production it is particularly important for farmers to implement the cost leadership strategy. Another crucial issue relates to the individual and collective goals of rural families accomplished in agricultural households. The distinguishing criterion of cost categorization is their variable or fixed nature determined from the point of view of the whole farm (enterprise). The conclusion lists the most important specific features of the strategic and operational cost accounting in agriculture, which determine its conceptual framework.

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Male and female controllers. Between controlling and gender studies

Male and female controllers. Between controlling and gender studies

Male and female controllers. Between controlling and gender studies

Author(s): Marta Nowak / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: controllers; male; female

The paper presents the results of empirical study. The research was conducted by the questionnaire method. Its aim was to identify the differences and similarities between male and female controllers. The following aspects were taken into account: the awareness of realization of controllers’ tasks, the perception of motivation of work in controlling, declared risk preference, declared preference for individual or group working, hierarchy and the assessment of motivators related to the question what motivated controllers to work, declared preference for employing company (Polish or international), declared preference work for time organization (fixed or flexible), acceptance for long-term career path. The main similarities and differences between male and female controllers were identified, described and analyzed. The presented research is a part of the author’s wider research on behavioral and psychological aspects of usage of controlling for management purpose.

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Risk analysis in cultural institutions

Risk analysis in cultural institutions

Risk analysis in cultural institutions

Author(s): Wiesław Wasilewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 345/2014

Keywords: risk; cultural institutions; controlling; checklist

Cultural institutions are now functioning in difficult conditions arising mainly from the strong competition on the market and a weak economy. Organizations are trying to make the most rational decisions. One of many possible tools, which are characterized by a high level of application, is risk analysis. The purpose of this paper is to present the risk analysis process on the example of organization X, as well as possibilities for its adoption by cultural institutions. The scope of issues presented in the article is as follows: at first the concept of cultural institution is presented with a strong emphasis on business environment of cultural institutions. Next, the risk management process is briefly shown and an example (case study) of using selected elements of this instrument in a cultural institution is discussed.

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Chronicle

Chronicle

KRONIKA

Author(s): Tadas Kondrusevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: Švč. M. Marija; apsireiškimas; Naujasis Testamentas; „tikėjimo terapija“; sekuliarizmas.

Antgamtiniai reiškiniai, turintys išskirtinę reikšmę žmonijai, įeina į pasaulio istoriją ir stebina tiek tikinčiuosius, tiek netikinčiuosius. Labai gerai atsimenu, kaip 1991 m. spalio mėnesį maža grupelė Rusijos katalikų pirmą kartą nuvažiavo į Fatimą. Tai buvo įdomus metas. Nors Tarybų Sąjunga de facto dar egzistavo, tačiau buvo aišku, kad ji skaičiuoja paskutines dienas. Prie mūsų tada priėjo Tarybų Sąjungos ambasados Portugalijoje atstovas ir pasakė: „Aš apskritai esu netikintis, bet Marijos apsireiškimų Fatimoje negalima taip paprastai paaiškinti. Kaip nemokyti ir geografijos neišmanantys kaimo vaikai galėjo nusakyti ateitį?“ Tikrai, būtent Fatimoje Marija išpranašavo Rusijos ir Rytų Europos istorijos raidą XX šimtmetyje. Skaityti ir aiškinti „laiko ženklus“ per krikščioniškojo tikėjimo prizmę reiškia ne ką kita, kaip pažinti Kristų, esantį tam tikroje vietoje ir tam tikru laiku. Tokia yra Bažnyčios pripažintų privačių apreiškimų prasmė. Jie turi padėti suprasti „laiko ženklus“, taip pat per tikėjimą rasti atitinkamus atsakymus į „laiko ženklų“ keliamus klausimus9. Taigi kalbant apie apreiškimus, įvykusius po Naujojo Testamento, reikia turėti omenyje, kad visi jie yra privatūs, todėl negali būti privalomu tikėjimo objektu. Vis dėlto šie apreiškimai labai naudingi ir padeda stiprinti bei ugdyti tikėjimą. Tai labai svarbu nūdienos sekuliarizmo laikais, kai prieš akis turime tiek daug šiuolaikinei civilizacijai grėsmę keliančių iššūkių. Todėl jokiu būdu negalima ignoruoti privačių apreiškimų. Šiuolaikinis pasaulis siūlo daugybę įvairiausių metodų ir būdų, kaip išgelbėti žmoniją nuo nūdienos problemų, bet užmiršta esminę priemonę, būtent „tikėjimo terapiją“, kuri kaip tik ir yra sielos vaistas.

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Ecumenical Aspects of Marian Devotion in the 18th Century Catholic Hymnals of Curlandia

Ecumenical Aspects of Marian Devotion in the 18th Century Catholic Hymnals of Curlandia

Ecumenical Aspects of Marian Devotion in the 18th Century Catholic Hymnals of Curlandia

Author(s): Andris Priede / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: Marian piety; W. H. von Lieven; Katholischka Mahzibu; Luhgschanu un Dseesmu Grahamata (Catholic Book of Doctrin; Prayer and Hymn); pamaldumas Marijai; W. H. von Lievenas; Katholischka Mahzibu; Luhgschanu un Dseesmu Grahamata (Katalikiška tikėjimo tiesų...

Šiuolaikiniai istorikai prieštaringai vertina konfesinės priklausomybės sąvoką Žečpospolitos ir Vokietijos paribyje, laikotarpiu nuo Reformacijos iki Švietimo epochos. XVII–XVIII amžiuje aprašomos konfliktinės situacijos tarp katalikų ir protestantų, taip pat tarp panašių denominacijų protestantų. Konfliktai dėl konfesinės priklausomybės stiprėjo nuo literatūrinės polemikos iki smurto ir netgi kraujo praliejimo. Konfesinė ir sekuliarioji istoriografija pabrėžia šį ekumenizmo veiklos aspektą. Istoriografų teigimu, istorijos faktai mums pateikia daug pavyzdžių apie krikščionių bendruomenes ir jų paliktą dvasinį palikimą. Ar konfliktuojantys žmonės nežinojo, kokiai konfesijai jie priklauso? Argi krikščioniui yra galimybė gyventi savo tikybos gyvenimą peržengiant savosios konfesijos ribas, reglamentuotas religines normas. Katalikų konvertitas Livberžės baronas Wilhelmas Heinrichas von Lievenas (1691–1756), nepaisydamas nepalankaus ekumenizmui fono, sugebėjo sukurti dviejų konfesijų junginį. Po Tridento Susirinkimo (1545– 1563) katalikų sušauktuose vyskupų susirinkimuose buvo nustatytos parapijų tarybose vykdomos bažnyčioje ir namuose giedamų giesmių atrankos sąlygos. Buvo raginama išlaikyti tikybos vienybę su vieninteliu oficialiu Biblijos leidimu Vulgata (1592), su vienu kanoniniu kodeksu ir Bažnyčios mokymu. Tačiau net vyskupai negalėjo priversti atsiskirti pagrindinių konfesijų tikinčiuosius ir jų giedamas giesmes. Pavyzdžiui, Varmijos (Ermlandės) ordinaras kardinolas S. Hosijs siuntė vizitatorius į parapijas pasiklausyti, ar jose neskamba Liuterio giesmės. Šis faktas įrodo, kad katalikų parapijose būta tokių atvejų. 1733 m. buvo išleistas Kuršių katalikų bendruomenei skirtas giesmynas ir maldynas „Katholischka Mahzibu, Luhgschanu un Dseesmu Grahmata“, redaguotas barono Wilhelmo Heinricho Liuveno. Šis giesmynas pakartotinai buvo išleistas 1755, 1766 ir 1837 metais. Prieš pasirodant minėtam giesmynui, Kuršių katalikai naudojo latvių katalikų bendruomenėse paplitusį giesmyną „Geistliche Catholische Gesange“ (1621) ir „Cantiones Spirituales“ (išleistą Vilniuje, 1673). Abu šiuos giesmynus parašė Georgas SJ, Daugpilio Jėzuitų kolegijos rezidentas. Du trečdaliai iš maždaug 100 jo pateiktų giesmių yra išverstos iš lotynų kalbos, didžiąją jų dalį sudarė populiariausios giesmės Marijai. Naujajame giesmyne lotyniškos kilmės giesmių skaičius sumažėjo dešimteriopai, jų vietą užėmė vokiškų choralų vertimai, paimti iš liuteroniškų giesmynų, naudotų Kuršiuose ir Livonijoje. Straipsnyje bandoma atsakyti į klausimą, kodėl tiek mažai giesmių Marijai iš ankstesnių giesmynų pateko į giesmyną, kurį kasdien naudojo Kuršių katalikai valstiečiai. Europoje pasitaikydavo ne tik spontaniškų giesmių ar jų tekstų pasiskolinimų, bet dažnai net buvo pastebima tendencija katalikų liturgijoje naudoti liuteroniškas giesmes ir atvirkščiai – buvo gerai žinomi Martyno Liuterio iš lotynų kalbos į vokiečių kalbą išversti tradiciniai katalikų himnai ar kitų praėjusių amžių vokiečių.

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CANON V. VIZGIRDA IN THE SERVICE OF GOD AND PEOPLE: HARD AND HOPEFUL TIMES

CANON V. VIZGIRDA IN THE SERVICE OF GOD AND PEOPLE: HARD AND HOPEFUL TIMES

Kanauninkas V. Vizgirda Dievo ir žmonių tarnyboje: sunkūs ir viltingi laikai

Author(s): Kęstutis Žemaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: Vilkaviškio vyskupija; valdytojas; okupacinė valdžia; Vilkaviškis diocese; coadjutor; occupation powers.

The first post-war decade of occupied Lithuania appeared to be the most cruel period to Lithuanian nation. Starting from the year 1944 with the return of Soviet occupation until the death of the Soviet dictator Stalin in 1953, intensive deportations to Siberia, arrests and assassinations of Lithuanian people followed. The Soviet regime did not tolerate any opposition. Very often people who had never resisted the Soviet regime became its victims. In a similar way, the coadjutor of Vilkaviškis diocese, canon Vincas Vizgirda was arrested and imprisoned, who governed the diocese after the death of bishop Antanas Karosas. V.Vizgirda got his high education in Western Europe; he gained PhD in law and philosophy, had a big experience of leadership, but sometimes he lacked responsibility and made others make decisions. But at the crucial moment, at the end of the war, he stayed in the diocese and continued his work in the diocese curia. With the responsibilities of a coadjutor of the diocese, canon Vizgirda took on a heavy load, bearing in mind that his responsibilities during the rule of Stalin might end in repressions. According to the archives, we see that Rev.Vizgirda tried to defend the Church rights as much as he could and to save the independence of the diocese, but his arrest shows that Soviet powers had different goals - to join all Lithuanian dioceses under the administration of the only coadjutor of Kaunas diocese. But it was not Rev. V.Vizgirda who could take this office, as he was not loyal to Soviet powers. The coadjutor of Vilkaviškis diocese became an obstacle in joining the dioceses, so he was put to prison without any guilt. The period, when Rev. Vizgirda administrated the diocese, was very hard. Especially it was hard for all the Catholic Church in Lithuania in 1948. First of all, The Soviet powers tried to estrange priest from parish administration, enabling special committees to do that. Bishops and priests were forced to recognize these committees. The coadjutor of Vilkaviškis diocese canon Vincentas Vizgirda also confronted with this reality. After lots of arrests of priests and lay people, closing of the churches in Soviet Lithuania, after two years of administrating the diocese, canon Vizgirda was also arrested on May 3, 1949 and sentenced for 10 years of exile. Returned from exile to Lithuania on November 13, 1956, he settled in Marijampolė and died on January 15, 1966. Vilkaviškis diocese, after the arrest of the coadjutor, was forcibly attached to Kaunas archdiocese by the Soviet powers. So, canon V. Vizgirda finishes not long, but dramatic period of Vilkaviškis diocese, and the coadjutor appeared to be a very strong personality, a man of the Church, not giving in to the invaders. Rev. Vizgirda remains as a very interesting personality in the history of Lithuanian Catholic Church, rather controversial, but outstanding, who played an important role in preserving the independence of the Church from atheist powers.

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THE SYSTEM AND SPIRIT: THE PRISON OF HUMAN ORDER AND LIBERATING DIVINE GRACE

THE SYSTEM AND SPIRIT: THE PRISON OF HUMAN ORDER AND LIBERATING DIVINE GRACE

Sistema ir dvasia: žmogiškos tvarkos kalėjimas ir išlaisvinanti Dievo malonė

Author(s): Rolandas Bartkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: sistema; dvasia; įstatymas; laisvė; Šventoji Dvasia; malonė; system; spirit; law; freedom; Holy Spirit; divine grace.

The tradition of western mind is restricted by artificiality, insularity, dogmatism, inertia and other features of the system while systematically developing ontological, gnoseological, ethical and aesthetical reflections. Such thinking constructions claim to regularly complete reality view (vision of reality) and ensure the feeling of comfortable and framed being. The system is a rational mode of cognition and action regularly structuring recurrent elements in the phenomenon’s flow. On the other hand, it is an order of finite and weak human being submitting to its own inertia and increasingly constructing perverted picture of the world and virtual reality. We constantly fall into a trap of rational actions program: after having a short joy of seeming control we feel the system emaciating us by its sophisticated structures. Only an intellectually free human being is able to find his/her carnality and mentality and realize that despite of his/her being in a coherent unity with psychosomatic system, he/she is able to reflect that system in distraction. Being in transcendental attitude, we see and discern sensual attitude, however the latter does not see the transcendental one. On the lower level we find some hints of the higher one. It happens when the rules of the lower level do not explain certain manifestations of the higher one which does not comply with the logics of the first level. If a human being lived only according to his instincts, his behavior could be forecasted as the actions of a computer or a particular animal. Inscription of a moral law within our hearts explains why a man chooses not the comfort or safety, but rather responsibility, sacrifice, difficult but meaningful way. Sometimes human actions do not comply with the computer logics or the laws of nature, and that is where sublimity of man manifests itself; this is the essential difference between man and nature. Of course, although the system organization operates differently in instincts, thinking, mechanics and morality, still there is a system. A habit may be both instinctive and moral; the value of the first one can be verified by the second, but by what means can the second be verified? After all, the moral law indicates only the general attitudes that demand subtle constant vigilance in changing situations both in my inside and my surroundings. Can I somehow prepare for them in advance? Different trainings (including spiritual ones) develop attitudes and capabilities, but I cannot know which one I will need next year or next minute. Within the frame of a system we can hardly be surprised. Neither I myself, nor my well-structured environment cannot surprise me by anything essentially new; the man of a system actually does not want his world to be invaded by something unexpected, unsafe. The other man, all the otherness, even divine reality is artificially transformed into my ownness, even into miness. So the idols - demonic images of God - are created. Then the authent

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APPARITIONS OF VIRGIN MARY IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE

APPARITIONS OF VIRGIN MARY IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE

Mergelės Marijos apsireiškimų traktuotė lietuvių folklore

Author(s): Aušra Kairaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: Mergelė Marija; Dievo Motina; legendos; apsireiškimas; stebuklingi Marijos paveikslai; Virgin Mary; Mother of God; legends; apparition; sacred image of Mary.

In Lithuania, we can find stories telling us about the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Most of these stories are treated as folklore narratives. Such narratives can be found in various genres of Lithuanian folklore. In the article, the major attention is paid to the genre of legends. Lithuanian folklorist Leonardas Sauka the term “legend” defines as a narrative, containing magic, miraculous elements, but they are treated as true historical events, sacred stories related to religion and have an exclusive meaning in religious communities. In Lithuania and most European countries the main topic of such legends is Christianity. They tell us about Jesus Christ, Our Lady, apostles, saints, churches, miraculous places, religious beliefs and rituals. Traditionally the events are treated as true stories and people believe them. The author of the article does not intend to analyze these stories as true ones. The question of confirmation of sacred images in folk tradition and the problems of Mariology are also not considered. Legends are treated as a spoken creation of folk art, which describe the surrounding world and exceptional events. The object of the article is folklore narratives describing the apparitions of Mary. Some of these narratives in “Catalogue of Lithuanian narrative folklore” by Bronislava Kerbelytė are treated as legends. The basic narratives can be found in the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore Department of Folklore Archives. Published narratives are also analyzed. The aim is to describe the narratives about the apparition of Mary in Lithuanian folklore. The analysis of folk texts refers two conditional groups. In the first group of narratives, a personal apparition to a human person is represented by the direct appeal of Mary. The request to build a wooden cross or a chapel can indicate a sacred place and has the intention to cultivate religious feelings. This intention can be shown in the legends where Mary asks to pray and spread her words. It is common that people who saw an apparition of Mary just know that they saw Mary; sometimes they become scared, run away and start praying. Meanwhile, Mary explains who she is and gives a message. After the blessing, she goes away. In rare cases, a doubt that Mary really appeared can be expressed. However, it is more common to search the proofs of apparition. She can leave a foot on a stone, which is treated as a sign of her visitation. A boy who saw an apparition can become a saint. People visit a place of apparition and bring donations such as money to the place where Mary appeared. Usually Mary appears to children, women, or young men. Obviously, these people differ from other people by their social status. They can by treated as witnesses of an apparition and as those who can realize the will of Mary. The second group of narratives consists of legends about images that people treat as sacred. Mary’s miraculous power can be revealed through them. In general, people

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THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTING ON CHILDREN’S AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN RELATION WITH THE MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES

THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTING ON CHILDREN’S AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN RELATION WITH THE MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILIES

Vaikų psichologinio konsultavimo ir jų santykių su šeimos nariais sąsajos

Author(s): Bronislava Grigaitė,Ilona Norgėlienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: agresyvus vaikų elgesys; psichologinis konsultavimas; krikščioniškoji šeima; aggressive children behavior; psychological consulting; Christian family.

The article analyzes the children with aggressive behavior, their psychological consulting and relations with their parents. Methods of psychological consulting (offered by I. Norgeliene in 2006) were directed to the children, their parents and teachers. Experimental and control groups were formed with 20 first-graders in each. Psychological consulting of the experimental group has been held for three months where 20 children, 35 parents and 6 teachers took part. The results of the research revealed that psychological consulting improves the children’s relations with their family members. The efficiency of the consulting depends on the family structure, the style of education, family punishments and the family’s involvement into the process of psychological consulting. The object of the research - children’s aggressive behavior. The aim of the research – to study aggressive behavior of 7-year-old children, their psychological consulting in relation with their families. The following conclusions were made: 1. Psychological consulting improves the children’s relations with their families. 2. The efficiency of the consulting depends on family structure, style of education, family punishments. 3. It also depends on family’s involvement in the process of psychological consulting. The tasks of the research: 1. Following the analysis of scientific data, to create methods of psychological consulting for aggressive children. 2. To organize experiments, proving the efficiency of psychological methods 3. To analyze the influence of the methods of psychological consulting on aggressive children in relation with their families. The methods of the research: The analysis of scientific literature, different tests: Raven’s colorful progressive matrices (CPM), Bender Motor Gestalt Test, the tables of proof geometrical figures, Conner’s Rating Scales-Revised for Parents and Teachers, Gilles projection method, observation, the analysis of statistic data which was made with software SPSS 12.0 for Windows packet. The methods used for statistic data analysis: dispersive measurement factors analysis (Repeated Measures Define Factor(s)), F criterion is calculated for dispersions comparison, Cronbach Alpha coefficient is calculated to evaluate scales inward reliability. Also it was chosen statistical significance level α 0.05. The conclusions made: 1. Psychological consulting of children improves their relations with their family members (r=0,062, p=0,0001). 2. The psychological consulting is the most effective in nuclear families (the biggest average contrasts were drawn on children’s relations with their family members (1,62; p=0,04), the problems of behavior (7,01; p=0,01), and aggressive behavior (2,6; p=0,03)), the families who apply democratic upbringing style (the biggest average contrasts were drawn on children’s relations with their family members (1,94; p=0,035), the problems of behavior (5,97; p=0,01) and aggressive behavior (3,25; p=0,04)) and the

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VALUE ATTITUDES OF LITHUANIAN PILGRIMS

VALUE ATTITUDES OF LITHUANIAN PILGRIMS

Lietuvos piligrimų vertybinės nuostatos

Author(s): Darius Liutikas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: piligrimai; vertybės; tapatumas; kelionės motyvai; pilgrims; values; identity; travelling motives.

Every pilgrimage embodies three main elements: a person with his values and identity, the journey itself and its destination. A religious pilgrimage is an expression of religious identity and its ritual dimension. People identify themselves with particular religious places, which become culturally constructed shrines. According to the calculations and the data of research, we suppose that in average about 300 thousand Lithuanian pilgrims annually go on pilgrimages (including journeys on feast days and journeys to foreign shrines). This is about 8,9 percent of Lithuanian population. The article presents the data from the survey of Lithuanian pilgrims. Inquiry with questionnaire took place from July 2007 to April 2008. 400 hundred pilgrims from 14 to 74 years old were questioned during the survey. The inquiry took place in organized groups, which had gone to sacred places and events in Lithuania or abroad. The destinations of pilgrimages were Šiluva, Pivašiūnai, the Gate of Dawn, the Hill of Crosses in Lithuania and also Lourdes, Medjugorje, Taize, Geneve (Te New Year celebration of Catholic youth), monasteries in the Middle and Eastern Europe. Pilgrims questioned in Lithuania travelled to pilgrimage centers with charter buses, all centers were distributed more than 50 kilometers from pilgrims’ departure places. Pilgrims were from various geographical places of Lithuania (Vilnius - 31 percent, Kaunas - 24 percent, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, Panevėžys - 12 percent, other cities and towns with the population from 2 thousand to 100 thousand inhabitants - 24 percent, and areas with smaller than 2000 population - 9 percent.). The surveys indicate that about half of pilgrims go individually by car to pilgrimage places, one third of them - sometimes individually, sometimes in organized groups and others only in organized groups by bus. Strong religious identity is typical to Lithuanian religious pilgrims, however this identity represents Catholic doctrine optionally. We can define three factors in the analysis of pilgrims’ ideological attitudes. Acknowledgement of supernatural world, which is unknown, frightening and not appealing to mundane laws, is the first factor. The main features are belief in the existing supernatural world, belief in evil spirits, belief in the life after death and belief in miracles. The belief in God, in Redemption, in forgiveness of sins and in apparitions of Virgin Mary is the main features of the second factor, which we can call traditional religion. The significance of religion in life is common to this factor. The belief in reincarnation, natural powers, deities and fate belong to the third oriental-pantheistic factor. Religious pilgrims greatly differ according to the degree of religiosity from average Lithuanian position defined in various surveys according to different dimensions of religious identity. The five different models of journey conception we could distinguish following the analysis of pilgrims’ motives and values.

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Review

Review

RECENZIJA

Author(s): Romualdas Dulskis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: logoterapija; egzistencinė analizė; sielogyda; noogeninė neurozė; logotherapy; existential analysis; noogenic neurosis.

V. E. Franklio veikalas „Sielogyda“ pateikia pagrindinius logoterapijos ir egzistencinės analizės principus. Anot paties autoriaus, logoterapija ir egzistencinė analizė yra mokslo sritys, kuriose susiliečia medicina ir filosofija, o sielogyda balansuoja tarp medicinos ir religijos. Todėl veikalas turėtų būti įdomus ne tik psichiatrijos ir psichologijos, bet ir filosofijos, teologijos, antropologijos bei edukologijos sričių dėstytojams ir studentams. V. E. Franklio apmąstymų apie žmogaus būtį, drauge ir jo mokslinių įžvalgų išeities taškas yra įsitikinimas, kad kiekvienas žmogus siekia atrasti ir įgyvendinti savo gyvenimo prasmę. Tačiau nūdien ši valia siekti prasmės (vok. Wille zum Sinn, angl. Will to Meaning) pernelyg dažnai yra neatpažinta arba pažeista. Todėl logoterapija kalba apie daugelio žmonių patiriamą egzistencinę frustraciją. Tokie asmenys skundžiasi beprasmybės jausmu arba vidine tuštuma, kurią logoterapeutai įvardija kaip egzistencinį vakuumą. Šį egzistencinį vakuumą šiandienos vertybių sumaišties pasaulyje pagrįstai galima laikyti kolektyvine neuroze. Kai egzistencinė neurozė pasireiškia neuroziniais simptomais, tuomet esama pagrindo kalbėti apie naujo tipo neurozę – noogeninę neurozę.

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The Kashubian Pilgrimage to Jasna Góra, as a manifestation of Christocentric Marian piety

The Kashubian Pilgrimage to Jasna Góra, as a manifestation of Christocentric Marian piety

The Kashubian Pilgrimage to Jasna Góra, as a manifestation of Christocentric Marian piety

Author(s): Jan Perszon / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: Kashubian; pilgrimage; Jasna Góra; shrine; folk religion; kašubai; piligrimystė; Jasna Góra; šventovė; liaudies pamaldumas.

Straipsnyje parodoma piligrimystės svarba šiuolaikinėje Katalikų Bažnyčioje. Piligrimai vyksta į vietas, vadinamas šventovėmis. Kurį laiką slopinta racionalizmo ir neteisingo Biblijos aiškinimo, ši katalikiškojo pamaldumo forma išgyvena atgimimą. Reikia pabrėžti, kad šventovės ir piligrimystės teologija Katalikų Bažnyčioje buvo plėtojama nuo XX a. antrosios pusės. Šiuos svarstymus pagreitino Jono Pauliaus II pontifikatas, ypač 2000 metų jubiliejus. Pirmąkart istorijoje katalikiškoji doktrina atkreipė dėmesį į vadinamąjį liaudies pamaldumą, kuris iki tol laikytas Bažnyčios ortodoksiškumo ženklu. Šį atradimą lydi teologiškai apmąstyta šventovė ir piligrimystė bei teisingas jų formavimas (biblinis, liturginis-sakramentinis, asketinis, teologinis, pastoracinis, moralinis). Labai svarbu suprasti ir patirti Kristaus Motinos, kaip padėjėjos savo Sūnaus darbe, vaidmenį. Lenkų pamaldume šešis šimtmečius ypatingą vietą užėmė Jasna Góra šventovė. Šimtmečiais Częstochowos vietovėje garbinama Marija stiprino ir ugdė kultūrinį bei religinį kartų identitetą. XIX ir XX a. paplito masinė piligrimystė pėsčiomis. Taip atsirado kašubų piligrimystė. Ji taip pat sietina su keliavimu pėsčiomis į Swarzewo, Sianowo or Wejherowo šventoves. Atrodo, kad ši piligrimystė pateisina moderniosios teologijos suformuotus pastoracinius lūkesčius, keliamus piligriminiam judėjimui. Ši piligrimystė garsina pamaldumą Marijai, gerbiantį kristocentrinį ir bažnytinį principą. Kartu tai tampa ir patriotizmo mokykla.

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EVALUATIONS PARAMETER OF PEDAGOGICAL PREVENTION OF RISKY ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

EVALUATIONS PARAMETER OF PEDAGOGICAL PREVENTION OF RISKY ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

Paauglių rizikingos lytinės elgsenos pedagoginės prevencijos vertinimo parametrai

Author(s): Birutė Obelenienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: rizikinga lytinė elgsena; ankstyvieji lytiniai santykiai; pedagoginė prevencija; žmogaus prigimties vienovė; žmogaus neįkainojama vertė; lyčių lygiavertiškumas; risky sexual behaviour; early sexual intercourses; pedagogical prevention; unity of human natu

rizikinga lytinė elgsena, ankstyvieji lytiniai santykiai, pedagoginė prevencija, žmogaus prigimties vienovė, žmogaus neįkainojama vertė, lyčių lygiavertiškumas, ugdytinio orumas, risky sexual behaviour, early sexual intercourses, pedagogical prevention, unity of human nature, incomparable human value, equivalence of persons of different sexes, dignity of the educated.

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THE MEANING OF THE “MARIAN ERA”

THE MEANING OF THE “MARIAN ERA”

Sens „Epoki Maryjnej”

Author(s): Jacek Bolewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: Marian Era; age of the Spirit; modernity; Miraculous Medal; Immaculate Conception; Lourdes; Immaculate Heart; Fatima; dogma of the Assumption; Vaticanum II; Mother of Christians; John Paul II; renewal of the Church; Marijos era; Dvasios amžius; modernybė,

Sąvoką „Marijos era“ pateikė popiežius Paulius VI savo apaštalinėje adhortacijoje Signum Magnum (1967 m. gegužės 13 d.). Kaip pavyzdžius popiežius pateikė tris ryškius XX amžiaus įvykius: 1) 50-ąsias Fatimos apsireiškimo metines; 2) 25-ąsias iškilmingo Bažnyčios ir žmonijos paaukojimo Dievo Motinai ir Jos Nekaltajai Širdžiai metines, tai atliko popiežius Pijus XII 1942 m. spalio 31 d., atnaujino Paulius VI 1964 m. lapkričio 21 d.; 3) tą pačią dieną Marija buvo paskelbta dvasine Bažnyčios Motina (po 3-iosios Vatikano II Susirinkimo sesijos). Laiškas pabrėžia Marijos kaip Bažnyčios Motinos svarbą. Straipsnyje laiškas nekomentuojamas, bet bandoma parodyti Marijos eros evoliuciją. 1. Marijos garbinimo evoliucija. Pirmiausia reiktų prisiminti, kaip kito požiūris į Mariją Evangelijose. Seniausioje Morkaus redakcijoje Marija pasirodo kaip Jėzaus šeimos narė, neatskirta nuo Jėzaus brolių, kurie juo netikėjo. Vėlesnėse Mato ir Luko redakcijose aprašoma Jėzaus kūdikystė, o Kristaus žodžiai apie naują tikėjimo bendruomenę ne tik mini Mariją, bet ir pabrėžia, kad ji palaiminta dėl savo tikėjimo. Paskutinėje Evangelijoje Marija suvokiama kaip Moteris, tikėjimo bendruomenės pirmavaizdis – jos tikėjimo dėka įvyko stebuklų pradžia Kanoje, vėliau po kryžiumi ji tapo tikėjimo bendruomenės Gimdytoja. Ši evoliucija tęsiasi Bažnyčios istorijoje, ypač su Marija susijusiose naujose dogmose, kurios Mariją parodo kaip kiekvieno Bažnyčios nario pirmavaizdį. Todėl šiandieniniai teologai turėtų domėtis ne Marijos dogmų svarba, bet jų poveikiu mūsų gyvenimui tiek Marijos gyvenimo pradžioje (Nekaltasis Prasidėjimas), tiek ir pabaigoje (Dangun Paėmimas). Kita istorinė aplinkybė – Marijos apsireiškimai kaip dabarties ir ateities ženklai. 2. „Dvasios amžiaus“ reikšmė. Vertėtų pasekti šios sąvokos raidą. Šv. Liudvikas Marija de Monfortas „Traktate apie tikrąjį pamaldumą Dievo Motinai“ svarsto ryšį tarp Šventosios Dvasios ir Jėzaus Motinos. Štai svarbiausios jo mintys: „Marija Šventosios Dvasios veikimu pagimdė pačią didingiausią kada nors buvusią ar būsiančią būtybę – Dievą-Žmogų; ji pagimdys ir didžiausius šventuosius iki amžių pabaigos“ (n. 35). „Per Mariją prasidėjo pasaulio išganymas, per ją jis ir bus įvykdytas“ (n. 49). Štai kuo skiriasi pirmasis ir antrasis atėjimas: „Marija beveik nepasirodė pirmojo Jėzaus Kristaus atėjimo metu. <...> Bet antrojo Kristaus atėjimo metu Mariją apreikš Šventoji Dvasia, kad per ją Jėzus Kristus būtų pažintas, pamiltas ir jam būtų tarnaujama“ (n. 49). Tai ypač tinka Nekaltojo Prasidėjimo slėpiniui, amžių paslėptam, o dabar atskleistam per dogmą, kad geriau suvoktume savo pradžios viziją. Šv. Liudvikas įveda terminą „Marijos amžius“, klausdamas: „...kada ateis tas laimingas laikas, Marijos amžius, kai daugybė sielų, Aukščiausiojo pašauktų per Mariją, ištirps jos vidinėje gelmėje, taps jos kopijomis, kad mylėtų ir garbintų Jėzų?“ (n. 217). Šie žodžiai nurodo, kad Marijos amžius taps Šventosios Dvasios amžiumi. 3. Naujųjų laikų ženklai. Moder

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Development of social skills of laity by the leaders of youth Catholic groups

Development of social skills of laity by the leaders of youth Catholic groups

Development of social skills of laity by the leaders of youth Catholic groups

Author(s): Genutė Gedvilienė,Salomėja Karasevičiūtė / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2009

Keywords: katalikiškos jaunimo grupės; katalikiškų jaunimo grupių vadovai pasauliečiai; socialinių gebėjimų ugdymas; youth catholic groups; laity leaders of youth catholic groups; development of social skills.

Šiandien Lietuvoje katalikiškų jaunimo grupių vadovų pasauliečių ugdymas yra vykdomas jaunimo centruose, katalikiškose organizacijose bei draugijose. Nuo vadovų pasirengimo labiau nei nuo kitų veiksnių priklauso katalikiškų jaunimo grupių užsibrėžtų tikslų įgyvendinimas, santykiai grupėje, tikėjimas ir pasitikėjimas. Atsakingi ir kompetentingi vadovai, gebantys vadovauti, būti švelnūs, taktiški ir tolerantiški, sugebantys išklausyti ir atleisti, būti pavyzdžiu grupės nariams, yra ypač reikalingi, nes jie visuomet dalyvauja Bažnyčios misijoje, kurios pagrindinis tikslas yra skelbti naują gyvenimą, atskleistą liudininkų, ir tarnavimą visiems, kuriems reikalinga pagalba. Tačiau jei grupių vadovai nemokės ir nesugebės tinkamai vadovauti, grupėms bus sunku vykdyti savo veiklą, todėl svarbu organizuoti vadovų socialinių gebėjimų ugdymą. Dabartiniame pasaulyje, intensyvėjant žmonių tarpusavio ryšiams, veiklus pasauliečių dalyvavimas skatina šalia tradicinių grupių kurtis įvairias naujas katalikiškas grupes. Abipusė jų narių pagalba, artimas bendravimas ir asmeninis liudijimas įgalina tikinčiuosius ne tik dvasiškai pagelbėti žmonėms skelbiant Kristaus naujieną bei malonę, bet ir siekti pasaulio tikrovę persmelkti ir ištobulinti Evangelijos dvasia. Taigi socialinių gebėjimų aktualumas šiandien yra akivaizdus. Jų ugdymas – tai žinių kūrimas dalijantis, bendradarbiaujant ir sąveikaujant. Šiems gebėjimams reikėtų skirti didesnį dėmesį, ypač dabartinėje visuomenėje, nes neugdant aktyvių, kritiškai ir savarankiškai mąstančių piliečių (pvz., katalikiškų grupių vadovų), neįmanoma kurti demokratinės visuomenės. Lietuvoje yra mokslinių darbų, kuriuose nagrinėjama jaunimo dvasinio gyvenimo ugdymo problematika grupėse, organizuotos tikinčiųjų maldos grupės Lietuvos Bažnyčios atsinaujinime sociologinis įvertinimas, tačiau juose nepakankamai akcentuojama vadovų svarba, nenagrinėjamas jų ugdymas. Šio straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti katalikiškų jaunimo grupių vadovų pasauliečių socialinių gebėjimų ugdymo galimybes. Atliekant katalikiškų jaunimo grupių vadovų pasauliečių socialinių gebėjimų ugdymo galimybių tyrimą buvo remtasi kiekybinių ir kokybinių tyrimų metodologija. Šio darbo tyrimui pasirinktas anketavimo metodas. Klausimai tiriamiesiems buvo pateikiami raštu. Anketą sudaro klausimai, kuriais siekiama išsiaiškinti: • katalikiškose grupėse dirbančių vadovų amžių, išsilavinimą; • kokie socialiniai gebėjimai vadovams yra reikšmingi; • kokius socialinius gebėjimus vadovai siektų ugdyti; • su kokiomis problemomis vadovai susiduria trūkstant socialinių gebėjimų. Siekiant nustatyti katalikiškų jaunimo grupių vadovų pasauliečių socialinių gebėjimų ugdymo galimybes, tyrime dalyvavo 36 respondentai. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad katalikiškos grupės dažnai tarpusavyje skiriasi organizavimo, auklėjimo krypties ir būdų bei veiklos srities atžvilgiu. Tačiau visuotinai ir giliai sutampa pagrindinis jų tikslas - atsakingai dalyvauti Kristaus Evangeliją kaip žmonių visuo

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