Czy kiedyś każdy myślący człowiek będzie mógł tworzyć aplikacje komputerowe?

Czy kiedyś każdy myślący człowiek będzie mógł tworzyć aplikacje komputerowe?

Author(s): Krzysztof Kluza / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2009

Keywords: kognitywistyka; komunikacja społeczna; język; psychologia poznawcza; logika; filozofia; neurobiologia; humanistyka

Nie byłoby współczesnej informatyki, gdyby nie prace nad rozwojem języków formalnych. Nikt dziś nie wyobraża sobie pisania programu użytkowego w kodzie maszynowym czy nawet w asemblerze. Znaczne zmiany zaszły zarówno w sferze samej składni języków, ich abstrakcji, jak i w sposobie posługiwania się nimi. W artykule pokrótce został zaprezentowany temat przeobrażania się języków programowania oraz ewolucji paradygmatów. Omówiono także kwestie reprezentacji opisu składni języków formalnych – zarówno gramatyk, jak i alternatywnych konstruktów. Głównym celem artykułu jest ukazanie współczesnych kierunków rozwoju języków, w szczególności wizualnego podejścia do tworzenia oprogramowania, oraz próba udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania: dokąd zmierza ewolucja języków w informatyce? czy informatyka odnalazła już swój język? czy kiedyś każdy myślący człowiek będzie potrafił stworzyć aplikację komputerową, nie będąc programistą?

The European Parliament and the Treaty of Lisbon. EU towards a parliamentary regime?

Parlamentul European şi Tratatul de la Lisabona. UE către un regim parlamentarizat?

Author(s): Corina Turşie / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: European Parliament; Treaty of Lisbon; parlamentarisation; democratisation; power; inter-institutional relations

The European Parliament is the EU’s institution with the most fascinating institutional development. This study has three goals: to analyze the existence of a tendency towards parliamentarization, to see how the Treaty of Lisbon is placed in relation to this tendency and to conclude whether parliamentarization is significant for the EU’s logic of the evolution.

Corporate Social Responsibility in the European Union. A Visible Development?

Corporate Social Responsibility in the European Union. A Visible Development?

Author(s): Levente Győri / Language(s): English / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility; transparency; European Union; human rights; self-regulation

In this work the efforts of the European Union will be analysed in relation to the human rights side of corporate social responsibility with an emphasis on transparency.

After Lisbon: European Union a Consumer and/or Security Provider?

După Lisabona: Uniunea Europeană un consumator şi/sau furnizor de securitate?

Author(s): Claudiu-Laurenţiu Ţabrea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: security actor; Lisbon Treaty; Common Security and Defense Policy; crisis management; Permanent Structured Cooperation; capabilities

This paper’s main objective is to analyse the security capabilities that the European Union has acquired following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. More accurate, we will try to explain if the EU has developed some mechanisms and instruments in the sphere of security and defense policy enabling it to respond quickly and coherent to threats, dangers and risks that threaten its security, both internally and externally. Thus, we will review the main achievements accomplished by the European Union since the adoption of the European Security Strategy in 2003, its capacities for prevention, intervention, and conflict management. Therefore, we want to see if we can affirm that the EU has become an effective security provider or it remained a security consumer, which still rely on NATO actions when confronted with a crisis in security sphere.

Question Mark: Interview with Peter van Dalen

Semn de întrebare: Interviu cu Peter van Dalen

Author(s): Aurora Martin / Language(s): English / Issue: 147/2010

Interview with Peter van Dalen

Sfera Politicii’s Archives - The Spanish Civil War

Arhivele Sfera Politicii - Războiul civil din Spania

Author(s): Stelian Tănase / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

The Treaty of Lisbon – a new step towards the creation of a united Europe?

Tratatul de la Lisabona – un nou pas în crearea unei Europe unite?

Author(s): Gabriela Drăgan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: Lisbon Treaty; President of the European Council; EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; Council of Ministers; rotative presidency; European Commission

Once the number of EU Members increased from 15 to 25 and then to 27, the Community institutions, procedures and mechanisms, conceived for a certain European configuration, proved to be too „narrow”, rigid and constraining for the new profile of the European construction. The Lisbon Treaty (2009), apart from its „labyrinthine” nature, represents a reference moment in simplifying and reorganizing the institutional architecture of the European Union. However, the delimitation and definition of the competences at the level of the new „rectangle” institutional structure appears to be still not enough clarified. The present article intends to identify some of the overlappings, parallelisms and incoherencies that may be identified in EU’s functioning mechanisms, especially at the level of the newly created positions (President of the European Council and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy).

The Lisbon Momentum – A new beginning for the European construction

Momentul Lisabona – Un nou început pentru construcţia europeană

Author(s): Alexandru Jădăneanţ / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: Lisbon treaty; citizenship; political decision; European Parliament; European elections

The present article introduces the reader to the novelty provided by the new Community Treaty which has been signed in Lisbon and became operative starting with December 1, 2009. The keyword of the Lisbon Treaty is the citizen, due to which the author analyzes the means by which the citizen is involved in the European construction. The democratization of Europe, or the rights and obligations of the European citizen are thus some of the issues presented in detail. An important aspect discussed in the article targets the elections for the European Parliament and the participation of the citizens of the Member States in these elections. Besides, the transparency and the efficiency of political decision are two concepts that are explained in the Lisbon Treaty, the article thus trying to underline the advantages that are offered to the European citizens.

European humanitarian values at the heart of EU’s external action: from discourse to public policy

Valorile umanitariste europene în centrul acţiunii externe a UE: de la discurs la politici publice

Author(s): Victor Negrescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: democracy; national interest; public opinion; European values; cooperation for development; media; public policies

The respect for human rights and the promotion of democracy are openly declared by the European Union as being the European humanitarian values cherished both by the public opinion and the media. But do these principles truly apply when it comes to EU’s foreign policy, knowing the economical and commercial interests that unite the member countries? This is the question to which this article tries to answer, by drawing a parallel between the discourse and the practical achievements in the field.

Transatlantic relations after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Case study: cooperation in security matters

Relaţiile transatlantice după intrarea în vigoare a Tratatului de la Lisabona. Studiu de caz: cooperarea în probleme de securitate

Author(s): Nicolae Paun,Georgiana Ciceo / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: transatlantic relations; NATO; European Union; Treaty of Lisbon

The present article attempts to evaluate the perspective of the transatlantic relations after the entering into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Due to the limits imposed on this article we will focus the discussion on the realm of security as we consider that especially in this field a number of thorny issues still need to be addressed and will conduct the analysis from the perspective of NATO-EU relations.

On the brink

Pe marginea prăpastiei

Author(s): Ioana Cristea Drăgulin / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Review of: Tyller Drumheller, Elaine Monahan, Pe marginea prăpastiei; mărturia unei persoane din interior, referitoare la compromiterea serviciilor de informaţii americane de către Casa Albă, Editura Minerva, Bucureşti, 2008, 415 pagini

A theological-political reflection on subsidiarity

Reflecţia teologico-politicăasupra subsidiarităţii

Author(s): Cătălin-Valentin Raiu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: subsidiarity; Church; social doctrine; christian-democracy; human person; state

Subsidiarity, one of the key principles underlying the European Union construction has profound theologico-political roots and is aimed at offering the human person an environment dominated less by the state and more by the society.

European Union under the palladium of the Lisbon Treaty

Uniunea Europeană sub paladiul Tratatului de la Lisabona

Author(s): Oana Albescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: Lisbon Treaty; European Parliament; decision making process; legislative procedure; codecision; democratic deficit; institutional triangle

Lisbon Treaty enriches the panoply of the European Union’s treaties, being the recent product of the common European effort for integration. After reiterating the main postulates of the Treaty, which consolidates European Union’s democracy, the author considers timely to bring into discussion the evolution of the European Union’s decision making process, for better highlight the importance of the codecision procedure, as described in the Lisbon Treaty, and its consequences for the European Parliam

How do politicians employ scientific expertise

Cum folosesc politicienii expertiza ştiinţifică?

Author(s): Sorana Toma / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Review of: Christina Boswell, The political uses of expert knowledge, Cambridge University Press, New York 2009, 272 pagini

A general overview on the terminological and conceptual changes brought by the Treaty of Lisbon

Privire generală asupra modificărilor terminologice şi conceptuale aduse prin Tratatul de la Lisabona

Author(s): Adrian Nedelcu,Oana Surdescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 147/2010

Keywords: Treaty of Lisbon; European Union; prominent changes; amendments; EU institutions

In this article the two authors draw an analysis of the Treaty of Lisbon and its innovations. The Lisbon Treaty reformed the foundations of the European Union and marked the culmination of a process of Treaty reform that began soon after the Treaty of Nice. The new treaty will provide the Union with greater external coherence, making the EU more efficient, democratic and transparent; it reinforces the Union's capacity to act, particularly by increasing majority voting in the Council, and it gives Europe a stronger and clearer voice in the international context.

The Century with Helmut Schmidt

Stulecie z Helmut Schmidtem

Author(s): Arkadiusz Stempin / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 646/2009

Keywords: Helmut Schmidt; Niemcy; Germany; modern history; historia współczesna

Beginning of the Year Full of Events

Początek roku pełen wydarzeń

Author(s): Aleksander Hall / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 646/2009

Keywords: Poland; polityka w Polsce; PiS; politics; Sejm; Senat; parliament

"The Beauty is Cruel...". An Interview with Tadeusz Różewicz

"Piękno jest okrutne...". Z Tadeuszem Różewiczem rozmawia Krystyna Czerni

Author(s): Krystyna Czerni,Tadeusz Różewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 646/2009

Keywords: Tadeusz Różewicz; sztuka w Polsce; Jerzy Nowosielski; art; culture

*** (March 2009)

*** (Marzec 2009)

Author(s): Halina Bortnowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 646/2009

Keywords: Ryszard Kapusciński; culture; Halina Bortnowska

Caviar for the Masses

Kawior dla mas

Author(s): Paulina Korpal-Jakubec / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 646/2009

Keywords: Umberto Eco; Sztuka; art;