The Croatian Peasant Party and its urban voters: the example of Vinkovci during the parliamentary elections in 1938

Hrvatska seljačka stranka i njeni gradski birači: primjer Vinkovaca na skupštinskim izborima 1938.

Author(s): Suzana Leček / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: Parliamentary elections; state repression; the Croatian Peasant Party; electorates

This paper analyses the conditions under which the parliamentary elections in Croatia were held in 1938, the strategy of the primary election campaign of the Croatian Peasant Party (leading the list of the Allied opposition) and the successful enlargement of its election base to cover not only peasants but also urban voters.The Croatian Peasant Party enjoyed the massive support of the peasants during the interwar period while in the cities it was much more difficult to gain followers. The situation defi nitely changed, after the end of the dictatorship, when the Croatian Peasant Party brought together not only a great number of national but also supranational concentrations of oppositional parties (United opposition). Its national and social program became more and more attractive even to urban voters, as shown by the last parliamentary elections in 1938. To explore the structure of urban voters of the Croatian Peasant Party, factors that directly influenced it were first analyzed. These factors were the level of state repression and the methods by which the Croatian Peasant Party tried to forestall it. Although Stojadinović preserved the Croatian regions from the main brunt of the governmental (pre)election reign of terror the elections turned out to be far from free. The CPP (at the head of the electoral list of the allied opposition), could not hold its own against the signifi cant financial means and possibilities used by the government list during the campaign and at the same time it was not able to act as a party until the official proclamation of the elections. Afterwards its meetings were controlled, the newspapers censored. The party responded to that with the tried and tested methods of small meetings and word-of-mouth communication. In order completely to mobilize the voters and gain “plebiscitary support” (needed for it to be able to demand constitutional amendments), the party issued directives on behaviour during the electoral process. Apart from the mobilization matter, the directives suggested how to oppose any form of provocation that would query the electoral legitimacy and how to oppose any attempt to falsify electoral results. The second issue to which the CPP paid particular attention was to gain the support of state employees. The government considered them as being obligated (actually illegally) to support its list. Maček addressed the officials several times directly, in order to encourage them, and finally brought an action against Stojadinović due to threats made to any officials who dared to vote for the opposition. The election results showed, in spite of all the pressures, that a great number of civil servants decided on the opposition. The example of Vinkovci was helpful for the examination of the CPP’s membership and constituency.

Migrations of the German population on Croatian territory during World War II and the post-war period

Migracije njemačkog stanovništva na hrvatskom području tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata i poraća

Author(s): Marica Karakas Obradov / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: Second World War; “people’s democracy”; Independent State of Croatia; Croatia; Germans; migrations; emigration; resettlement/evacuation; exile; banishment

A population of around 170 000 Germans lived in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia, 150 000 on Croatian territory and around 20 000 in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since, in times of war, war-related events jeopardised the security of German settlements and population, resettlements/evacuations of settlers to safer areas were conducted in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia by the leadership of the German ethnic group. In the beginning these events took place within the area of the Independent State of Croatia, but later, in 1944 a great evacuation to the territory of the Third Reich took place. A small percentage of Germans from the territory of the Independent State of Croatia, i.e. almost all Germans from Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as about 2 500 Germans from Croatian towns and villages emigrated permanently to the territory of the Third Reich in 1942. After the war the Yugoslav government did not want to take back resettled/evacuated and fugitive Germans and planned to banish the rest of Yugoslav Germans. In the post-war period about 20 000 Germans, mainly children, women and older people, stayed in the Croatian territory; in the immediate post-war period most of them were detained in camps in Croatia and Vojvodina. Most of those who survived, emigrated; hence, we can say that the Yugoslav/Croatian territory was almost “purged” of the German national group by the middle of 1960s. The disappearance of the Croatian Germans significantly changed the cultural, national and religious picture of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja.

Symposium on Evliya Celebi

Simpozij o Evliji Čelebiju

Author(s): Marta Andrić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Međunarodni simpozij o Evliji Čelebiju i njegovu Putopisu povodom 400. obljetnice njegova rođenja (Doğumunun 400. Yılı Dolayısıyla Evliya Çelebi ve Seyahatname’si Uluslararası Toplantısı), Istanbul-Bursa-Kütahya, 26-30. rujna 2011.

Belagerung von Ilok (1494)

Opsada Iloka 1494.

Author(s): Tamás Fedeles / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: Ilok (Újlak); Adelsgeschlecht Iločki (Újlaki); Lorenz von Újlak; König Wladislaw II. Jagellon; Belagerun

Zwischen dem späten Herbst des Jahres 1494 und dem frühen Frühling von 1495 fand ein königlicher Feldzug in dem Königreich Ungarn statt. Der Ungarnkönig Wladislaw II. (1490–1516) führte ein Unternehmen nämlich gegen seine rebellischen Untertanen, in ersten Linien gegen den Herzog Lorenz von Újlak (heute Ilok in Kroatien). Während des Feldzuges wurden die Burgen, Schlösser des Herzogs und seiner Verbündeten durch die königlichen Truppen belagert. Glücklicherweise ist der Feldzug reichlich in den Quellen überliefert. Außer den Urkunden und Briefen verfügt man über eine zeitgenössische Chronik von Antonio Bonfi ni und die königlichen Rechnungsbücher für die Jahre 1494–1495. In diesem Aufsatz wurde die erste bedeutende Aktion dieses Feldzuges, die Belagerung der Burg von Újlak kurz vorgestellt. Die Belagerung begann zwischen 20. und 26. November im Jahre 1494 und dauerte bis zum 16. Dezember dieses Jahres. Bartholomäus Dragfi von Beltek Woiwode von Siebenbürgen war als Hauptkapitän des Heeres tätig. Natürlicherweise hat die Artillerie, neben der Kavallerie und der Infanterie, unter der Leitung von Jakob von Marienwerder an der Belagerung auch teilgenommen.

On the Ottoman masjid in Vidovci near Požega

O turskom mesdžidu u Vidovcima pokraj Požege

Author(s): Nedim Zahirović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: Ottoman conquest; masjid; derwish orders; Požega; Vidovci; Hüseyndede; 16th century

The city of Požega and its surroundings experienced many changes after the Ottoman conquest in 1537 and the subsequent period of Ottoman rule. One of the most signifi cant changes occurred with the erection of Muslim sacred buildings like mosques, masjids and derwish lodges. One of these sacred structures was the masjid in the village of Vidovci very close to the city of Požega. This masjid has been mentioned in several publications but the question as to who founded it has not been resolved to date. On the basis of one Ottoman register (Mxt. 571) kept in the Austrian National Library in Vienna we are able to identify its founder. According to one remark of this register dated March 8th, 1573, the masjid of Vidovci was built by a certain Hüseyndede who lived in this village. We can assume that Hüseyn-dede was one of many derwishes who came and settled in the Ottoman border zone in Europe. The date of his death and the name of the derwish order to which Hüseyn-dede belonged still remain unknown.

The Serb district of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium - from the Croatian operation “Storm” to the completion of the peaceful

The Serb district of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium - from the Croatian operation “Storm” to the completion of the peaceful

Author(s): Nikica Barić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: Serb District of Eastern Slavonia; Baranja and Western Sirmium; Sirmium-Baranja District; Joint Council of Municipalities; Independent Democratic Serb Party; Erdut Agreement; UNTAES; Croatian Danube Region

The Serb District of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (for a period of time it was also called Sirmium-Baranja District) was part of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) that was established in late 1991, after the aggression of the Yugoslav People’s Army and rebel Croatian ethnic Serbs on Republic of Croatia. In 1995 Croatia retook all western parts of RSK by military force and reestablished its authority over these areas. In November 1995 Croatian government and local Serbs signed the Erdut Agreement. Its basic tenet was the establishment of the transitional United Nations administration in the District and its gradual and peaceful reintegration into the Republic of Croatia. These goals were successfully achieved by early 1998. The article tries to present the process of peaceful reintegration from the perspective of the local Serbs. This paper is mainly based on Vukovarske novine newspaper, published by Serb Information centre in Vukovar. The second part of this article deals with the integration of public services and companies in the District into the Croatian services and companies. Transitional UN administration also established Transitional Police Forces which included both Serb and Croat policemen and they were later incorporated in the Croatian police. There was also a problem of Serbs who were accused by Croatian authorities of committing war crimes. Croatian parliament enacted a law granting amnesty to all Serbs from the District who took part in war against Croatia and the number of Serbs accused of war crimes was gradually reduced to those who could be charged on the basis on reliable evidence. All this was important to assure the success of the peaceful reintegration. Throughout the period of peaceful reintegration under Croatian rule there was a possibility of massive exodus of Serb population from the Danube region to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia). Such exodus occurred during the Croatian military operation “Storm” in August 1995, when Croatia took control over western parts of the self-proclaimed RSK. In late 1995 Serbs also moved out of parts of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, after the signing of Dayton peace accords which returned these areas to the Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Motivation for such exodus was a widespread opinion among Serbs that it is impossible to accept non-Serb rule. Serb representatives in District put up efforts to assure local Serb population that they should not abandon their homes and move to Yugoslavia, and they were largely successful because massive exodus was avoided, although local Serbs often displayed their animosity and lack of trust toward the Croatian state. Finally this part of the article also presents the problem of the Serb refugees who left their homes in other parts of Croatia and moved to the Danube region. Some of them later moved to Yugoslavia, and before that they sold their property to Croatia.

The creation of and the political-administrative relations in Belišće Municipality in the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

Nastanak i političko-upravni odnosi u općini Belišće u razdoblju Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca

Author(s): Hrvoje Volner / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: municipalities; commissioner; the county administration; Belišće; Valpovo

Belišće was the workers’ settlement built for the purpose of fi nalizing the timber products from the manipulation of forest owned or leased by the company “S. H. Gutmann d.d.”, the largest wood company in Central Europe, which played a very important role in the overall wood industry of Yugoslavia. In the tax system of interwar Yugoslavia, such a company would often have been severely taxed by the municipality, so the company decided to establish their own self-governing community. Paper examines the principles of the formation of municipalities in interwar Yugoslavia. It follows the process of separating the settlement in Belišće from the municipalty of Valpovo-Trg, the causes of this separation, and the separation procedure. It shows the functioning of local self-government in the interwar period, investigates municipal surtax and the principles by which they were adopted by the council members.

In memoriam

In memoriam

Author(s): Mato Artuković / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

In memoriam to Mirajan Mirjam Gros (1922-2012.)

The production of wheat, barley and oats in the district of Osijek from 1707 to 1712

Proizvodnja pšenice, ječma i zobi u osječkom okrugu od 1707. do 1712.

Author(s): Milan Vrbanus / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 12/2012

Keywords: wheat; barley; oats; tithe; district of Osijek; production; yield

In this paper the author has striven to present the production of wheat, barley and oats in the district of Osijek during the period from 1707 to 1712. He has accentuated the methodological inadequacies in the analysis of data drawn from the list of the tithes of the Osijek district during the mentioned period of time. By applying quantitative methods the author endeavoured to determine the yields of wheat, barley and oats of that period of time. In doing so he managed to determine oscillations in the production as well as in the average production of the mentioned cereals per household. By using the division of the district of Osijek used by tithe registers the author also ascertained that most of the cereals were produced in the eastern and central part and smaller amounts in the western part of the district. Dividing the households in two groups, according to production quantities, he determined differences in portion of both household categories, in the quantity of the total output as well as in the average production per household. The production of wheat, barley and oats in the district of Osijek declined and at the end of the six-year period it was lower than at the beginning of that period. During that period the production of all three grains, however, increased in 1710 and 1711, although insuffi ciently to reduce the consequences of such a situation during the years of lower yields. The inhabitants of the western part of the district produced the smallest amountsof wheat, barley and oats. That area also provided the smallest average amounts of all cereals per household. The current state of research makes it impossible to determine the reasons for such an occurrence. Indeed, during the entire six-year period, that area was the area with the lowest number of households. The households of the central and eastern part of the district produced quite equal amounts of wheat. The greatest amounts of barley were produced by the inhabitants of the central part of the district, while oats were reaped in the central and eastern part.

Variants of Gellner’s comedy The Port of Marriage as a guide to his work

Varianty Gellnerovy komedie Přístav manželství jako rozcestník jeho tvorby

Author(s): Lucie Peisertová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: drama; eternal student; genesis of the play; handwritten version of the text; motif development; notebook entry

This study is based on manuscripts from the literary remains of František Gellner and in part also on his preserved correspondence. Analysing various manuscript drafts of Gellner’s play Přístav manželství (“Port of Marriage”) and manuscripts thematically and chronologically related to the origination of this comedy (the majority of which have never been published), the author of this study strives to dynamize the evaluation of a period of Gellner’s work widely known in literary history largely thanks to Gellner’s important collection Radosti života (“The Pleasures of Life”); namely, from the perspective of the manuscripts it is possible to regard the period 1901–1905 as one of attempts by Gellner to shift the focus to larger epic works. A study of the development of a particular motif of the given play enables us to exemplify the way Gellner’s texts are formed and at the same time explain reasons for the general failure of Gellner’s comedy (and other larger texts of the later period). Thus, these texts, though they seem to be marginal from the point of view of literary criticism, are used here to explicate some of the circumstances of Gellner’s artistic style and the evolution of František Gellner as a creative personality.

Pictorial supplement 1

Obrazová příloha 1

Author(s): Yvetta Dörflová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: Pictorial supplement 1

Pictorial supplement 1 - for papers from the 1 part of the revue

Marginalia The occasional poems of Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic written into books and on newspaper cuttings

Obruby Příležitostné básně Jiřího Karáska ze Lvovic vepsané do knih a na novinové výstřižky

Author(s): Karel Kolařík / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: fictional world; balance poems; lyric subject; creative state; poetry collection; handwritten epigram

This study analyses the marginal poetry of Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic, namely the occasional poems by which he commented upon his copies of some of his own works or books by other authors. It was by comparing them with analogous texts that Karásek commented upon some of the events described in newspaper cuttings in the archives of the Karásek Gallery. The study presents the poetics of these texts and puts them into the context of the poet’s work, namely of his occasional poetry. The study is accompanied by an edition of all occasional poems from both collections of materials reflected on.

“Memories of a stubborn Czech” A memoir by Václav Štech (1859–1947)

„Paměti českého tvrdohlavce“ Memoárové dílo Václava Štecha (1859–1947)

Author(s): Jan Kašpar / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: memories; conflict; drama; diaries; memoirs; partiality; critical edition

The circumstances of the origin of the memoirs of the writer and playwright Václav Štech (1859-1947) can be quite precisely described on the basis of preserved information. This article aims first at reflecting the situation concerning the manuscripts of Štech’s memoirs, their period and modern editions, then at describing the author’s method of writing and finally at defining the nature of the work. The final version of the memoirs originated in 1935-1937. The first part, titled Přes ostnaté dráty (“Over Barbed Wire”) was not published in the 1930s; instead, it was serialized in the newspaper Národní listy from September 1935 to the end of 1936. The modern edition, which is unsatisfactory and incomplete, because one third of the text is missing, was provided by the Václav Štech Library in the town of Slaný in 2010. The second part titled Džungle literární a divadelní (“Jungle Literary and Theatrical”) was published towards the close of 1937 and the 2nd edition followed at the beginning of 1938. In composing his memoirs Václav Štech used a number of sources, both his daybooks, notebooks and diaries, and his correspondence. Further on, he drew on his older autobiographic publications and his own magazine and newspaper journalism and articles written by other authors. The first part perhaps originated only in one manuscript; the second, however, is preserved in two manuscripts. These manuscripts are now deposited at the Museum of National History in the town of Slaný. The first part of Štech’s memoirs presents personal and family recollections and depicts the situation in the town of Slaný from the 1870s to the 1890s, ending its narration in 1894. The second part covers in particular literary and theatre life in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Štech’s work was challenged for bias, but detailed research suggests that the charges levelled against the memoirs are not well-founded. Thus, both parts of Štech’s memoirs would deserve a new critical edition.

A poet of the digital age and his archive

Básník digitálního věku a jeho archiv

Author(s): Radek Malý / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: future of the archive; text storage; computer; digital technology; typewriter; survey; poetry writing; saving of documents

This study reflects on methods of recording and preserving poetry used by contemporary Czech poets, as influenced by the advent of digital technologies in the 1990s. The examples of poets Ludvík Kundera, Miroslav Holub and J. H. Krchovský illustrate that the approach to using a computer may differ considerably within the same generation, let alone across generations. The author carried out a questionnaire survey with thirty men and women poets of the middle and younger generations in order to document their relationship to the new media. It is apparent that in some aspects the poets are traditionalists – e.g., they put down initial ideas on paper, though in this case they might use a mobile phone as a digital notebook. Correspondence has undergone striking change – since around 1998, with the rise of electronic mail, the poets have almost ceased to use the classical postal service for correspondence.

Versions of the poem Seven Years On the transformation of Kolář’s poetry in the early Forties

Varianty básně Sedm let K proměně Kolářovy poetiky na počátku čtyřicátých let

Author(s): Jakub Říha / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: early texts; versions of poems; Surrealist poetry; programme-based articles; semantic interpretation; genesis of poetry

The article compares two variants of the poem Sedm let (“Seven Years”). The first variant is a part of the manuscript composition Nový Don Quijote (“The New Don Quixote”), which most likely originated between 1936 and 1938. The other variant was published in the magazine Život na jaře (“Life in Spring”), edited by the Umělecká beseda, in Spring 1942. The article aims for a detailed description of both variants and, following their comparison, the characterization of transformations in Jiří Kolář´s poetics that occurred in the late 1930s and early 1940s.

Pictorial supplement 2

Obrazová příloha 2

Author(s): Yvetta Dörflová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: Pictorial supplement 2

Pictorial supplement 2: for papers from the 2 part of the revue

Writing between escape and intoxication The testimony of the manuscripts of Ladislav Klíma

Psaní mezi útěkem a intoxikací Svědectví rukopisů Ladislava Klímy

Author(s): Mateusz Chmurski / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: life testimony; diary series; cursed poet; autobiographical genres; tautology; symmetry in spiritual life; suicide; author’s self-definition

The first part of the study is concerned with the rhythm of the reception of Klíma’s work: from the anniversary of his death, through the “Golden Sixties” and his cult in the underground to present-day editions. The second part of the study takes the brief example of two versions of the story Řeč oblohy (“Language of Sky”) to analyse the visual rhetoric of Klíma’s poetics and the importance of his diaries. Writing diaries is here interpreted after Philippe Lejeune as an anthropologicallly conceived practice. Multilingualism and typography enable us to examine the function of the raster of Klíma’s poetics of composition (as conceived by Boris Uspensky). Here it is possible to define its three “rules” (apparent equivalence, “ontological” initial letter and visual hierarchization) and to show the most conspicuous feature of Klíma’s texts – neologization or, more precisely, “tautologization” of the philosophical terminology. All of the strategies serve the same purpose: to keep the distance between the life and viewpoints of the author and others. What is more, comparison of the two versions enables us to expose the common autobiographical basis of Klíma’s philosophical and literary work. The polyphonic composition of the texts becomes a labyrinth which is built by the author for himself. The world which ought to be consciousness, turns into nothing. Besides, strictly diaristic (chronological) and auto-referential entries can be understood as a form of constant returns to the first meeting of oneself as an author (in other words, as a diaristic pact). On this occasion, it is possible to emphasize the importance of meteorology for Klíma’s work. In this way fragments of destroyed verbal philosophy, this desperate struggle with the world with all its outdated thought (and especially outdated speech), participates in creating the melancholic beauty of his prose. And in the end the symmetrical development of the diaries and Velký román (“Great Novel”) enables us to observe mutual supplementing against the background of the traumatic recollection of the writer’s attempts at suicide. Indeed, the rhythm of the diary entries is a repetition of the above-mentioned reflections on suicide, of the Great Novel and of numerous heroic models. When understanding Klíma’s aim as an attempt to express in literature the existential situation of an individual on the margins of society, then the “illogical logic” gains a sense of profundity as the answer to modern alienation. Klíma’s Diaries sound like “drafts of his life”, or rather “a life in drafts”.

“I’ve never had a lover”: On a specific case of variability in the oeuvre of K. H. Mácha

„Milenku jsem neměl žádnou“ K jednomu specifickému případu variantnosti v Máchově díle

Author(s): Marek Přibil / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 44/2012

Keywords: German poems; variants of Czech text; publishing intention; auto-translation; paraphrase

This study deals with one specific case of variants found in Mácha’s literary output. Based on analysis of the text variations of Mácha’s Czech poem Rozprostřela chladná noc, the German poem Die Kühle Nacht was incorporated into the process of the genesis of the Czech text and subsequently a hypothesis was formulated about its role in the development of the Czech poem. This hypothesis assumes that Mácha could possibly have strived to improve the wording of the Czech poem using the medium of the German language and its literary tradition. This assumption is subsequently supported by reference to some analogical situations that were identified in Mácha’s works.

Symbols are Signs

Simboli su signali

Author(s): Mirko Đorđević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 468-469/2010

On the Periodical "Javnost" that Was Not Meant to Be

O nesuđenom časopisu Javnost

Author(s): Dušan Bošković / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 468-469/2010

Keywords: Javnost Periodical