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Keywords (50)

  • Hungarians (3)
  • 1918/1919 (2)
  • individual destinies (2)
  • invaders (2)
  • local events (2)
  • occupation (2)
  • the establishment of the Czechoslovak state (2)
  • Hungarian minority (2)
  • Czechoslovakia/Slovakia (1)
  • Hungarian language (1)
  • Hungarian parties (1)
  • Hungarian schools (1)
  • Hungarians in Slovak schools (1)
  • New Testament (1)
  • censuses (1)
  • diaspora (1)
  • elections (1)
  • ethnic structure (1)
  • nationality (1)
  • revisions (1)
  • settlement (1)
  • voters (1)
  • (Czecho)Slovakia (1)
  • 1914–1945 (1)
  • 1989–1990 (1)
  • Czechoslovakia (1)
  • European identity (1)
  • Hungarians in Czechoslovakia (1)
  • Hungarians in Slovakia (1)
  • Slovakia (1)
  • Slovak–Hungarian language connections (1)
  • broadcasting in minority languages (1)
  • census (1)
  • census data (1)
  • cultural consumption (1)
  • culture (1)
  • globalization (1)
  • grants policy (1)
  • hungarian multiparty system in Czechoslovakia (1)
  • identity policy (1)
  • inherence (1)
  • majority–minority language coexistence (1)
  • media consumption (1)
  • multilingual societies (1)
  • national identity (1)
  • political elite (1)
  • political parts (1)
  • relevance theory (1)
  • traditional sovereignty (1)
  • translation (1)
  • More...

Subjects (28)

  • Ethnic Minorities Studies (4)
  • Social Sciences (3)
  • Language studies (2)
  • Language and Literature Studies (2)
  • Sociology (2)
  • Local History / Microhistory (2)
  • Social history (2)
  • Demography and human biology (2)
  • Interwar Period (1920 - 1939) (2)
  • Identity of Collectives (2)
  • Politics / Political Sciences (1)
  • Politics (1)
  • History (1)
  • Applied Linguistics (1)
  • Political Theory (1)
  • Political history (1)
  • Recent History (1900 till today) (1)
  • Sociolinguistics (1)
  • Political behavior (1)
  • Politics and society (1)
  • Evaluation research (1)
  • Sociology of Culture (1)
  • Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919) (1)
  • Fascism, Nazism and WW II (1)
  • Translation Studies (1)
  • Sociology of Politics (1)
  • Politics of History/Memory (1)
  • Politics and Identity (1)
  • More...

Authors (10)

  • László Gyurgyík (2)
  • Attila Simon (2)
  • István Lanstyák (1)
  • Katalin Misad (1)
  • László Öllös (1)
  • Zsuzsanna Lampl (1)
  • Attila Baki (1)
  • László Gyurovszky (1)
  • Marianna Mrva (1)
  • Gyula Popély (1)

Languages

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  • Open Access

Series:NOSTRA TEMPORA

Result 1-11 of 11
Municipality-based Ethnic Composition of Slovakia´s Population According to the 1970 and 1980 Census Data
0.00 €

Municipality-based Ethnic Composition of Slovakia´s Population According to the 1970 and 1980 Census Data

Szlovákia lakosságának községsoros nemzetiségi összetétele az 1970. évi és az 1980. évi népszámlálás adatai alapján

Author(s): László Gyurgyík / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarians in Slovakia;census data;

The significance of the publication entitled Szlovákia lakosságának községsoros nemzetiségi összetétele az 1970. és az 1980. évi népszámlálás adatai alapján [Municipality-based Ethnic Composition of Slovakia´s Population According to the 1970 and 1980 Census Data] lies in the fact that the municipality-based data of the two censuses relating to the ethnicity of the population have not been published up to date. The interpretation of data is supported by an introductory study presenting a detailed analysis of the main features of the municipality-based ethnicity numbers from the 1970 and 1980 censuses. The appendix contains various indicators that help the reader compare census data while taking into account changes in settlement patterns in the years 1970, 1980 and 2011.

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European Identity
12.00 €

European Identity

Európai identitás

Author(s): László Öllös / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: European identity;national identity;traditional sovereignty;globalization;inherence;

Citizen's identity in the modern states is made up of several components, not only of a single one. Therefore, the conception of European identity also must integrate several components of political mainstreams. And, behind them, there also must be different interpretations of society, as well as different images of man. The present state of Europe is a state of gradual lagging behind other regions of the world. Staying behind on national level, of course, cannot be a national interest, especially not in the age of globalization. Therefore, the real dilemma of European nations lies not in the maintenance of their traditional sovereignty or in their submission to the European Union. The real dilemma is whether they, standing together, will be able to overcome challenges of this age, or they will keep up the root causes of lagging behind.

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Language Use in a Bilingual Environment. Studies in the Field of Hungarian–Slovak Language Connections
12.00 €

Language Use in a Bilingual Environment. Studies in the Field of Hungarian–Slovak Language Connections

Nyelvhasználat kétnyelvű környezetben. Tanulmányok a magyar–szlovák nyelvi kapcsolódások köréből

Author(s): Katalin Misad / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: multilingual societies;majority–minority language coexistence;Slovak–Hungarian language connections

The book on linguistics contains sixteen studies. The writings presenting the results of predominantly empirical research can be related to four research topics. The first theme is language policy, the content of which provides lessons not only for linguists, but also for those dealing with legal regulations of multilingual societies in general, including the majority–minority linguistic coexistence in Slovakia, and the contexts of taking advantage of the existing language rights. A further part of the studies deals with linguistic topics that attest to the specific reflection of linguistic relations in the linguistic system and induce a theoretical study of linguistics. The next research topic closely related to the previous one, is the presentation of the spelling level of Hungarian writing practice in Slovakia from different aspects. The fourth series of studies of the volume deals with the general problems of Hungarian-language education in Slovakia and with the specific problems of teaching Hungarian as a mother tongue in a minority status.

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The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945
19.00 €

The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945

A (cseh)szlovákiai magyarság történeti kronológiája 1914–1945

Author(s): Gyula Popély / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: (Czecho)Slovakia;1914–1945;Hungarians in Czechoslovakia;hungarian multiparty system in Czechoslovakia

The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945 is a result of many years, or rather, many decades of research work by the author, Gyula Popély. It also fits well into the portfolio of the Forum Minority Research Institute, as it complements and forms a unified whole with the chronology by Árpád Popély, published by the institute in 2006, which processed the history of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia between 1944 and 1992. The present volume brings closer to the reader the first two periods of the history of Hungarians in Slovakia in the form of factual descriptions in chronological order: the history of the years between 1914 and 1938, and between 1938 and 1945. The volume has been divided by the author into five structural parts. The descriptions of the first thematic and temporal unit show the path of Hungarians leading to the position of a national minority, starting from the outbreak of the First World War to the signing of the Treaty of Trianon. This section deals with, among others, the formation and establishment of the Czechoslovak statehood, the peace conference, the period of the Soviet Republic of Hungary, and the conclusion of the Trianon peace. The second chapter of the volume is entitled The Hungarian Multiparty System in Czechoslovakia (1920–1936). Measured in time, this is the book’s most voluminous and least dramatic part. It shows how the Hungarians fit into the Czechoslovak state and how they fought their political struggle with the Czechoslovak state power. The third structural part is entitled Under the Flag of the United Provincial Christian Socialist Party and Hungarian National Party (1936–1938) and covers the events of the period from the formation of the United Hungarian Party to the first Vienna Award, assigned to specific dates. It is a chronicle of a serious time of crisis, at the end of which the majority of Hungarians in Slovakia became citizens of Hungary again as a result of the first Vienna Award. The fourth chapter only covers the events of just over 6 months, in essence, the period of Slovak autonomy. This and the next chapter—which is a coverage of the period from March 1939 to the spring of 1945—present in parallel the life of Hungarians left in Slovakia and those who, as a result of the First Vienna Award, became nationals of Hungary. It is a chronicle of a tragic era when events such as the devastation by World War II and the tragedy of the Holocaust frame the story.The volume is closed with a personal name and place name index.

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The Political Identity of Hungarians in Slovakia in 1989–1990
12.00 €

The Political Identity of Hungarians in Slovakia in 1989–1990

A szlovákiai magyarok politikai identitása 1989–1990-ben

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Lampl / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Czechoslovakia;1989–1990;Hungarian minority;political parts;political elite; voters

The monograph deals with the subject-matter of the political identity of the Hungarian political elite and Hungarian voters in Slovakia in the period from 17 November 1989 to the end of 1990.In the author´s view, political identity is a four-dimensional phenomenon. It consists of a dimension of values, opinions, actions and self-affirmation.In the first chapter, the author analyzes the conditions and background of the emergence of the first post-November Hungarian political elite, i.e. the Hungarian Independent Initiative (MNI), the Együttélés Political Movement and the Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement (MKDH). She deals with their values and ideological profile, views presented in the form of political programs, statements and press appearances, their typology and fault lines.The second chapter describes the ideas of the people of Czechoslovakia, the ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia and the November political elite (Civic Forum (OF), Public Against Violence (VPN) and the Hungarian Independent Initiative) in November 1989 about the future, to what extent their visions corresponded, how the views of the political elite gradually changed and how these departed from the ideas of the majority of citizens.The third chapter discusses in what political actions were the values and views of the political elite manifested, in what fundamental political-economic changes they were translated into and what were the societal impacts of these changes.The central theme of the fourth chapter is the transformation of living conditions and value orientations of the population—especially of citizens living in the Slovakian part of the country—, which part was affected by the consequences of the political elite´s above-mentioned political and economic decisions and their implementation. At the same time, in this chapter we get a picture of how people—both Slovaks and Hungarians—lived through these changes and what they thought about them.The fifth chapter deals with the increasingly pressing national minority issue, which manifested itself in the form of Czech-Slovak and Slovak-Hungarian tensions. The analysis concerns both forms of nationality issues, both from the perspective of the political elite and of the Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian public.In the sixth chapter, the author seeks an answer to the question, what mirror did the citizens hold up to the political elite in the first free parliamentary and municipal elections. Given the election results, how did the political identity of the voters and that of the political elite converge in them?The final, seventh chapter outlines the typology of the political elite´s political identity and that of the voters belonging to the Hungarian national minority from the end of 1989 to the end of 1990.

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The Book of God in Ordinary Language. Bible Translation Studies
12.00 €

The Book of God in Ordinary Language. Bible Translation Studies

"Az Istennek könyve közönséges nyelven". Tanulmányok a bibliafordításról

Author(s): István Lanstyák / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: translation; Hungarian language; New Testament; revisions;relevance theory;

This monograph is one of the results of more than twenty years of research, especially in the field of translation studies (traductology), but also partly in the field of language problem management and problem management in general, which gives this work an interdisciplinary character. The individual chapters of the monograph are based primarily on research that has taken place in the last eight years (since 2013), in which the author addressed both theoretical issues of translation of the New Testament and empirical research, the source of which was older and newer translations of the New Testament into Hungarian language and their revisions. In one of the chapters, the author also used the results of his research in the field of language problem management and problem management in general. The main theoretical goal of the author's research was and is to contribute to the application of the relevance theory developed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in the 1980s to the translation of the Bible into Hungarian, but also to revisions of existing translations. An important aspect of this research is considering the problems of translation (more precisely the problems of the translation process, but also those of the perception of translation) as a management of language problems, based on the language management theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Jiří Neustupný and Björn Jernudd. The most important practical goal of the research was and is to provide technical assistance to translators and other professionals involved in the revision of older translations (especially, but not exclusively) of the Bible through the analysis of the management process or various translation solutions, and also to help ensure that newer translations, as well as revisions of older ones, are detached from traditional approaches based on either the so-called formal, or the so-called dynamic (functional) equivalence and approach the translations or revisions from the perspective of the relevance theory, using also relevant knowledge from the field of language problem management and various theories of problem management. The monograph consists of four thematic blocks. In the first, the author synthesizes his research in the field of language problem management and applies it to translation in general, with special regard to translation of the Bible. The second block is devoted to various translation issues of a theoretical nature. In the third block, the author deals with the most important and most recognized translation of the Bible into Hungarian, the translation of Gáspár Károli from 1590 and its subsequent revisions until the most recent one, which was published in 2011. The last thematic block deals with the issue of different types of translations of the Bible into Hungarian intended for different groups of readers, as well as with strategies for achieving diversity in the process of revising existing translations. The monograph also contains a preface, a bibliography and other references. The target audience of the monograph is both translation experts––traductologists and translators (not only of the Bible), as well as other experts who participate in the revision of existing translations. In addition, the monograph can also serve as additional teaching material for students of bachelor's, master's and doctoral translation studies. As the monograph combines a theoretical approach and practical issues in language problem management that occur in the translation process and the perception of translation, it can contribute to the improvement of new translations and revisions of the Bible into the Hungarian language.

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The Uncertainty of Transition. The 1918/1919 Change of Sovereignty from Bratislava to Košice
14.00 €

The Uncertainty of Transition. The 1918/1919 Change of Sovereignty from Bratislava to Košice

Az átmenet bizonytalansága. Az 1918/1919-es impériumváltás Pozsonytól Kassáig

Author(s): Attila Simon / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarians; the establishment of the Czechoslovak state; 1918/1919; occupation; invaders; local events; individual destinies

The present volume, which aims to show how the 1918/19 transfer of sovereignty taking place in what is now known as southern Slovakia, summarises the author's research on the subject over the previous four to five years. And although the region is inhabited by Hungarians and Slovaks, the book focuses primarily on the aspirations of the Hungarians living there, the reason of which is not only the numerical superiority of the Hungarians, but also the lack of national self-organisation of the Slovaks living there at the time. As Ondrej Ficeri put it in connection with Košice, it was in vain for the Slovaks to make up a large part of the population there if they had not yet been ethnicised and had not yet formed an organised national community that would have made its voice heard and would have tried to assert its will.The choice of perspective, i.e. the fact that I have focused my analysis primarily on the fate of Hungarians living in the region concerned, unavoidably implies that I am talking about Czechoslovak occupation in the book. For the Hungarians of Žitný ostrov or Gemer, the invasion of Czechoslovak troops was clearly an occupation, and this is how they felt in January 1919 and also when the Czechoslovak army occupied their region for the second time after the withdrawal of the Hungarian Red Army. I myself therefore feel justified in using this term.In the book I try to answer questions such as how the inhabitants of the region under study experienced the period of the Aster Revolution, how they reacted on hearing the news of Czechoslovak occupation, how they received the invaders, how their relationship with the new state power developed, and what events took place in the months of the turn in the region of present-day southern Slovakia.The chapters of the book review the events that took place on this territory from the autumn of 1918 to the autumn of 1919. However, the geographical accents are not evenly distributed, as very little is said about the region east of Košice, due to the lack of relevant sources. The main focus of the research was on regions and especially towns for which I had a wealth of archival and press sources at my disposal. I mainly examined Košice, Komárno, Rimavská Sobota, Lučenec, but also Levice, Nové Zámky and Rožňava. On the other hand, I will only touch on Bratislava, as the rich source material on the city would have been beyond the scope of this volume.Just as the volume is not uniform in its territorial accents, neither is it uniform in its thematic emphases. My attention was primarily directed on the interaction between the Hungarian population and the Czechoslovak power, and in this context on the transformation of life in the region under study, but not in a comprehensive way. Culture, the fate of the theatres, education and schools are just some of the topics that I have not examined. This is partly because they have already been dealt with by more qualified researchers in the subject. Nor did I feel motivated or well-prepared to explore the military history aspects of the subject.Little relevant literature has yet been written on the incorporation of present-day southern Slovakia into Czechoslovakia, or on how the towns here experienced the change of sovereignty. This volume therefore draws heavily on new, previously unexplored archival sources.The history of the political turn in southern Slovakia is both a history of disintegration and a history of construction, as the disintegration of the Kingdom of Hungary is accompanied by the construction of the Czechoslovak Republic. Despite this, the Hungarian literature on Trianon, or the Czech and Slovak literature on the formation of Czechoslovakia, almost always analyses only one of the two processes. The result of this cannot be much else than the incompatibility of the 'grand narratives'.However, the volume presented to the reader is primarily dominated by "small stories", local events and individual destinies, which can only be understood if the disintegration and construction are examined together, in their interrelationship. The contemporary history of Komárno or Košice and the people who lived there is at once the history of the withdrawal of the Hungarian state and the history of the establishment of the Czechoslovak state.The occupation of the region by Czechoslovakia was a more complex process than previously thought, in which the course of events was not necessarily determined by the opposition of the two centres of power, Budapest and Prague, but was influenced at least as much by local forces: the leadership of a given city, taking advantage of Budapest's passivity, the commanders of the occupying troops, and the interaction of these actors.Traditionally, the national aspect has been identified as the central organizing principle of the transfer of sovereignty in southern Slovakia, which assigns the place of the individual actors in contemporary events on an ethnic basis. This, however, is the result of a simplification and misunderstanding of the conditions of the time, and leads to erroneous conclusions such as that the Hungarians in Upper Hungary rejected Czechoslovakia, which, moreover, brought them democracy, solely on the basis of nationalism.But this is a misconception, as is the view that at the time of the change of sovereignty, the old, undemocratic Kingdom of Hungary and the new, democratic Czechoslovakia were opposing worlds in terms of their political systems. There are not only national motives in the attitude of the social democratic groups in Bratislava, in Košice and other areas (and even more so in the case of the German and Slovak workers who went on strike with them) towards Czechoslovakia. For the social democrats, the Aster Revolution was a victory for their earlier aspirations and the democratisation of the country, and the developments after the Czechoslovak occupation were perceived as a process against this. For them, as a manifesto of the workers in Košice indicates, the Czechoslovak army was both a representative of an alien national and class (imperialist) power, and this was what made their rejection so fierce.The two elements of the change of sovereignty in Upper Hungary, the disintegration of the Hungarian state and the establishment of the Czechoslovak state, were an overlapping process. From 29 December 1918, when the Czechoslovak troops occupied Košice, the Czechoslovak state power was already present in the city, but the Hungarian state was also there: its institutions were there, its laws were in force and, above all, its representatives were there. Although the city already belonged to Czechoslovakia, in January 1919 the Czechoslovak presence was stronger in only one segment of the state power: the army. In everything else (institutions, legislation, administration), the Hungarian state seems to be more dominant. And even if its influence is gradually diminishing, while the Czechoslovak presence is gradually growing stronger, it is still present. If this had not been the case, the arrival of the Red Army of the Hungarian Soviet Republic could not have restored the 'Hungarian world' so quickly. The change only accelerates after the second "Czechoslovak occupation", when not only the institutional and administrative takeover is completed, but also the population's acceptance of Prague's power increases.For the above reasons, I believe that one of the most important messages of this volume is to emphasise the phenomenon of transience, even though this concept is not a well-established element in our historiography. However, even if we ignore it, transience is a phenomenon that exists, a phenomenon that marks the in-between periods when the usual order of society ceases to function, or functions only partially, because of some kind of rupture, while a new order is already in the process of being formed. From the point of view of the region examined in this volume, i.e. southern Slovakia, the period of almost a year from autumn 1918 to autumn 1919, during which the role of historical Hungary was taken over by the Czechoslovak state, can rightly be regarded as such a period. The months of transition.The feeling of transience was strongly linked to another feeling, that of uncertainty. For the citizen of southern Slovakia, it was not the fact of change per se that was frightening, but rather the uncertainty that went with transience. The unpredictability of the future. The approach of the Czechoslovak army was also a source of fear, primarily because they did not know what it would bring and what it would entail. And the final demarcation of the borders and the second occupation was a step towards consolidation because it put an end to uncertainty.From this point of view, the gradual abandonment of the rejection of the Czechoslovak state by the Hungarians of southern Slovakia and their pragmatic acceptance was also the result of a desire for certainty and stability that could replace uncertainty. From the summer of 1914 onwards, this was perhaps what they lacked most of all. It is a curious twist of history that it was Czechoslovakia, not Hungary, that gave them stability. Then and there it seemed to be enough to reconcile them to their fate in the long term. It did not take long, however, for it to become clear that this was not enough, that the Hungarians, from Bratislava to Košice, expected more.

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The Ethnic Composition of Slovakia's Municipalities, Based on the Data of the 1950 census
12.00 €

The Ethnic Composition of Slovakia's Municipalities, Based on the Data of the 1950 census

Szlovákia lakosságának községsoros nemzetiségi és felekezeti összetétele az 1950. évi népszámlálás adatai alapján

Author(s): László Gyurgyík / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: census; nationality; settlement; ethnic structure; diaspora

The monography examines the ethnic population data of the census 1950 in Czechoslovakia. Data sets for this census could not be analyzed previously because the data have only recently become available. Besides the data of the six nationalities of Slovakia (Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Germans), the ethnic data series contain data of other and unknown nationalities. In our book, we examine the nationality data by administrative units (regions, districts), the size of settlements, the proportion and number of nationalities living in settlements. We examine the changes of the aggregate data of the majority and minority nationalities, as well as the changes of each nationality separately. Based on the analyzed data, the patterns of the ethnic structure of the nationalities in Slovakia emerge at the time of the first census after World War II. Graphs and tables help the cognition of the settlement structure of each nationality in a more nuanced way.

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Identity and Grants Policies, Cultural Consumption and Media Use
12.00 €

Identity and Grants Policies, Cultural Consumption and Media Use

Identitás- és támogatáspolitikák, kulturális fogyasztás és médiahasználat

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Slovakia;Hungarians;culture;identity policy;grants policy;cultural consumption;broadcasting in minority languages;media consumption

The five studies in this volume present the Hungarian cultural field in Slovakia from different perspectives. The first paper, by Zsófia Nagy, highlights the links between culture and identity politics, pointing out that culture does not exist in isolation, but is in constant dialogue with politics. The fact that (cultural) politics does not only shape culture symbolically is demonstrated by András Morauszki's study on the evolution of the system of cultural subsidies and the structure of the actors applying for them. The third study, by Marianna Mrva, approaches the cultural field from the point of view of the next important factor in cultural life: the audience. It highlights the social inequalities that lie behind cultural consumption practices. The focus then shifts to the media. Dóra Mierka's paper describes the situation of public service media in Slovakia, including broadcasting in the languages of minorities. This is followed by Zsuzsanna Lampl's study on the 50 years of media consumption by Hungarians in Slovakia, presenting a range of data never published before.

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The Uncertainty of Transition (2nd edition)
14.00 €

The Uncertainty of Transition (2nd edition)

Az átmenet bizonytalansága (2. kiadás)

Author(s): Attila Simon / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarians; the establishment of the Czechoslovak state; 1918/1919; occupation; invaders; local events; individual destinies

The present volume, which aims to show how the 1918/19 transfer of sovereignty taking place in what is now known as southern Slovakia, summarises the author's research on the subject over the previous four to five years. And although the region is inhabited by Hungarians and Slovaks, the book focuses primarily on the aspirations of the Hungarians living there, the reason of which is not only the numerical superiority of the Hungarians, but also the lack of national self-organisation of the Slovaks living there at the time. As Ondrej Ficeri put it in connection with Košice, it was in vain for the Slovaks to make up a large part of the population there if they had not yet been ethnicised and had not yet formed an organised national community that would have made its voice heard and would have tried to assert its will.The choice of perspective, i.e. the fact that I have focused my analysis primarily on the fate of Hungarians living in the region concerned, unavoidably implies that I am talking about Czechoslovak occupation in the book. For the Hungarians of Žitný ostrov or Gemer, the invasion of Czechoslovak troops was clearly an occupation, and this is how they felt in January 1919 and also when the Czechoslovak army occupied their region for the second time after the withdrawal of the Hungarian Red Army. I myself therefore feel justified in using this term.In the book I try to answer questions such as how the inhabitants of the region under study experienced the period of the Aster Revolution, how they reacted on hearing the news of Czechoslovak occupation, how they received the invaders, how their relationship with the new state power developed, and what events took place in the months of the turn in the region of present-day southern Slovakia.The chapters of the book review the events that took place on this territory from the autumn of 1918 to the autumn of 1919. However, the geographical accents are not evenly distributed, as very little is said about the region east of Košice, due to the lack of relevant sources. The main focus of the research was on regions and especially towns for which I had a wealth of archival and press sources at my disposal. I mainly examined Košice, Komárno, Rimavská Sobota, Lučenec, but also Levice, Nové Zámky and Rožňava. On the other hand, I will only touch on Bratislava, as the rich source material on the city would have been beyond the scope of this volume.Just as the volume is not uniform in its territorial accents, neither is it uniform in its thematic emphases. My attention was primarily directed on the interaction between the Hungarian population and the Czechoslovak power, and in this context on the transformation of life in the region under study, but not in a comprehensive way. Culture, the fate of the theatres, education and schools are just some of the topics that I have not examined. This is partly because they have already been dealt with by more qualified researchers in the subject. Nor did I feel motivated or well-prepared to explore the military history aspects of the subject. Little relevant literature has yet been written on the incorporation of present-day southern Slovakia into Czechoslovakia, or on how the towns here experienced the change of sovereignty. This volume therefore draws heavily on new, previously unexplored archival sources. The history of the political turn in southern Slovakia is both a history of disintegration and a history of construction, as the disintegration of the Kingdom of Hungary is accompanied by the construction of the Czechoslovak Republic. Despite this, the Hungarian literature on Trianon, or the Czech and Slovak literature on the formation of Czechoslovakia, almost always analyses only one of the two processes. The result of this cannot be much else than the incompatibility of the 'grand narratives'. However, the volume presented to the reader is primarily dominated by "small stories", local events and individual destinies, which can only be understood if the disintegration and construction are examined together, in their interrelationship. The contemporary history of Komárno or Košice and the people who lived there is at once the history of the withdrawal of the Hungarian state and the history of the establishment of the Czechoslovak state.The occupation of the region by Czechoslovakia was a more complex process than previously thought, in which the course of events was not necessarily determined by the opposition of the two centres of power, Budapest and Prague, but was influenced at least as much by local forces: the leadership of a given city, taking advantage of Budapest's passivity, the commanders of the occupying troops, and the interaction of these actors.Traditionally, the national aspect has been identified as the central organizing principle of the transfer of sovereignty in southern Slovakia, which assigns the place of the individual actors in contemporary events on an ethnic basis. This, however, is the result of a simplification and misunderstanding of the conditions of the time, and leads to erroneous conclusions such as that the Hungarians in Upper Hungary rejected Czechoslovakia, which, moreover, brought them democracy, solely on the basis of nationalism.But this is a misconception, as is the view that at the time of the change of sovereignty, the old, undemocratic Kingdom of Hungary and the new, democratic Czechoslovakia were opposing worlds in terms of their political systems. There are not only national motives in the attitude of the social democratic groups in Bratislava, in Košice and other areas (and even more so in the case of the German and Slovak workers who went on strike with them) towards Czechoslovakia. For the social democrats, the Aster Revolution was a victory for their earlier aspirations and the democratisation of the country, and the developments after the Czechoslovak occupation were perceived as a process against this. For them, as a manifesto of the workers in Košice indicates, the Czechoslovak army was both a representative of an alien national and class (imperialist) power, and this was what made their rejection so fierce.The two elements of the change of sovereignty in Upper Hungary, the disintegration of the Hungarian state and the establishment of the Czechoslovak state, were an overlapping process. From 29 December 1918, when the Czechoslovak troops occupied Košice, the Czechoslovak state power was already present in the city, but the Hungarian state was also there: its institutions were there, its laws were in force and, above all, its representatives were there. Although the city already belonged to Czechoslovakia, in January 1919 the Czechoslovak presence was stronger in only one segment of the state power: the army. In everything else (institutions, legislation, administration), the Hungarian state seems to be more dominant. And even if its influence is gradually diminishing, while the Czechoslovak presence is gradually growing stronger, it is still present. If this had not been the case, the arrival of the Red Army of the Hungarian Soviet Republic could not have restored the 'Hungarian world' so quickly. The change only accelerates after the second "Czechoslovak occupation", when not only the institutional and administrative takeover is completed, but also the population's acceptance of Prague's power increases.For the above reasons, I believe that one of the most important messages of this volume is to emphasise the phenomenon of transience, even though this concept is not a well-established element in our historiography. However, even if we ignore it, transience is a phenomenon that exists, a phenomenon that marks the in-between periods when the usual order of society ceases to function, or functions only partially, because of some kind of rupture, while a new order is already in the process of being formed. From the point of view of the region examined in this volume, i.e. southern Slovakia, the period of almost a year from autumn 1918 to autumn 1919, during which the role of historical Hungary was taken over by the Czechoslovak state, can rightly be regarded as such a period. The months of transition.The feeling of transience was strongly linked to another feeling, that of uncertainty. For the citizen of southern Slovakia, it was not the fact of change per se that was frightening, but rather the uncertainty that went with transience. The unpredictability of the future. The approach of the Czechoslovak army was also a source of fear, primarily because they did not know what it would bring and what it would entail. And the final demarcation of the borders and the second occupation was a step towards consolidation because it put an end to uncertainty.From this point of view, the gradual abandonment of the rejection of the Czechoslovak state by the Hungarians of southern Slovakia and their pragmatic acceptance was also the result of a desire for certainty and stability that could replace uncertainty. From the summer of 1914 onwards, this was perhaps what they lacked most of all. It is a curious twist of history that it was Czechoslovakia, not Hungary, that gave them stability. Then and there it seemed to be enough to reconcile them to their fate in the long term. It did not take long, however, for it to become clear that this was not enough, that the Hungarians, from Bratislava to Košice, expected more.

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Under duress. The history of the (Czecho)Slovak Hungarians in the mirror of numbers. Censuses, elections and schools 1919–2024
15.00 €

Under duress. The history of the (Czecho)Slovak Hungarians in the mirror of numbers. Censuses, elections and schools 1919–2024

Kényszer hatása alatt : A (cseh)szlovákiai magyarság története a számok tükrében. Népszámlálások, választások és iskolák 1919–2024

Author(s): Attila Baki,László Gyurovszky / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarian minority; Czechoslovakia/Slovakia; elections; censuses; Hungarian parties; Hungarian schools; Hungarians in Slovak schools

The book was written and is being published at a time when Hungarian politics in Slovakia is, in the opinion of many, at a crossroads. The authors of Under the Influence of Necessity do not hide their (sometimes controversial) views on the current situation and possible ways out, but the result of their work, organized in a book, is not a political pamphlet. The assessment of the crisis and the proposal for a way out are not based on superficial impressions, but on a wealth of figures, which the authors have painstakingly compiled and organized over many years. Thanks to these data, the interested reader can turn the pages of this volume even if he or she does not share the authors' conclusions. The reader will be able to get a comprehensive picture of the census and school statistics of the Hungarian minority in (Czecho)Slovakia, which now goes back more than a hundred years. For those interested in the profession and minority politics, the main contribution of the volume lies in the more detailed and newly processed data series than previous research, which provide a plastic picture of the parliamentary, European and regional elections from 1920 to the present, as well as the performance of parties that can be defined as Hungarian and the composition of their electoral base.

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