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Analysis of proceedings in criminal courts and in juvenile courts in selected cases of criminal deeds committed by perpetrators between15 and17 years

Odpowiedzialność nieletnich za czyny z art. 10 § 2 k.k. przed sądem rodzinnym i przed sądem karnym

Author(s): Katarzyna Drapała,Anna Więcek-Durańska,Beata Czarnecka-Dzialuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XXXIV/2012

Keywords: JUVENILE PERPETRATORS; CRIMINAL COURT; DEMORALIZED;

The article describes results of research made in Instytut Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości (Institute of Justice) which aimed to specify factors and circumstances influencing tougher penalties for wrongful deeds committed by persons between 15 and 16 years old and to draft a profile of juvenile perpetrators of most dangerous criminal deeds. 292 cases were analysed, of which 71 in criminal courts and 221 in family courts . Cases concerned wrongful deeds under article 10 paragraph 3 of criminal code as of 2004-2008. 375 juvenile perpetrators were studied, of which 134 cases were judged in care and education proceedings, 114 cases in correctional proceedings, and 82 juvenile delinquents were tried in a criminal court. The file research questionnaire included seven parts to examine: the wrongful deed and circumstances of its commitment, characteristics of the juvenile delinquent, information about the injured persons, the course of the preparatory proceedings, proceedings before the court, and the sentenced measures and appeal against them. Information obtained from the research allowed for numerous conclusions. Most of all, it allowed to evaluate the practice of sentencing in cases of juvenile perpetrators of most serious crimes, in particular to evaluate the possibility to sentence the juvenile delinquent under article 10 paragraph 2 of the criminal code. In general, this evaluation is positive. It also appeared that the policy of exceptional penal measures for under age persons has remained the same in the recent years. The cases are not numerous, just as they were not in the past, which supports the idea that possibility of bringing juvenile delinquents to the criminal court is used rather cautiously and as an exception to the rule, in cases of the most drastic character and committed by more demoralized young persons who committed crimes under influence of alcohol, used violence, and dangerous tools. The juvenile who were tried in criminal courts, more often than ones who were tried in family courts, cooperated with adults and acted to the detriment of adults (they caused death of the victim in one fifth of cases ). More of them had been tried in family courts, and educational or correctional measures had failed. In 95% of the cases tried in crim-inal courts the researchers were convinced of the rightness of such method of treatment, and only in few cases tried in family courts there were doubts if not using the article 10 paragraph 2 of criminal code was right because of definitely negative prediction and serious character of the wrongful deed. Assessment if decision was right was difficult as information in the court files were laconic and sporadically even lacked sufficient personal information – particularly in cases qualified for care and education proceedings.

Winter 2007 / Issue 71

Zima 2006 / Numer 71

Author(s): Katarzyna Nadana,Michel Onfray,Jarosław Rubinstein,Barbara Stanosz,Łukasz Nysler,Andrzej Dominiczak,Mateusz Kwaterko,Martin Krämer-Liehn,Michał Kozłowski,Katarzyna Szumlewicz,Antoine Heemeryck,Piotr Szumlewicz,Tomasz Żukowski,Katarzyna Chmielewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 71/2007

Keywords: Polish society; Polish politics; Polish politicians; Polish political parties; Transformation in Poland;

The Winter 2007 Issue can be downloaded as one file covering all pages. Contents of the Issue 71 / Spis treści numeru 71 PŁYNIE SURÓWKA / PIG-IRON FLOWS Mateusz KWATERKO Satyra ziemniaczana / Potato Satire (German newspaper tageszeitung contra Kaczyński twins & German Images of Poles) Michał KOZŁOWSKI Last Christmas... (On Church’s Disgust - Commercial Christmas) Piotr SZUMLEWICZ Liderzy „odpowiedzialnego” biznesu / Leaders of ‚Responsible’ Business Kronika kwartału / Chronicle of October, November, December 2006 - Poland Jak hartowała się stal / How Iron Was Annealed (On Polish Education Minister Giertych and his All-Polish Youth - Polish nationalist youth group, affiliated with the League of Polish Families, with a Catholic-National philosophy) Katarzyna CHMIELEWSKA Dobre maniery w dobrym domu / Good Manners in Good House (on All-Polish Youth) Katarzyna SZUMLEWICZ Przeciwko „czarnej pedagogice” / Against ‘Black Pedagogic’ (On education politics of the Polish government; “Zero Tolerance” of Minister Giertych) Andrzej DOMINICZAK Niegrzeczne dzieci / Bad Children (On education psychology) Piotr SZUMLEWICZ Zbędni studenci / Redundant Students (On unemployment in Poland among young people) Michał KOZŁOWSKI Pod górkę do szkoły / Difficult Way to School (Education and Labour Market) PIECE MAGNITOGORSKA Piotr SZUMLEWICZ Elastyczność – szansa czy zagrożenie? / Flexibility – Chance or Danger (Labour Market) Tomasz ŻUKOWSKI Dyspozycyjny szuka pracy / A Flexible is Looking for a Job (Labour Market) Michał KOZŁOWSKI Praca nowego typu / Job of a New Type Katarzyna NADANA Pariasi Ameryki / American Pariahs Antoine HEEMERYCK Formy dominacji i związki podległości w polskim przedsiębiorstwie / Dominance Forms and Dependency Connections in Polish Enterprises Esej z antropologii politycznej / Political Anthropology Essay Katarzyna CHMIELEWSKA, Tomasz ŻUKOWSKI Czas pracy / Work Time Martin KRÄMER-LIEHN Pięć pocztówek z Czeng-De (cz. II) / Five Postcards from Cheng De (Part 2) SŁOWNIK KOMUNAŁÓW / BANALITY DICTIONARY Jarosław RUBINSTEIN Nadmiar indywidualizmu / Abundance of Individualism SAPERE AUDE Łukasz NYSLER Jak być ateistą we współczesnej Polsce? / How To Be an Atheist in Contemporary Poland? Barbara STANOSZ Ateizm katolicki / Catholic Atheism Michel ONFRAY Traktat ateologiczny / Atheological Tract Módl się za nami grzecznymi / Pray for Us the Good Ones III STRONA OKŁADKI / 3. COVER PAGE Edukatorzy / Educators

Public Policy as a Ground for Refusing the Recognition or Enforcement of the Arbitral Award in the Polish Arbitration Law Under a Comparative Perspect

Klauzula porządku publicznego jako podstawa odmowy uznania lub wykonania orzeczenia sądu polubownego w polskim prawie arbitrażowym na tle prawnoporówn

Author(s): Maciej Zachariasiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2010

Keywords: arbitration; public policy; enforcement and recognition of the arbitral award; New York Convention

The public policy is the commonly recognized reason for which the recognition or enforcement of an arbitral award may be refused. This exception is acknowledged under the New York Convention and it has also been incorporated in the Polish Arbitration Law of 2005. The article examines the public policy exception in the international commercial arbitration, as it is understood in the legal doctrine and applied by the courts around the world. The general conclusion is drawn that courts in the major jurisdictions almost unanimously faithfully apply the policy favoring enforcement and rarely refuse the recognition of the arbitral awards because of the ordre public. The article then examines the public policy exception under the Polish law with a particular emphasis on its practical application by the courts. Under the formula established in the Polish case law, the public policy is violated if the arbitral awards infringes the public order as such, that is the main principles of the organization of the state or the socio‑economic principles prevailing in Poland, defined primary in the Constitution, or the fundamental principles of the various fields of law. An observation is made that when looking at the surface, the Polish courts tend to carefully use the public policy, recognizing its exceptional and narrow character. Nevertheless, the closer look at some of the judgments show that Polish judges have a difficulty in grasping the divergence between the prohibition to go beyond the merits of the case (no revision au fond) and the permitted scope of review when searching for the violations of the public policy.

The Concentration Camp Mittelbau-Dora. A Place of Polish Martyrdom

Obóz koncentracyjny Mittelbau-Dora. Miejsce kaźni Polaków

Author(s): Karsten Uhl,Jens-Christian Wagner / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XXIV/2008

System obozów koncentracyjnych w schyłkowej fazie panowania narodowego socjalizmu, tj. w latach 1943–1945, charakteryzują dwa zjawiska. Po pierwsze, nie ograniczał się on do obozów zagłady „gdzieś na wschodzie”, czy też do znanych, pozornie odizolowanych „wielkich” obozów koncentracyjnych, jak Buchenwald, Dachau czy Neuengamme, ale tworzył gęstą sieć obozów i podobozów na całym terytorium Rzeszy i sąsiednich krajów okupowanych, która nie mogła pozostać ukryta przed oczami ludności cywilnej. Po drugie, praca przymusowa stała się kluczowym czynnikiem eksterminacji – czy to w wyniku jej morderczych metod, czy też selekcji i egzekucji więźniów niezdolnych do pracy.

The False Messiah. On One Jewish Topos in Julian Stryjkowski’s Literary Activity

Fałszywy mesjasz. O jednym toposie żydowskim w twórczości Juliana Stryjkowskiego

Author(s): Ireneusz Piekarski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2008

Keywords: false messiah; Julian Stryjkowski; Jewish messianism

The study on the false messiah is a presentation of Julian Stryjkowski’s literary activity through one literary prism, and simultaneously an attempt at approaching its most important context, namely Jewish literature, theology, and culture. The first part of the paper is devoted to specifying the border character of Stryjkowski’s writings. It also shows the richness of messiah topics in XX century Jewish literature as well as the essence and history of Jewish messianism. The second part of the paper is interpretative. The collected material allows to formulate the following conclusions: 1) the false messiah is the meeting point for all important plots of Stryjkowski’s writings; 2) the intertextual dialogue is kept mainly with Jewish literature and culture; 3) the messianism, in the writer’s view, always leads to a failure, and in the final analysis contributes to a man’s constraint, and even to a totalitarian captivation.

Book reviews

Recenzje

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Cristina Caracchini: Cognizione e discorso poetico: a dialogo con Dante, Pessoa, Guillen, Caproni, e Ashbery (Paola Basile). . 175 Thomas Stearns Eliot: The Waste Land (Alicja Piechucka).. . 178 Magdalena Zawisławska: Metafora w języku nauki. Na przykładzie nauk przyrodniczych (Agnieszka Śliz).. . 183 Agnieszka Zgrzywa: Poeta i baśń. Rzecz o Krzysztofie Kamilu Baczyńskim (Ewa Rajewska)... . 189 Peter Englund: Piękno i smutek wojny. Dwadzieścia niezwykłych losow z czasow światowej pożogi (Natalia Lemann, Agnieszka Śliz).. . 194 Bor nici. Wątki klasyczne i romantyczne w tworczości Zbigniewa Herberta, red. Małgorzata Mikołajczak (Paweł Rutkiewicz).. .. 200 Nöel Carroll: Filozofia sztuki masowej (Michał Wróblewski).. . 208 Zoltán Kövecses, Język, umysł, kultura. Praktyczne wprowadzenie (Michał Wróblewski). . 212 Maciej Świerkocki, Echa postmodernizmu. Szkice o wspołczesnej literaturze anglojęzycznej (Paweł Rutkiewicz).. . 218 Anita Has-Tokarz, Horror w literaturze wspołczesnej i filmie (Agata Ciastoń)... 224

KL Sachsenhausen

KL Sachsenhausen

Author(s): Hermann Kaienburg / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XXV/2011

Założony latem 1936 r. na obrzeżach niewielkiego miasta Oranienburg, KL Sachsenhausen dzięki bliskiej odległości od Berlina zyskał w następnych latach szczególną pozycję w systemie nazistowskich obozów koncentracyjnych. Przejął ważne funkcje od KL Dachau, który w wyniku przeniesienia politycznej centrali dowództwa SS z Monachium do Berlina znalazł się na peryferiach.

Reviews

Recenzje

Author(s): Elżbieta Winiecka,Piotr Pławuszewski,Adam Adamczyk,Łukasz Grodziński,Filip Lipiński,Witold Paprocki,Magdalena Wołowicz,Tomasz Zarębski,Jolanta Grzegorska,Marek Wasilewski,Joanna Żabnicka,Marek Wilczyński,Małgorzata Anna Charyton / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06/2010

Book Reviews 1 (7) 2005

Recenzje

Author(s): Witold Wasilewski,Piotr Lapiński,Paweł Sasanka,Adam Dziurok,Bartłomiej Bernacki,Katarzyna Korzeniewska-Wołek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2005

Arūnas Streikus, Sovietų valdžios antibažnytine politika Lietuvoje (1944–1990), Jurij Ignatjewicz Muchin, Antirossijskaja podłost’. Nauczno-istoriczeskij analiz. Rassledowanije falsifikacyi Katynskogo dieła Polszej i Gienieralnoj prokuratoroj Rossii s celju razżecz nienawist’ polakow k russkim Tomasz Strzembosz, Antysowiecka partyzantka i konspiracja nad Biebrzą X 1939 – VI 1941 Kazimierz Litwiejko, Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa Okrąg Białystok 1941–1945 Zygmunt Woźniczka, Katowice 1945–1950. Pierwsze powojenne lata. Polityka – społeczeństwo – kultura

REVIEWS

RECENZJE

Author(s): Sławomir Buryła,Grzegorz Krzywiec,Andrzej Żbikowski,Justyna Kowalska-Leder,Jan Grabowski,Natalia Aleksiun,Omer Bartov,Marta Pietrzykowska,Bartosz Krupa,Adam Puławski,Marta Janczewska,Adam Szostkiewicz,David Engel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 7/2011

Harald Welzer, Sprawcy. Dlaczego zwykli ludzie dokonują masowych mordów, tłum. Magdalena Kurkowska, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2010, 321 s. Stanisław Gombiński (Jan Mawult), Wspomnienia policjanta z warszawskiego getta, red. i wprowadzenie Marta Janczewska, Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów i Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2010, 282 s. Adam Puławski, W obliczu zagłady. Rząd RP na Uchodźstwie, Delegatura Rządu RP na Kraj, ZWZ-AK wobec deportacji Żydów do obozów zagłady (1941–1942), Lublin: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Oddział w Lublinie, 2009, 583 s. Robert Kuwałek, Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu, Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2010, 279 s. Christopher R. Browning, Remembering Survival. Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010, 375 s. Andrzej Żbikowski, Karski, Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2011, 503 s. Timothy Snyder, Skrwawione ziemie. Europa między Hitlerem a Stalinem, tłum. Bartłomiej Pietrzyk, Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2011, 544 s. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, New York: Basic Books, 2010, s. XIX, 524 (wyd. polskie: Skrwawione ziemie. Europa między Hitlerem a Stalinem, tłum. Bartłomiej Pietrzyk, Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2011, 544 s.) Jacek Leociak, Spojrzenia na warszawskie getto, Warszawa: Dom Spotkań z Historią, 2011, 268 s. Erntefest, 3–4 listopada 1943. Zapomniany epizod Zagłady, red. Wojciech Lenarczyk, Dariusz Libionka, Lublin: Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, 2009, 478 s. Jacek Leociak, Ratowanie. Opowieści Polaków i Żydów, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2010, 313 s. Jechiel Rajchman, Ocalałem z Treblinki. Wspomnienia z lat 1942–1943, tłum. Bella Szwarcman-Czarnota, oprac., red. i posłowie Ewa Koźmińska-Frejlak, Warszawa: Czytelnik, 2011, 140 s. Richard Glazar, Stacja Treblinka, tłum. przypisy i posłowie Ewa Czerwiakowska, Warszawa: Ośrodek Karta i Dom Spotkań z Historią, 2011, 202 s. Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, Legendy o krwi. Antropologia przesądu, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo W.A.B., 2008, 795 s.

Preparations for the Martial Law in Opole Silesia

Przygotowania do stanu wojennego

Author(s): Zbigniew Bereszyński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 70/2011

Keywords: martial law; preparations; december 1981; Opole

The martial law introduced in the night of 12/13 December 1981 had been preceded by a many month political, organizational and legal preparations carried out by the apparatus wielding power in the Polish People’s republic, kept secret from society. From 18 august 1980 Sztab Komendy Wojewódzkiej Milicji Obywatelskiej (the Staff of the Provincial Commanding Headquarters of the Civic Militia) based in Opole had been coordinating actions of Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB) /Security Service/ and Milicja Obywatelska (MO) /Civic militia/ within the operation framework „Summer-80”. From November 1980, there were made successive applications to isolate (intern) trade union and opposition activists in case a serious internal threat occurred. In the period between august and December 1981, similarly as on the territory of the whole country, there were introduced, in the area of Opole Province, several states of intensified alertness or higher readiness to act by units of the Civic militia. Among the functionaries of the MO and SB there was aroused and maintained the feeling of threat from the opposition forces. It was planned to call to life a self-defense formation consisting of activists of Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza (PZPR) /the Polish united workers’ Party/ and of former functionaries of the MO and SB. An element of the preparation for the imposition of the martial law in Poland was the activity of army-based operation groups being established since the end of October 1981. The operations under the cryptonyms „element” and „ring” carried out by the mo, SB and the army forces in November and December 1981 were of the similar character.

The Weberian Principle of Value-Neutrality. An Interpretation

Weberowska zasada wolności od sądów wartościujących. Interpretacja

Author(s): Michał Kaczmarczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2014

Keywords: wartości; wolność od wartości; Max Weber; Wertfreiheit; Werturteilsfreiheit; Wertbeziehung; socjologia krytyczna; socjologia wiedzy; values; value neutrality; Max Weber; Wertfreiheit; Werturteilsfreiheit;Wertbeziehung; critical sociology; sociology of kn

Max Webers’ idea of value neutrality has been an important challenge for sociology. As a science of practical aspirations sociology has aimed to maintan a balance between epistemic objectivity and social criticism. The latter was hoped to provide public debate with inspiration and mediating social discourse. The author of the paper is advocating for an interpretation of Webers’ relevant texts that would deny the apparent contadiction between the concepts of Wertfreiheit and Wertbeziehung, and view them as logically interrelated. He suggests that the idea of value neutrality, as formulated by Weber, follows from his concept of value reference. As claimed in the paper, in his texts Weber outlined a picture of the human way of cognition that may be interpreted as a response to the dilemmas of value-oriented points of view. Abstrakt Sformułowany przez Maxa Webera, słynny postulat wolności od sądów wartościujących jest do dziś ważnym wyzwaniem dla socjologii, która zarazem pragnie zachować epistemiczną obiektywność oraz nie tracić swego krytycznego ostrza pozwalającego jej odgrywać inspirującą i mediującą rolę w debacie publicznej. W prezentowanym tekście autor proponuje interpretację tekstów Webera poświęconych temu problemowi i opowiada się za interpretacją, zgodnie z którą koncepcji Werturteilsfreiheit oraz Wertbeziehung nie należy traktować odrębnie czy też jako sprzecznych ze sobą, lecz raczej postrzegać postulat wolności od sądów wartościujących jako wynikający z idei odniesienia do wartości. Wedle propozycji autora Weber przedstawia w swych tekstach obraz ludzkiej drogi poznania, która stanowi odpowiedź na dylematy perspektyw wartościujących.

Positivist Criminology: A Critique

Pozytywizm kryminologiczny i jego krytyka

Author(s): Krzysztof Krajewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XVIII/1992

Keywords: positivist criminology;

The origins of criminology as a separate and independent field of scientific research are usually linked to the emergence of the so called positive school of criminology in the second half of the nineteenth century and with the name of its leading representative Cesare Lombroso. Undoubtedly since that time criminological thought went through a long and substantial evolution which produced a variety of new concepts and theories. As a result of this one could assume that contemporary criminology has very little in common with the ideas of its founders. Despite this, there is growing conviction in the literature that the heritage of Lombroso and Italian positivism still influences significantly contemporary criminological theory. Of course, the essence of this influence lies not in the details of Lombroso’s anthropological ideas which were proven wrong long ago, but in certain quetions asked by him and his school and methods adopted to answer them. Those questions and methods were strictly connected with and resulted from the particular ideas about human society and social world, as well as with the ideas regarding the role, functions and methods of scientific research which prevailed in the social sciences in the second half of the previous century which are commonly referred to as positivism. It justifies the designation as positivist criminology of almost all criminological thought and research since the times of Lombroso up to the late 1950’s. Positivist criminology is ditinguished first of all by its naturalism, e.g. an assumption that all methodological principles developed in sciences apply equally to social sciences which do not possess any substantial methodical peculiarities. It means also that the main task of scientific research is to discover and formulate causal laws and the assumption of objectivity and value neutrality of science and the scientist. The basic question of such criminology based on the deterministic concept of social world and human behaviour was an etiological one: why do certain people commit crimes while others don’t? It means that the main task of positivist criminology is the search for the causes of crime. Another important feature of positivist criminology is the consensual model of the social order it usually assumes. Such a model implies that the entire social order and the very existence of human society result from the sharing of certain values and norms by the large majority of the members of such society. According to this view, also, criminal law represents an example of such consensus and its norms are subject to widespread acceptance. Criminals represent some unique category of misfits or outsiders somehow different from all other „normal” people, a category which refuses to submit to social consensus. A final result of this way of thinking leads to the conclusion that the explanation of a crime and finding its causes requires concentration on the individual who behaves criminally. Because of this, positivist criminology is a science having as its subject the criminal and his behaviour. Pure accumulation of knowledge was never the sole purpose of criminological research. Positivist criminology tried always to be also an applied science, providing scientific grounds for lawmaking and law enforcement. Results of criminological research, data about the criminal and his behaviour should help to change him: rehabilitate, resocialize, correct or heal. In other words, the main purpose of positivist criminology was to provide scientific methods of bringing known misfits and outsiders back the social consensus they left. This feature of positivist criminology is usually referred to in literature as correctionalism. The above reconstruction of the main features of positivist criminology probably corresponds better to European criminology, which was in fact for many years dominated by the ,,lombrosian myth”. One can doubt however whether American criminology may also be described in such terms. The problem is that, because of its clear sociological orientation, American criminology is regarded rather as a heritage of A. Quetelet, A. Guerry or E. Durkheim and not of Lombroso. Usually it perceived crime as a social phenomenon and not as an individual pathology. But it is equally true that such classical American theories of crime causation as the differential association theory or anomie theory focus their attention on the individual criminal as well. What distinguishes those theories from the European tradition is the conviction that the criminal and his special features are products of an environment. However, in both cases criminals are treated as somehow a different kind of people. All this has important practical implications. The individual approach to crime casuation implies that the proper aim of any correctional influences is the criminal himself. The sociological approach claims that there is also no sense in correcting or changing the criminal unless we do something about the environment which produced him. The natural consequence of such an approach is the preference for social reform and social policy over criminal law as instruments of fighting the crime problem. The former is assigned only a secondary role. This is probably one of the main reasons for a certain uneasiness and mistrust towards the sociological approach which may be observed criminologists with a legal background; it is considered too abstract and detached from the everyday problems of the criminal justice system as well as too difficult and complicated to implement. Two new criminological currents emerged during last thirty years which remain in opposition towards positivism. The first one, called antinaturalistic criminology, was born during the sixties. It rejected the positivist concept of social science, asked new and different questions and tried to answer them using different methods. The decisive role in launching this new approach was played by the labelling approach, Its main contribution constituted rejection of the old etiological question and its substitution with the „reactive” one, a question regarding origins and development of the societal reaction to criminal or dewiant behaviour. This meant also an abandonment of positivist methodology of searching for casual laws and a turn towards the methods of humanistic sociology, including understanding, empathy and other similar qualitative methods. According to this trend the main task of the criminological enterprise is to create a sociology law and other forms of social control. Antinaturalistic criminology also adopted an unequivocally pluralistic model of society. Crime and deviance ceased to be perceived as something necessarily pathological. Instead, an attempt was undertaken to treat those phenomena as the result of natural diversity of human beings. To support this stance the labelling approach provided a variety of research on deviant subcultures conducted from what may be called ,,ethnographic positions”, which also denounced the negative effects of punitive social control. The final result was growing scepticism towards the agencies of official social control and such ideas as for example radical nonintervention. The next development can be attributed to radical and critical criminology. These trends assume that social conflict is the main feature of social order and try to understand criminal law and the criminal justice system as the result and manifestation of such conflict. This means that criminalisation processes, e.g. lawmaking and law enforcement, should be explained primarily in terms of political and economic power. Certain groups, because of their access to power, are able to enforce their own values and norms against the will of other groups which may not share them. All this means an unequivocally negative evaluation of the mechanism of social control in contemporary societies which are considered oppressive and unjust. An alternative vision of the society is proposed, a society where facts of human diversity are not subject to the power to criminalize. The way such vision should be implemented are very different and may be placed on the broad continuum from the orthodox Marxism-Leninism and belief in ideal socialism to the humanistic utopias of contemporary abolitionists. Such visions are accompanied by very strong opposition to traditional, mainstream criminology which is accused of being totally and uncritically apologetic and subservient towards the state and institutions of power. According to this view, positivist criminology under the disguise of scientific neutrality and objectivity, in fact legitimizes the existing political and moral order and serves the interests of the privileged groups in society. As a result a new attitude of moral and political commitment is proposed. Science, according to these postulates should be definitely partisan. Such an attitude should break the monopoly of positivist criminology in creating social consciousness about crime and deviance and show the broad audience that alternative are possible. In sum, one can say that the main subject of interest for traditional, positivist criminology constituted always the criminal and that the main problem was to root out his criminal propensities. For antinaturalistic criminology the main problem is the system of social control which requires fundamental change. During the seventies another criminological current emerged, known as neoclassicism, which criticized traditional, positivist criminology from quite different angles. This current, which remains primarily an American phenomenon, constitutes, first of all, opposition against the traditional, in the United States, domination of the sociological approach to the crime problem. Representatives of neoclassical criminology are troubled first of all by the above mentioned unclear practical implications of these theories for the criminal justice system. They are, namely, very difficult to translate into the language of policy actions. Moreover, proposed remedies against crime usually remain beyond the reach of traditional measures which the criminal justice system has at its disposal. As a result the turn towards the tradition of the European classical school of criminal law is proposed and enriched by recent achievements of behavioristic psychology and the economic theory of bohaviour. The essence of this approach constitutes the concept of free will and the assumption that criminals are quite normal human individuals making only false decisions. The fact that human behaviour is always guided by the desire to maximize gains and minimize loses makes this behaviour susceptible to external manipulation. The easiest way to influence human decisions is to create a high enough barrier of costs which should eliminate undesired decisions. Criminal law should play a key role in creating such a barrier and preventing criminal behaviour. Moreover, the barrier of costs provided by criminal law constitutes practically the only factor easily accessible to manipulation by any democratic and liberal government. Other ways of influencing crime rates are usually too costly or too difficult to implement. The basic task of criminology is to provide the necessary empirical data on the functioning of criminal law and the criminal justice system, which should be than used to formulate the most effective policies. All three criminological currents discussed above were usually treated as mutually exclusive and competitive paradigms. Today, when the heat of the discussions of the sixties and seventies diminished, there is a good chance to have a less emotional analysis of recent developments in criminology. Probably it will be possible now to come to the conclusion that the emergence during last 150 years of the three distinct paradigms in theoretical criminology may be comprehended not only in terms of consecutive scientific revolutions. Probably it may be also interpreted as the evolutionary process of the cumulation of knowledge about crime. During this process points of view and focuses’ changed as every paradigm considered different aspects of criminal phenomena as being most important and worth of researching. But all three may be considered, at least to a certain extent, complementary ones.

Elements of Theory and Practice of Polish Language Didactics. Number: 27 (full)

Z Teorii i Praktyki Dydaktycznej Języka Polskiego. Tom 27 (całość)

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2018

Attitudes and behavior of Poles towards Jews during the German occupation in second-cycle publications in the Polish People's Republic

Postawy i zachowania Polaków wobec Żydów w czasie okupacji niemieckiej w publikacjach drugiego obiegu w PRL

Author(s): Martyna Grądzka-Rejak,Jan Olaszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 15/2019

Keywords: Holocaust; opposition in communist Poland; underground publications; Polish-Jewish relations during World War II; stances; help; the Righteous; blackmail (szmalcownictwo); indifference; passivity;

This article analyzes the books and periodicals published underground in communist Poland in terms of their depiction of the stances of Poles towards Jews during the German occupation. It discusses the political commentary texts and historical articles which clearly highlighted the positive Polish stances, then moves on to those which focused on the negative stances, and last but not least, ends with voices of an ambiguous character. The next part of the text regards fiction and memoirs, while the last one pertains to the discussion on the ‘Jewish’ issue of the Aneks émigré quarterly. Grądzka-Rejak and Olaszek analyze publications issued by various milieus though belonging to the main opposition current. The analysis of the sources collected reveals two concurrent tendencies: the intention to affirm the aspects of history distorted by communism and the readiness to discuss difficult topics.

PARTICIPATORY ART AND DESIGN - A RESEARCH CHALLENGES

SZTUKA PARTYCYPACYJNA I DIZAJN PARTYCYPACYJNY JAKO WYZWANIA BADAWCZE

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/2020

Exegesis and Interpretation of Luke 16 Based on the Methodology Developed by the Semitic Rhetorics

Egzegeza i interpretacja Łk 16 na podstawie metodologii wypracowanej przez retorykę semicką

Author(s): Lucyna Anna Skorupa / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 22/2018

Keywords: Nowy Testament; Ewangelia według św. Łukasza; retoryka semicka; przypowieść; mamona;

Przedmiotem artykułu jest egzegeza i interpretacja Łk 16 na podstawie metodologii wypracowanej przez retorykę semicką. Założony cel został osiągnięty. Przeprowadzone badania oraz ich wyniki opisano w 3 powiązanych ze sobą punktach. Pierwszy z nich został poświęcony kompozycji tekstu. Na ten etap pracy składała się: delimitacja, która pozwoliła wydzielić 16. rozdział Ewangelii wg św. Łukasza jako jedną jednostkę oraz nakreślić jej kontekst; możliwe stało się ukazanie, że w skład Łk 16 wchodzą 3 powiązane ze sobą fragmenty oraz ich szczegółowa segmentacja (ujęta w 2. podpunkcie). Ostatnim etapem było spojrzenie całościowe na badaną sekwencję, uzasadniające jej symetryczno-koncentryczną budowę. W drugim punkcie przeprowadzono analizę intertekstualną poszczególnych wyrażeń, istotnych dla interpretacji perykop wchodzących w skład sekwencji. Na tym etapie badań możliwe stało się dostrzeżenie powiązań pomiędzy jednostkami. To z kolei pozwoliło w trzecim punkcie opisać zależności i uzasadnić proponowaną wcześniej figurę kompozycyjną AXA’. Wypracowana interpretacja poszczególnych fragmentów stała się punktem wyjścia dla głębszej analizy, w której interpretacji poddano jednostki paralelne, co z kolei pozwoliło na wyciągnięcie wniosków teologicznych. Wykazano, że poznanie, w rozumieniu biblijnym, jest pierwszym etapem na drodze do pełnego zaangażowania. Tylko ten, kto prawdziwie doświadczył bliskości Jezusa, jest zdolny podjąć ryzyko, wykorzystując wszystkie możliwe środki, by pozyskać Królestwo Niebieskie. Może to uczynić jedynie, okazując miłosierdzie i czyniąc użytek z dóbr doczesnych. Niepodzielne serce oddane na służbę Bogu domaga się kreatywnej miłości bliźniego.

Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in cases arising from an extraordinary complaint in civil and criminal cases

Orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego w sprawach ze skargi nadzwyczajnej w sprawach cywilnych i karnych

Author(s): Jan Kluza,Krzysztof Kluza / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: skarga nadzwyczajna;zasada demokratycznego państwa prawnego; sprawiedliwość społeczna; nadzwyczajne środki zaskarżenia

The article presents the issues related to the new extraordinary appeal introduced in December 2017 in the form of an extraordinary complaint. The intention of this article is to present how the premises of this complaint are understood by the Supreme Court. The conditions for the admissibility of an extraordinary complaint are defined in an evaluative and vague manner, therefore the analysis of their perception by the Supreme Court will allow for the presentation of this special extraordinary measure, which occupies a special place in comparison with other existing extraordinary appeal measures.

Domestic violence and violence against animals. Legal and victimological analysis

Przemoc domowa a przemoc wobec zwierząt. Analiza prawno-wiktymologiczna

Author(s): Zbigniew Podedworny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 26/2019

Keywords: violence; family; animal; link; green criminology; law; bullying; children;

The article is devoted to the broad phenomenon of domestic violence, violence against animals and their coexistence. It attempts to define the phenomenon of domestic violence, presents current legal solutions, using the example of selected countries, and the perspective of leading researchers on the relationship between domestic violence and violence against animals. The main purpose of the article is an attempt to establish a relationship between incidences of violence against animals and domestic violence, based on the analysis of a study conducted on people who have experienced domestic violence, or still experience it. Research on a sample of one hundred respondents shows that if animals remained in violent families, they were frequently victims of violence, and people using violence against animals were inclined to use psychological and physical violence against family members.

Public governance of the health crisis in the first six months of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Comparative analysis based on the opinions of experts from selected countries

Zarządzanie kryzysem zdrowotnym w pierwszym półroczu pandemii COVID-19. Analiza porównawcza na podstawie opinii ekspertów z wybranych krajów

Author(s): Stanisława Golinowska,Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; public health; public policies; comparative analysis; Italy; United Kingdom; the Netherlands; Norway; Germany; Czech Republic; Ukraine; Canada (and Ontario);

From among the numerous analyses of the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors looked for those that would enable assessment of institutional solutions. They put forward the thesis that good institutions (with appropriate regulations, means and expert support) constitute an essential resource enabling fast, accurate, and effective measures in terms of protection and therapy. The authors turned to experts from other countries with whom they have been cooperating for many years in the field of public health and used their competences in the field to answer questions about public governance in the first six months of the pandemic outbreak (January to June 2020) when lockdowns were widely implemented and then gradually lifted. Particularly significant for the assessment of health crisis management, the experts chose countries that are diverse in terms of: state of decentralization, social structure, and resources available, as well as healthcare organization and political tradition in dispute resolution. Reports from Italy, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, the Czech Republic, Ukraine, and Canada (with focus on Ontario) – attached as an appendix – were supplemented with direct consultations. The comparative analysis of the obtained information and the exchange of opinions are the subject of this article. In the comparative analysis, we also refer to Polish activities and solutions. The Polish perspective of public management signifies a concern for the neglected area of public health. This article is enriched with the authors’ reflections and generally formulated recommendations.