Keywords: democratic transition; identity; nation; ethno-nationalism; citizenship; multiculturalism; political elites; Serbia; autonomy of Vojvodina; constitutional changes
By structuring his analysis into four key segments (1) Nationrelated contradictions and identity ambiguities; (2) Identity policies and multiculturalism; (3) Transitional identity engineering in Serbia, and (4) Projections of the future and prospects of multicultural strategies, the author corroborates the following thesis: regardless of numerous challenges of multiculturalism and dramatic open issues concerning the economic and financial crisis, as well as the refugee crisis, the EU policies of identity (both national and European) cannot preserve the advantage of the existing and globally unique civilizational values, nor can they prove their effectiveness in the consolidation of the democracy and integration of transition societies if the power to define identity is acquired (or preserved) by xenophobes and ethno-nationalists. Instead of traditional notions and (ultra)conservative (anti-)politics, the crisis requires new ideasand strategies. Therefore, multiculturalism should be given a real chance.
More...Keywords: LGBT activism; Yugoslavia;
More...Keywords: LGBT community; Media; representation;
Pošto mediji konstruišu, a ne samo odražavaju stvarnost, priroda stvarnosti u mnogome se otkriva kroz medijske poruke. Analiza sadržaja čini mi se naročito korisnom za identifikovanje i utvrđivanje različitih odlika tih poruka, pogodnih za kasnije tumačenje. Što je još važnije, njeni nalazi potvrđuju da je medijska stvarnost proizvod ljudske aktivnosti i, kao takva, napravljena u skladu sa određenim pravilima. Analizom sadržaja postaju vidljivi obrasci, norme i postupci koje medijski autori koriste u složenom procesu proizvodnje stvarnosti. Mediji svakodnevno objavljuju tekstove i slike o događajima, sa kojima publika, uglavnom, nema neposredni kontakt, ali za koje je veoma zainteresovana. Kada se ti tekstovi čitaju analitički, prema unapred utvrđenim kategorijama, otkrivaju se njihove dimenzije koje se ponekad i veoma razlikuju od onih koje su nameravali da upišu autori. Veoma često se ukazuju i smišljene strategije isključivanja, izolacije i diskriminacije ljudski stvorene nejednakosti umesto “objektivnog” odraza “stvarnosti onakve kakva jeste”. Analiza sadržaja je važan postupak za prikupljanje ovih podataka, ali nije dovoljna i da ih objasni. Njihovo tumačenje, kao i razumevanje fenomena, mora da sledi iz šireg okvira medijskog istraživanja.
More...Keywords: LGBT community; media; representation; human rights;
Pošto mediji konstruišu, a ne samo odražavaju stvarnost, priroda stvarnosti u mnogome se otkriva kroz medijske poruke. Analiza sadržaja čini mi se naročito korisnom za identifikovanje i utvrđivanje različitih odlika tih poruka, pogodnih za kasnije tumačenje. Što je još važnije, njeni nalazi potvrđuju da je medijska stvarnost proizvod ljudske aktivnosti i, kao takva, napravljena u skladu sa određenim pravilima. Analizom sadržaja, postaju vidljivi obrasci, norme i postupci, koje medijski autori koriste u složenom procesu proizvodnje stvarnosti. Mediji svakodnevno objavljuju tekstove i slike o događajima, sa kojima publika, uglavnom, nema neposredni kontakt, ali za koje je veoma zainteresovana. Kada se ti tekstovi čitaju analitički, prema unapred utvrđenim kategorijama, otkrivaju se njihove dimenzije koje se ponekad i veoma razlikuju od onih koje su nameravali da upišu autori. Veoma često se ukazuju i smišljene strategije isključivanja, izolacije i diskriminacije ljudski stvorene nejednakosti umesto “objektivnog” odraza “stvarnosti onakve kakva jeste”. Analiza sadržaja je važan postupak za prikupljanje ovih podataka, ali nije dovoljna i da ih objasni. Njihovo tumačenje, kao i razumevanje fenomena, mora da sledi iz šireg okvira medijskog istraživanja.
More...Keywords: Cold war;US;Ostpolitik;US Transformation Policy
Détente seemed to prolong the division of Europe. It seemed to be un-American. From the perspective of its many critics, détente allowed for the Soviet Union’s strategic buildup in the 1970s and it precipitated America’s decline in the wake of Vietnam. Even worse, by preaching moral equivalence between Communism and Western democracy, détente allegedly made the United States lose sight of its mission. Only when Ronald Reagan started to abandon détente could the U.S. win the “Cold War endgame.” This is the traditional narrative. This chapter tells a different story by arguing that the U.S. policy of peaceful change could only thrive in a sustainable security framework that the United States and its Western European allies built through détente,dialogue, and engagement with the Soviet Union.
More...Keywords: Bosnia; Kraljeva Sutjeska; Catholic; Franciscans; parish register; stalwarts; public administration; statistics; Toponymy; surnames;
Kraljeva Sutjeska je jedna od rijetkih katoličkih župa u Bosni i Hercegovini koja kontinuirano posjeduje matične knjige stare više od tri i staležnike više od dva stoljeća. Matice krštenih se čuvaju od 1641., vjenčanih od 1707. i umrlih od 1718. godine do danas. Jedina praznina od desetak godina (1692- 1701) postoji u najstarijoj matici krštenih u vrijeme bečkih ratova te kasnije za nekoliko mjeseci zbog nemara u čuvanju zabilježenih krštenja. Praznina u vrijeme bečkih ratova je posve razumljiva, jer su tada fratri morali napustiti samostan i oko sedamnaest godina su se potucali po okolnim selima i šumama, a prije toga su za najnužnije potrebe morali prodati i zadnju bravu iz vrata.
More...There are more or less detailed histories of Serbia in the 19th and the 20th centuries. This paper tries to summarize the history of the modern Serbian state, established at the turn of the century and its experience in the common state with other Yugoslav nations; Yugoslavia’s development and the reasons why it turned out to be unsustainable at two global historical crossroads: the beginning of World War II and the demise of the Soviet Union as a political-military and ideological hegemonist in Eastern Europe. And both times it collapsed in bloody wars between its nations. One of the first detailed insights into 19th century Serbia after the rule of the Obrenović dynasty was penned by Serbian lawyer, historian and politician Slobodan Jovanović (1869–1958). This paper refers to it not because of its originality and completeness, but also the indisputable intellectual authority of its author who also wrote another – true, more concise – overview of Serbia’s historical experience up to the mid-19th century published, in deference to the author’s last will and testament, after his death.
More...Keywords: women; political life; BiH; post-Dayton; gender equality; mechanisms; law;
This chapter covers women’s politics and activism in the period between the adoption of the Gender Equality Law in 2003 and 2015, when this chapter was written. The Gender Equality Law is seen as a turning point for the political participation of women in BiH, primarily because it demanded the harmonization of other laws, including the Electoral Law, with the 40% gender quota it introduced. Another key moment for women’s organizations was the formation of The Club of Women Parliamentarians FBiH in 2013. This chapter will elaborate on the challenges and obstacles the women in the Federal Parliament faced during the implementation of this initiative. The chapter will also discuss the role of women in the Executive since recent years have seen an increase in the number of posts held by women at all levels of the BiH government. The internal organization of political parties will also be discussed, specifically – the role women play in the decisionmaking bodies of their chosen political parties. In its conclusion, this chapter will present the emerging female politicians who represent the future of women’s politics in BiH.
More...Ovaj esej ima za cilj, pored pružanja pregleda razvoja žanra fantastike u francuskoj (i frankofonoj) književnosti prevashodno 20. i 21. veka (uz isticanje ranijih ključnih predstavnika), i da postavi par načelnih pitanja1. Naime, izučavaocima fantastike ne promiče činjenica da je, u slučaju francuske moderne književnosti (od Prosvetiteljstva naovamo), za razliku od srednjovekovne i renesansne, spoljni podsticaj često bio potreban za slobodan i nesputan razvoj ovog žanra. Taj podsticaj ne samo da je bitan, nego je ključan, čak neminovan (ima li se u vidu nasleđe klasicizma i prosvećenosti, kasnijeg pozitivizma kao osnovnih odlika te literature – bar tako shvaćene u očima pisaca i kritike glavnog toka): reč je o činjenici koja se, takoreći ciklički, organski, ponavlja, i obuhvata čak tri stoleća književnosti; od uticaja gotskog romana na Kazota, Florijana, Sada (i druge, predrevolucionarne pisce), preko uticaja Hofmana na romantičare i Poa na Bodlera (te, njegovim posredstvom, na školu dekadenata s kraja devetnaestog veka (Fin de siècle), kao i na celokupnu belgijsku književnu scenu), sve do uticaja Lavkrafta na pisce kako žanrovske tako i književnosti glavnog toka od poratnog razdoblja 20. veka do danas. Pa ipak, teško se može reći da su, kada se velika pera francuske književnosti, u jednom širokom luku, nabroje, pisci kao što su Ritbef, Vijon, Rable, Dobinje, Molijer, Pero, Sad, Balzak, Nerval, Gotje, Bodler, Mopasan, Uisman, Roni Ene, Švob, Makorlan, Mandijarg, Eme, Grak, Turnije, da se zadržimo samo na klasicima (neretko i prevratnicima), teš- ko se za njih može reći da su nosioci usko shvaćenog „Racionalističkog duha“ – duha lišenog fantastičke svesti i potrebe za fantastikom. To je tim čudnije što je začetnik izučavanja fantastične priče, prvi sakupljač narodnih umotvorina tog vida, njihove redakcije i štampanja Šarl Pero, čiji je uticaj na Nemačku školu i Braću Grim (a preko njih na sve vodeće evropske književnike iz te oblasti, uključujući i Vuka Karadžića kod nas), neosporan. Pero je, u sporu Starih i Modernih, stao na stranu drugih upravo ističući fantastičnu priču (u osnovi, kod njega, bajku) kao delo modernih (kako po motivu, tako i po formi).
More...Keywords: Biography; autobiographical writing; Uranian autobiography; English literature; Uranian writers;
The core concern of all autobiographical writing is the elucidation of the following diptych: Who I am and Who I have been. A plethora of issues arise from this, involving credibility, authenticity, available evidence, point of view, authorial intention, gaps in memory, social standing, interpersonal relationships, sexuality, to name but a few. These issues are problematized even further when a writer cannot, for whatever reason, safely admit either Who I am or Who I have been. Such was the case for the pederastic writers and artists of the Victorian and Edwardian periods, a cluster of diverse voices that have been decently subsumed under the title “Uranian.” Having illustrated at some length in my Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde (2006) and in the introduction to my Lad’s Love: An Anthology of Uranian Poetry and Prose (2010) that, for the Uranian writers and artists, Lord Alfred Douglas’s (in)famous phrase “the Love that dare not speak its name” was largely a social and cultural reality, I will not, at present, belabour the point.
More...Keywords: Czechoslovakia; media; 20th century; everyday life; communist regime;
From 1945 to 1948 the media in Czechoslovakia lived through rough changes. The system of media was established on the bases that the main publishers of the periodicals were to be only political parties and state institutions. Private enterprise was excluded from the media. The time of changes claimed the existence of many periodicals from the first republic and gave life to some new ones, which were released during the rest of the existence of the communist regime. After the end of the world war a new system was introduced, which rationed paper to issuers and publishers. The system was in existence till 1980s and became a tool to favor some periodicals or authors. Offer did not meet demand and readers had often a problem to buy their favorite magazine or a book of their fancied author. During the fifties the regime started to closely watch over all media information passed forward to Czechoslovak citizens. The Central Press Supervision Office was established to control newspaper, magazines, television and radio broadcasting, screenplays, theater productions and even maps and postcards through precensorship. Citizens were constantly persuaded by the media that the communist regime is the best one and therefore every citizen should support the policy of the Communist party. The television broadcasting started in Czechoslovakia in 1953, but its reach was extended slowly over the territory. The basic net of transmitters was completed in 1961, when the broadcasting incidentally reached the number of one million concessionaires. During the sixties the TV became an increasingly more popular form of spending leisure time and its viewers balanced the number of radio listeners. In the time of Prague spring the media distinctively supported policy of Dubček’s communist leadership. People learned important information about actual political situation from the media. During August 1968 the media also informed people about the Warsaw pact forces invasion. During normalization the media were under control of the communist party and supported its home and foreign policy. From 1970 the TV broadcasted on two channels and the Czechoslovak radio also changed the channel structure, which stayed till the fall of the communist regime.
More...Keywords: Koshetz; conductor; Ukrainian Republic Capella; diaries; memoirs
The first Polish language edition of selected fragments of the diary by Alexander Koshetz – world-famous Ukrainian musician, for a long time forbidden in his native country, where he was not allowed to return since he and his ensemble toured Europe and the Americas.
More...Keywords: medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
This article argues that the local appropriation of Christian liturgy in Polonia facilitated the early-medieval state formation of the first Piast realm. ‘Polish’ political identity was shaped by original liturgical phenomena by mostly two means. First, the hitherto unprecedented name of the territory, Polonia, was firstly attested in writing in the liturgical sequence Annua recolamus (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Lit. 5, fol. 97v). The name was promoted mostly by sources used during Christian worship (the sequence mentioned above and St Adalbert hagiography). Second, liturgical phenomena interiorized the new identities of the political community and the kingship theology. For instance, the invocations of rulers’ names in the disputed territories, repetitive intercessions for monarchs, developed liturgy of war have been shaping and, subsequently, expressing the identities of the Piast dynasty and of those who participated in the Christian worship. Political liturgy functioned as the toolin the identification processes of the early-medieval Polonia.
More...Keywords: Conrad; Freya of the Seven Isles; Prorok; Freja – zimna bogini miłości; modernism;intertextuality;
The article is a comparative and intertextual study of two texts which are both grounded in the mythological motif of the Nordic goddess Freya, i.e. Joseph Conrad’s 1912 short story Freya of the Seven Isles and Leszek Prorok’s 1977 play entitled Freja – zimna bogini miłości [Freya – the Cold Goddess of Love]. As both texts exploit Freya’s ambiguity as a goddess of love, fertility, death, war and revenge (also of conjugal love and promiscuity), they shed light on each other’s nuances of meaning. It is Prorok’s deliberate use of Conradian motifs (e.g. Freya, elopement, Wagnerian music, the colonial Seven Isles) in his play about the Nazi Lebensborn programme that exposes the full implications of Conrad’s hitherto underrated story. This leads us to drawing novel conclusions about the nature of the “illness” of Prorok’s Freya (and the reasons for her unexpected death) as well as the role of colonial ideology in Conrad’s story as a whole. Moreover, by means of a critical reading of Sylvère Monod’s derisive article on Freya of the Seven Isles – together with an evocation of Faulkner’s denegative style in his Absalom, Absalom! – the article disproves the allegations levelled by the French critic against Conrad’s text (a lack of foreshadowing, an inconsistency of mood, bdelygmia, etc.), revealing instead its complex epistemological implications relating to the modernist intricacy of denegative stylistics, of which Conrad – and not Faulkner – appears to have been the real precursor.
More...Keywords: Byzantium; Hagiography; horses; transport; war; avoidance; accidents; hippodromes.
Data of late Byzantine hagiographical texts on equids are analyzed and compared with those of the middle period, revealing a complexity of relationships. For example, in hagiographies of both periods, saints often refuse to ride on horseback. Information about horses as a means of transport is rarer in the late hagiographies, but there are more testimonies of horses being used during wars. References to hippodromes or to people descending from horses to pray are rarer in the late period as well. In both periods, the horse appears as a punisher or as an instrument of divine punishment. Descriptions of persecution (and martyrdom) refer to equids, for example when saints were tortured by being drawn by equids. Τhe references to equids used for water transport are of particular interest. Finally, there is resemblance in the use of similes, metaphors, and proverbs involving horses in both periods. In conclusion, the importance of equids remains as great in the late hagiographies as in those composed in the middle period.
More...Objectives: - To present the main components of the international business environment - To develop the competence of analysing the components of the international business environment (of different types of economic, political and legal systems existing on the globe, national culture, sociodemographic and technological factors affecting the development of international business)
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