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Unreported standard errors in meta-analysis

Unreported standard errors in meta-analysis

Author(s): Nicholas T. Longford / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: empirical Bayes; imputation; meta-analysis; missing value; sensitivity analysis;

A study that would otherwise be eligible is commonly excluded from a meta-analysis when the standard error of its treatment-effect estimator, or the estimate of the variance of the outcomes, is not reported and cannot be recovered from the available information. This is wasteful when the estimate of the treatment effect is reported. We assess the loss of information caused by this practice and explore methods of imputation for the missing variance. The methods are illustrated on two sets of examples, one constructed specifically for illustration and another based on a published systematic review.

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Universities in Wrocław in the Official Narrative of the City

Uniwersytety we Wrocławiu w oficjalnej narracji miasta

Author(s): Tomasz Dziurdzia,Anna Skibińska,Andrei Turko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 11/2021

Keywords: higher education; image; university; www.wroclaw.pl; Wrocław

The aim of the study was to decode images of universities located in Wrocław on the basis of the city’s official narrative. The corpus, consisting of 180 media statements, was acquired from the portal www.wroclaw.pl. The chronological scope covered the academic year 2019/2020. The criterion for the selection of research material was the occurrence of the word “university” in the text. One of the analysis subjects was the number of mentions concerning each of the universities and the values attributed to them, the style and context of the texts, the events that were described and the people speaking on behalf of the universities. Another important element of the research was an analysis of genre press photographs, during which reference was made to the typology by Joanna Szylko-Kwas. It was decided to expand the typology to include photo-instruction—a genre appropriate for the relationship between a headline with a directive function and a photograph with an illustrative function. The results of the analysis made it possible to recreate media images of all the universities in Wrocław that emerged from the official narrative of the city. The information and reporting style was dominant in the texts and the headlines mostly had descriptive functions, while the photographs had illustrative functions.

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“The patient is not cooperating” – sociopragmatics of (mis)understanding in health care

Pacjent nie współpracuje” – socjopragmatyka (nie)porozumienia w ochronie zdrowia

Author(s): Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 08/2021

Keywords: medical language; sociopragmatics; communication in healthcare; negotiation of meanings;

Communication between patients and medical professionals is characterised by frequent misunderstandings due to medical, psychological, and relational considerations arising to a large extent from unfamiliarity with specialised medical language. Such processes can be exemplified by the phrase pacjent nie współpracuje (lit. the patient is not cooperating), which has a specifi c meaning in medical language and can be interpreted by patients as evaluating them negatively. Understanding in this communication must be reached through negotiation of the meaning of specialist words, expressions, and phrases.

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An Exploratory Study about the Wine Tasting Terminology of Non-Expert Wine Drinkers

An Exploratory Study about the Wine Tasting Terminology of Non-Expert Wine Drinkers

Author(s): Sílvia Barbosa / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2021

Keywords: wine tasting; expert; non-expert; definition; European Portuguese; wine descriptor; lexicon

Wine is a well-known product and is part of human heritage and culture. However, studies indicate that many consumers do not understand the terminology used by wine experts. To understand if and how this applies to European Portuguese (EP), we asked two questions: (i) are non-experts aware of what certain wine descriptors mean when they read them on labels or in magazines?; (ii) what is the degree of proximity of non-expert definitions to expert definitions? We surveyed a group of speakers. Firstly, we asked for: “Define, in your own words, what you understand by [insert wine descriptor].” to see how informants defined in their own words what they understood by a given wine descriptor in a specific context related to wine. Secondly, we searched for the exact wine descriptor in specialized reference works and compiled the definitions presented in those works. The results of this sample allowed us to answer our questions with interesting facts about EP reality and what the non-expert consumer understand about wine descriptors, while providing us with clues to improve definitions in resources design to help non-expert consumers to better understand the wine domain and experts to express more clearly what they what to convey

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A Diagnosis of Russia’s Military Capability in a Situation of an Escalation of Hostility in Ukraine and Possible Implications for the Safety of the Eastern NATO Flank

A Diagnosis of Russia’s Military Capability in a Situation of an Escalation of Hostility in Ukraine and Possible Implications for the Safety of the Eastern NATO Flank

Author(s): Daniel Michalski,Adam Radomyski / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2021

Keywords: Air defense system; ballistic missiles; air potential; military doctrine; missile anti-aircraft systems; anti-aircraft artillery; air offensive operation; defensive air operation;

The paper presents the results of research, whose main goal is to evaluate the aviation and rocket capability of the armed forces of the Russian Federation and Ukraine in terms of a possible launch of regular warfare. The authors primarily focus on changes in the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, which have created legal determinants of the use of armed forces outside the country’s territory in defense of national minorities, illustrated by taking control of Crimea. The authors also stress Russia’s military plans, including the development directions of the potential of armed forces as well as a possible threat to the security of the eastern NATO’s flank in the event of a conflict in Ukraine. In this respect, the capabilities of the air defense of countries on the eastern NATO flank, particularly Poland’s capability, were analyzed.

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Historical Imagination: Interpretation of the Past in Postmodern Novels A History of the World in 10½ Chapters and The Incomplete Manuscript

Historical Imagination: Interpretation of the Past in Postmodern Novels A History of the World in 10½ Chapters and The Incomplete Manuscript

Author(s): Yegane Abdullayeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2021

Keywords: postmodern novels; historical imagination; irony; reflexion; fiction

This article compares British novelist Julian Barnes’s novel A History of the World in 10½ Chapters with the novel The Incomplete Manuscript by Azerbaijani author Kamal Abdulla. In each novel accepted history is revised, the idea that history is subjective is explored, as well as the fact that history is fiction, and in the process a new alternative history is written. The postmodern liberation strategy of both authors emphasizes history, past revision, history’s subjectivity, as well as the creation of a new alternative history to make history fictitious. The idea of history, catastrophe, error and human foolishness in Barnes’s novel is similar to the ideas of a fictitious, imagined, authenticated reality in Abdulla’s novel. This form of narration in Barnes’s and Abdulla’s novels is concerned with the ironic modes of 20thcentury thinking and the fact that human thinking has cast doubt on our understanding of the world. In Barnes’s novel, history is a catastrophe, an erroneous ghost, while in the novel by Abdulla we find fiction, fabrication, and reality

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Summarizing in a Foreign Language from the Perspective of Proficiency Levels and Didactic Practice

Umiejętność streszczania w języku obcym z perspektywy poziomów biegłości i praktyki dydaktycznej

Author(s): Jan Iluk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: summarizing skills; CEFR; core curriculum

"The article discusses the impact of writing abstracts on the development of cognitive and linguistic competences, as well as educational goals related to processing texts in core curriculumterms and CEFR. In the second part, three methods of summarizing texts and the types of summaries are presented. On this basis, a proposal for a modified proficiency scale in processing text was developed. The final part contains a critical analysis of the abstracts prepared by an expert in academic writing, an university student at B2 level and didactic comments."

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Reviews of single-authored versus multiple-authored academic books. Is two less than one?

Reviews of single-authored versus multiple-authored academic books. Is two less than one?

Author(s): Monika Zasowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: academic book reviews; evaluation; academic values; value markers;

Although academic book reviews have been extensively discussed in a number of languages and in terms of a variety of factors, there is at least one point that has not yet been taken into consideration, namely the authorship factor (i.e. the number of the academic book authors) and its possible influence on evaluative language of the review. This assumption has given rise to the present study, which centres on a corpus-based analysis of one hundred linguistic book reviews with a half written by a single author and the other fifty being a collection of more than two authors. The investigation rests on Giannoni’s (2010) typology of academic values, from which three values, i.e. goodness, novelty and relevance and their lexical evaluative markers have been subjected to manual and automatic analyses with the aim to comparing and contrasting variation in value distribution in two corpora. Furthermore, the overall research findings have been presented in the form of the chi-square test in order to determine whether there exists any statistical significance between the selected categorical variables, and comment on accordingly.

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A Possible Contribution of Live Electronics to Modern Education / O posibilă contribuție a aplicațiilor electronice live la educația modern

A Possible Contribution of Live Electronics to Modern Education / O posibilă contribuție a aplicațiilor electronice live la educația modernă

Author(s): Mihai Popean / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Visual programming; patcher; music education; improvisation; student-centered learning;

Musical improvisation is as much a form of art as it is a form of education with great potential for transfer. Although associated usually with jazz music, improvisation has a long and unbroken history that can be traced throughout the entire music history. The classically-trained students do not receive education in improvisation, it is not part of the classical music curriculum, the educators themselves do not have such training and are not comfortable improvising and therefore teaching it. However, students can greatly benefit from this type of training by greatly enhancing their technique and performing skills and also by developing a set of other important skills such as creativity, calculated risk-taking, flexibility of mind, capacity to notice opportunities, greater awareness of their environment, intra- and interpersonal skills, enhanced communication abilities and more. One solution that would address teachers’ lack of improvisational skills and students’ need for such educational opportunity is for educators to learn basic visual programming in order to create applications for improvisation that involve live electronics and deploy them in classroom or other educational situations.

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Peculiarities of Online Lessons in Music and Movement Classes (I) / Particularități ale lecțiilor on-line la disciplina Muzică și mișcare (I)

Peculiarities of Online Lessons in Music and Movement Classes (I) / Particularități ale lecțiilor on-line la disciplina Muzică și mișcare (I)

Author(s): Lucian Ghişa,Dalia Ioana Ghisa / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: online learning; Music and Movement; school curriculum; primary education;

The present research aims to contribute to the optimization of online teaching regarding the Music and Movement subject. The Music and Movement class activities are aimed to facilitate the acquisition of important general skills, such as: learning children’s songs and simple elements of musical language, performing children’s songs, with age-specific means and in order to express ideas, feelings and experiences through music and movement, individually or in groups. We highlighted in this research the provisions of the curriculum, insisting on the competences that need to be acquired. In this regard, the curriculum expresses a series of contents with specific activities, which can be approached in the classroom according to each level of learning. The skills that students have to acquire in the Music and Movement class formed the basis of the concerns which emerged due to the pandemic situation (isolation at home), because at first the resources available were not known, as neither were the methods and means by which to achieve them, taking into account the fact that the transition from traditional classes to those in the online environment was sudden.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COSMOLOGICAL POLEMICS IN CONTRA MANICHAEOS BY JOHN OF DAMASCUS

PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COSMOLOGICAL POLEMICS IN CONTRA MANICHAEOS BY JOHN OF DAMASCUS

Author(s): Vladimir A. Baranov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: John of Damascus; Manichaeism; Aristotle; syllogistic proof; substance; contraries; Neoplatonic education;

This article analyzes the philosophical arguments used by John of Damascus against the Manichaean dualist cosmological system in his Dialogue contra Manichaeos, showing some parallels with his Dialectica, and revealing a common Aristotelian background. The philosophical argument in the Dialogue seems to be a practical application of philosophical doctrines formulated in the Dialectica. From a wider perspective of anti-Manichean polemics used in part for instructional purposes for students of philosophy and theology in Late Antiquity, the conclusion is made that the purpose of the Dialogue was aimed not so much against the Manichaean cosmogony and cosmology, but against the Manichaean theodicy which might have been attractive to some Christians of John’s times.

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Attitudes Supporting Proactive Employee Behaviour in the BSS Sector

Postawy wspierające podejmowanie zachowań proaktywnych przez pracowników przedsiębiorstw sektora BSS

Author(s): Anna Rogozińska-Pawełczyk,Agata Matuszewska-Kubicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: personal economics; proactive behaviour; work motivation; job satisfaction; psychological contract performance; modern business services sector (BSS)

Objective: The aim of the article is to identify the role of work motivation and job satisfaction in shaping the proactive behaviour of employees working in the Business Services Sector (BSS). Research Design & Methods: The results of qualitative research (20 individual in-depth interviews – IDI) conducted on a group of employees and superiors are presented. Findings: The aim of the research was to determine whether employee attitudes toward work motivation and job satisfaction can affect the proactive employee behaviour. The question was examined from the point of view of both employees and managers, making it possible to look at the problem from different perspectives and compare them. The narrative analysis carried out provides a subjective exemplification of the thematic threads representing the adoption of attitudes that support the occurrence of proactive behaviour. Implications / Recommendations: The article presents a theoretical approach to the issues of work motivation and job satisfaction as well as employee proactiveness with a particular focus on the BSS. Proactive actions taken by employees are influenced by various factors related to, among other things, the implementation of a psychological contract, which leads both groups to adapt specific attitudes and behaviours toward the contract in the form of work motivation and job satisfaction. Contribution: This research makes an important contribution to the literature on the formation of psychological contracts in organisations. This is because it points to the mechanisms shaping specific attitudes and proactive behaviours arising in the situation of psychological contract implementation. This study meets the challenges posed and is one of the few studies to look at psychological contracts in the BSS.

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An Assessment of the Usefulness of Training and the Transfer of Its Benefits among Bank Employees

Ocena przydatności szkoleń i transferu ich efektów na przykładzie banków

Author(s): Aldona Andrzejczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: training evaluation; transfer of training results; conditions of training transfer; measuring training transfer

Objective: To examine to what extent knowledge and skills acquired during workplace training (the level of training transfer) are used and the factors differentiating the level of training transfer at banks in Poland. Research Design & Methods: Classification trees were used to analyse data from 1,793 surveys of bank employees obtained as part of wider research. Findings: A high level of training transfer was found overall, though the level was higher in cooperative banks than in commercial ones. Among the remaining factors differentiating the level of transfer, the most important were: the department of work (front / back office), gender, seniority in banking and education type of education. Strong relationship was also found between the level of training transfer and the general assessment of its usefulness. Implications / Recommendations: Training at banks is widely available and highly effective, but a quarter of training participants do not change anything in their work when using it. Some employee groups stand out for effectively transferring their training results. Employees that are highly motivated to improve their competencies have a high level of transfer (women with a shorter period of service, employees without an education in economics / finance, and those employed in operating units). Contribution: The paper demonstrates that using the level of transfer measurement as a competitive method versus the Kirpatrick model is effective.

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The Prospects for Poland Joining the Euro Area in the Context of the Theory of Optimal Currency Areas and Convergence Criteria

Perspektywy przystąpienia Polski do strefy euro w kontekście teorii optymalnych obszarów walutowych oraz kryteriów konwergencji

Author(s): Paulina Pukin-Sowul / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: the euro area; theory of optimal currency areas; the convergence criteria; monetary integration

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the benefits and threats of introducing the euro in Poland in the context of the theory of optimal currency areas and convergence criteria. Research Design & Methods: A critical analysis of the literature on the subject, both Polish and foreign, as well as statistical analysis based on data from the World Bank, The European Commission, the Polish Central Statistical Office, the Eurostat and TradingEconomics.com were used. Findings: Currently, the euro area does not meet the theory OCA assumptions, and Poland does not meet the convergence criteria. Therefore, Poland cannot join the euro area. Moreover, joining the European Monetary Union may open the door to more threats than benefits. Implications / Recommendations: Poland, as a country with a derogation, is obliged to meet the convergence criteria and join the euro area, but it is not ready at present. However, Poland and the euro area together could eventually create an optimal currency area. Contribution: The results contribute to the debate on European monetary integration and the prospects for the introduction of the euro in Poland and may constitute a basis for further research.

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Communication Innovations Based on the Assumptions of Radical Democracy on the Example of the Indymedia Platform After Two Decades of Its Operation (1999–2019)

Innowacje komunikacyjne oparte na założeniach radykalnej demokracji na przykładzie platformy Indymedia po dwóch dekadach jej działania (1999–2019)

Author(s): Agnieszka Filipiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: Indymedia;alternative media;radical democracy;global justice movement;Web 2.0

Scientific objective: The aim of the paper is to analyze the communication possibilities discovered and practiced by the Indymedia platform, based on the solutions originally introduced by the Web in the Web 2.0 paradigm (including the formulas of “open publishing” and community information creation). The context for these considerations will be the assumptions of radical democracy. The main hypothesis is that the activists’ and Indymedia users’ use of the strategies and practices of radical direct democracy was effective for short-term and tactical actions, but failed when applied in long-term and strategic actions. Research methods: The article refers to the latest, mixed––methodological trends emerging in media studies focused on the analysis of digital media and Internet platforms, with a particular emphasis on desk research and the opportunities offered by the geography of the Internet. In-depth individual interviews (IDI) conducted by the author with Indymedia activists from the USA, Spain, and Brazil and the model of radical democracy proposed by the British researcher V. Pickard were used. The challenges for the Indymedia after two decades of its operation and the reasons for their transformation and erosion will allow me to develop a critical perspective on the concept of “networked social movements” by M. Castells. Results and conclusions: Practices of radical democracy in everyday activist and media work have highlighted the limitations of the assumptions of this type of democracy when carried out internationally and with a multi-actor perspective. The hypothesis posed in the introduction of the article thus remains positively verified. The development of networks was also blocked by different dynamics of the widespread digitalization of societies, which also significantly limited the universally accessible and equitable application of the practices of radical democracy - in the case of centers from the Global South, they became a solution only for a select group of digitally educated people equipped with adequate resources. This situation contradicts the fundamental idea of radical democracy, which is the total extension of equality and freedom of citizens by increasing their level of participation. Cognitive value: The analyses presented in the article provide knowledge about the pioneering use of the Internet in the Web 2.0 paradigm by the Indymedia platform long before the emergence of social media in the context of the assumptions of radical democracy. They also allow us to make predictions about the limits to radical democracy in more complex environments.

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“Inflamed with Higher Love…”: About the Christian Semantics of the Poem by A. A. Fet Sevastopol Bed of Honor

«Высшею пылали вы любовью…»: о христианской семантике стихотворения А. А. Фета «Севастопольское братское кладбище»

Author(s): Larisa I. Cheremisinova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: Fet; lyric poem; “Sevastopol Bed of Honor”; Crimean war; impression; memory; motif; death; patriotism; “higher love”;

The article provides an analysis of the poem by A. A. Fet Sevastopol Bed of Honor and considers the historical, literary and biographical context of this work. The creation of the poem is connected with Fet’s trip to the Crimea in September 1879 and his visit to the Sevastopol Bed of Honor. Crimean impressions were first conveyed in Fet’s prose (in the article Famusov and Molchalin. Something About Our Nobility (1885)). During the work on the book of memoirs My Memories (1887–1889), the poet’s Crimean impressions were “revived” and found a poetic manifestation in the poem Sevastopol Bed of Honor, dated June 10, 1887. They were initially published as a part of the third issue of Evening Lights. This poem holds a special place in Fet’s lyrics due to its great civic pathos, patriotic ideas, the expression of the Gospel sermon about love and the all-conquering belief that there are no dead for God. An ideal image of the defender of the fatherland is created and the feat of Russian weapons is glorified in Fet’s lyric work. The death motif is the central one Sevastopol Bed of Honor. However, in this work death is nothing like non-being or insignificance (as in the poems Insignificance, To death, Never), but, rather, life in eternity. The features of the poem’s rhythmic structure are analyzed. The most important verse in terms of meaning is emphasized by rhythmic and syntactic means. It is directly related to the Christian understanding of higher love, which is manifested in the willingness to give one’s own life for friends.

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The State of Emergency as a Constitutional Dictatorship and the Risks for the Rechtsstaat

Извънредното положение като конституционна диктатура и рисковете за правовата държава

Author(s): Atanas Slavov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 54/2021

Keywords: state of emergency; constitutional dictatorship; the rule of law; democracy; constitutional rights

This article analyzes the problems arising from recently declared state of emergency regimes related to the coronavirus crisis. The institutional context is that of Western democratic states, while the paradigm employed is that of constitutional dictatorship. Arguments focus on the transformation of the constitutional system from that of normality (liberal democracy) to that of a specific type of crisis government (constitutional dictatorship) characterized by emergency legislation and measures, excessive centralization and concentration of powers, limiting basic rights and weakening constitutional checks and balances (political responsibility and judicial review). More specific risks to democracy and the rule of law are critically assessed in the Bulgarian context of dealing with the emergency – absence of detailed legislative framework and standards for limiting constitutional rights, violation of necessity and proportionality principles, inconsistency and unpredictability of legislation and emergency measures, intensified administrative and criminal law sanctions, prolongation of constitutional state of emergency disguised as sanitary emergency situation. While achievements remain insecure and unpredictable under state of emergency, risks and threats to freedom, democracy and the rule of law are ever present.

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Senior Citizens as an Underresearched Age Group of Audiovisual Translation Users

Senior Citizens as an Underresearched Age Group of Audiovisual Translation Users

Author(s): Sonia Szkriba / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: senior citizens; audiovisual translation; media accessibility;

In recent years, approaches to audiovisual translation and media accessibility services have shifted from serving one group of viewers only towards a more universal design that takes into account a wider range of users. In line with that approach, some scholars point out, for example, that subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) or accessibility applications created with the blind and partially-sighted in mind could prove beneficial to senior citizens. This group of viewers is likely to experience age-related sensori-motor and cognitive decline, which may significantly influence their film-watching experience as well as their preference for an AVT method. As populations in many countries are aging, senior citizens might be considered an important part of potential cinema clientele. Unfortunately, since studies in AVT have concentrated on younger audiences, little is known about senior citizens’ specific preferences concerning audiovisual translation. The objective of this article is to briefly characterise senior citizens as recipients of audiovisual translation and discuss the possibilities for future studies on the subject.

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Among Friends: The Role of Friendship in Alternative Organizations

Among Friends: The Role of Friendship in Alternative Organizations

Author(s): Monika Kostera,Marta Szeluga-Romańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: communication; alternative organizing; social networks; economic sociology

Friendship, a mutual and profound relationship, permeates history of human culture and occurs in all social situations, including professional and informal human activities. In organizations, it devel­ops through processes of communication and generates a communication culture of kindness and support. Organizational friendship enhances work engagement and satisfaction, as well as helps to promote individual ends. This article investigates the more vital significance of friendship in alter­native organizations. Such organizations, operating at the margins of the currently dominant profit-oriented business model, offer a plethora of insights of possible structures and practices. Our ethno­graphic qualitative research shows the implications of workplace friendship as organizing principle. It helps to make organizations more humane, and redressed the moral imbalance, so prevalent in contemporary organizing and management. This has important implications for any kind of com­munication, creating social awareness around important themes related to management and organ­izations. Patterns of friendship are meaningful for organizing and organizations and their most vi­tal significance concerns the area of social communication.

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Presenting and perceiving humour in Estonian tourism settings

Presenting and perceiving humour in Estonian tourism settings

Author(s): Marit Piirman,Katrin Saks / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: tourism; perception of humour; sense of humour; customer service; Estonia;

Humour plays a significant role in everyday interactions. Individuals perceive humour differently and experience various emotions, from exaltation to umbrage. Therefore, providing humorous communication in customer service is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of humour in a tourism customer service context. In the first part of the study, representatives of Estonian tourism companies were asked their opinions about using humour in communication with their clients. They provided examples of the use of humour in customer service situations, which were then evaluated by potential tourists in the second part of the study. The results of the evaluation were analysed in relation to the respondents’ sense of humour. The findings were discussed in line with the four implicatures of humour.

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