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Specific Workload of Teachers while Conducting Distance Learning – Definition and Reporting Models in Some Bulgarian Universities

Специфична натовареност на преподавателите в дистанционна форма на обучение – същност и модели за отчитане в някои български университети

Author(s): Stoynka Lazarova,Lachezar Lazarov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2021

Keywords: distance learning

In the following article a comparative analysis is made between the reporting models on the specific workload of university teachers. The main aim of this article is to outline the most efficient methods and consequently to make a step towards suggesting a universal method, which is to support universities when it comes to fulfilling NAOA’s criteria. This is expected to create an environment for increasing the motivation and commitment of teachers to design and build better quality e-learning courses

Between Differentiation and (Dis)Integration – Theoretical Explanations of a Post-Brexit European Union

Between Differentiation and (Dis)Integration – Theoretical Explanations of a Post-Brexit European Union

Author(s): Rafał Riedel,Carl Philipp Gierlich / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Theorising; European Union; Disintegration; Differentiation; Post Brexit;

The authors of this paper provide a critical analysis of the most prominent theoretical vehicles employed in studying differentiated integration in contemporary, post-Brexit Europe. They discuss the descriptive, explanatory, and interpretative potential of the selected theoretical approaches that are applied at the intersection of disintegration and European differentiation discourse. “The holy grail” of the the orising of the dynamic (and accelerating) processes of (dis)integration and differentiation remains undiscovered. Nevertheless, a constant search for theoretical explanation is needed in the in-depth analyses of the current state of the European Union.

Health Expectations and Customer Satisfaction Bolu Example in Thermal Tourism Enterprises

Termal Turizm İşletmelerinde Sağlık Beklentileri ve Müşteri Memnuniyeti: Bolu Örneği

Author(s): Hakkı Çilginoğlu,Sercan Aytuğar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Thermal Tourism; Health Tourism; Customer Satisfaction; Customer Expectations;

As a result of the quality of products and services offered by enterprises today, customer satisfaction is formed. Businesses that ensure customer satisfaction can win customer loyalty and adapt to competition in the market. The aim of the study is to measure the expectations and satisfaction of customers who come to thermal tourism enterprises in Bolu province. As a result of examining the data obtained, it is believed that the customers will determine their perceived satisfaction and provide a solution by identifying the shortcomings of thermal tourism enterprises in this direction. In the study, quantitative methods were applied to survey techniques. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 22. The average degree of importance was found to be high, while the average degree of satisfaction remained below the specified degree of importance. As a result, it was determined that the average customer satisfaction of the thermal tourism facilities of Bolu province, which has high geothermal potential, is moderately satisfied.

A New Actor in the Stage of Capitalism: Social Enterprises

Kapitalizm Sahnesinde Yeni Bir Aktör: Sosyal Girişimler

Author(s): Güneş Kurtuluş,Mustafa İnci / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Foucault; Kitap Koala; Power Analysis; Social Economy; Social Enterprise;

With the left of welfare state practices in many countries, the duty of meeting the needs of the society was handed over to the initiative of neoliberal policies. On the other hand, those who defend that there can be an alternative outside the public and private sectors are organized under the name of social economy. Although they are called as a third sector, most of the social economy organizations do not have exactly independence from the state and the market. One of the most tangible examples of this is social enterprises. The main feature of social enterprises; is making social and environmental issues a priority. In other words, social enterprises assert that they differentiate themselves from other enterprises by emphasizing that profit maximization is not their main goal. However, the concept causes some uncertainties both in itself and in terms of functioning. The main purpose of the study is to present a critical perspective that social enterprises do not really represent an alternative to the market. In this context, firstly, the relationship of social enterprises with the public sector has been handled within the framework of Foucault's power analysis. Based on the “Kitap Koala” interview in the method section and the findings obtained from other sources were analyzed by descriptive analysis. The distance of social enterprises to the private sector has been evaluated through this analysis.

Content Analysis of Gastronomy Museums' Website in Turkey

Türkiye’deki Gastronomi Müzelerinin Web Sitelerinin İçerik Analizi

Author(s): Barış Demırcı / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Gastronomy; Gastronomy Museums; Website; Content Analysis;

The aim of this study is to investigate gastronomy museums' websites in Turkey in terms of various variables. Research population consisted of all gastronomy museums in Turkey. 27gastronomy museums have been evaluated and 21 gastronomy museums which have websites have been examined. Content analysis was used through the website evaluation form. While the websites contain a lot of information in terms of promotion, the information regarding the promotion of the destination is limited. While the communication channels are included within the scope of customer communication, the rate of social media accounts on the website is low. In addition, it has been concluded that the websites of gastronomy museums are insufficient in terms of media relations, corporate identity and design. Gastronomy museums, which are considered as part of gastronomic events, are an important attraction for destinations. As the tourists examine the websites before visiting gastronomy museums, it is recommended that thegastronomy museums make their websites more effective and manage them.

Handling of Problems in English Listening Activities with Pre-listening Language Learning Strategies

İngilizce Dinleme Etkinliklerinde Yaşanan Sorunların Dinleme Öncesi Dil Öğrenme Stratejileri ile Ele Alınması

Author(s): Emine Akkaş Baysal,Gürbüz Ocak / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: Pre-listening preparation; listening skills; strategies;

For individuals learning a language, listening is the most difficult skill to acquire among four language skills (listening, reading, speaking, writing). In this study, it is aimed to eliminate the problems that the students in the 9th grade of Anatolian High School students face in their English listening skills by teaching them how to use pre-listening language learning strategies. The research has been handled with the action research method. The study group of the study consists of 34 high school students in Afyonkarahisar city center in 2018-2019 academic year. The research data were collected with semi-structured interview form, observation form and researcher-practitioner diaries. Descriptive analysis was used for data analysis. The data obtained from interview and observation forms and diaries indicate that the students who started to use pre-listening language learning strategies started their listening activities in a much more motivated way and that this motivation positively affected the listening process and post-listening activities. In addition, it was observed that the students who performed the listening activity using pre-listening strategies were doing the activities much more accurately because they knew better what to do during listening.

TAXATION AND TRANSPORTATION: GRANGER CAUSALITY APPROACH IN NIGERIA

TAXATION AND TRANSPORTATION: GRANGER CAUSALITY APPROACH IN NIGERIA

Author(s): Adegbite Tajudeen Adejare / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: Transportation; Granger Causality; Taxation; VAR; Dickey-Fuller Test;

This study gauges taxation's effect on transportation from 1981 to 2019 in Nigeria. This study further assesses the bearing of causality among Transportation, Corporate tax, Petroleum profit tax, Value added tax and Custom and Excise duties. Analytical tools such as VECM, Johanson Test for Cointegration, Vector Autoregression and granger causality Wald (GCW) test are adopted for analysis. Diagnosis tests such as the Lagrange-multiplier test, Jarque-Bera test and Eigenvalue stability condition are carried out to examine autocorrelation, stability and normality tests respectively. Outcomes divulge that corporate tax has a positive short-run and long-run influence on transportation. Petroleum profit tax, Value added tax and Custom and Excise duties also impact transportation positively and significantly both in the long run and short run as deduced from empirical analysis. This reveals that all the components of taxation observed influence transportation positively both in the long run and short run in Nigeria. Conclusively, taxation impacts transportation positively and significantly both in the short run and long run. This translates that taxation income has been utilized effectively to upsurge transportation in Nigeria. It predicts that transportation will perform excellently in terms of economic development and employment generation if taxable income is properly monitored and utilized effectively.

A REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL SHOCKS ON MONETARY POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN NON-WAEMU COUNTRIES

A REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL SHOCKS ON MONETARY POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN NON-WAEMU COUNTRIES

Author(s): Kordzo Sedegah,Nicholaus M. Odhiambo / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: external shocks; monetary policy; monetary aggregate targeting; non-WAEMU countries;

In this paper, the extant literature on the impact of external shocks on monetary policy effectiveness with reference to non-WAEMU countries is reviewed. The importance of this literature review is to provide contemporary perspectives to scholars and policymakers on the relevance of the incidence of external shocks to the effectiveness of monetary policy with reference to non-WAEMU countries. The literature reviewed in this study shows that, on the whole, the extent and the degree to which external shocks are transmitted to the domestic economy substantially depend on a plethora of features, namely the absence of exchange rate flexibility; a strong export concentration, especially with respect to commodities; the level of global economic integration; restricted capacities of production; the absence of competitiveness in exports; over-reliance on foreign aid; foreign reserves that are not adequate and capital account openness.

ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF CHANGES IN IFRSs ON CONVERGENCE OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS IN WORLD

ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF CHANGES IN IFRSs ON CONVERGENCE OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS IN WORLD

Author(s): Liudmila Shkulipa / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: IFRS; GAAP; US; financial reporting; national accounting rules; comparative analysis; EU; standards;

The article examines the impact of updated IFRS on the current convergence of national accounting and reporting rules in Japan, the USA, China, France, Germany, the UK, and Ukraine based on a theoretical analysis of 59 rules and concepts of IFRS. The new differences between the updated IFRS and GAAP of these countries based on the comparative analysis were revealed. The results of the study show currently Ukraine (51%) and the United Kingdom (47%) are the most convergent with IFRS, although their degree of convergence has decreased significantly after recent innovations in IFRS; a new question arises for the UK after Brexit regarding the further application of IFRS; countries with strong national accounting traditions continue to avoid rapid changes in their GAAP; 4) the increase in the convergence of GAAP Japan with IFRS will not be possible shortly. The conclusion states that the main obstacle in the convergent process GAAP and IFRS is that: 1) IFRS are changing based on GAAP USA, rather than vice versa; 2) IFRS do not belong to the "stable to change standards", so users have a certain distrust of the declared high quality of IFRS. The study results add significant novelty to scientific and practical research on the impact of frequent changes in IFRS both locally and internationally.

An Investigation on Children’s Magazines

Çocuk Dergileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Derya Yıldız,Şura Karaca / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: Children’s literature; children’s magazines; internal and external structure elements;

Children’s books and children’s magazines are used to develop emotions, thoughts and imaginary worlds of children. Children’s magazines are periodical publications including written and visual texts according to interests and needs of children to support developmental stages of children. Stylistic and content factors of children’s magazines appealing to children must be included within the principle of suitability for children. In this study, external structure elements including size, paper, page layout, typesetting, pictures and cover, and internal structure elements including chapters, texts, activities, themes, language and style of the magazines of “Araştırmacı Çocuk”, “Bilge Çocuk”, “Kafa Çocuk ve Bilim” and “Mavi Kırlangıç” were studied through the document review method.

Quarter Century of Social Exchange Theory in Tourism Researches

Turizm Araştırmalarında Sosyal Değişim Teorisi’nin Çeyrek Yüzyılı

Author(s): Merve DOĞAN,Seda SÖKMEN / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Theory; Concept; Social Exchange Theory; Content Analysis; Bibliometric Analysis;

Theories summarize and regulate the knowledge about social behavior and conceptual frameworks thus, theories are indicative of scientific legitimacy for tourism studies. The current study focuses on the importance of theoretical awareness in tourism research. In this regard it is emphasized by means of the Social Exchange Theory that theories are phenomena which could change and transform in time. Therefore, in the current study, it is aimed to reveal the course of the Social Exchange Theory, which is widely used, supported and also criticized in context of tourism in the last quarter century. To that end, 137 articles which were published in Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management and Journal of Travel Research, were examined through bibliometric analysis and content analysis. According to the findings, the usage of Social Exchange Theory has increased significantly in the last five years. Meanwhile, the current theory constituted the theoretical base solitarily in the earlier tourism studies. However, it was supported by other theories so as to complete the missing or weak aspects in scientificexplanation by the time of progress.

Factors Affecting Academics’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs for Oral Communication in a Foreign Language

Factors Affecting Academics’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs for Oral Communication in a Foreign Language

Author(s): Ömer Özer,N. Bilge Uzun,Özler Çakır / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: Self-efficacy; academics; oral communication in a foreign language;

The use of a foreign language in knowledge production and dissemination is crucially important to academics. Despite this, academics’ self-efficacy belief in their foreign-language oral production is under-researched with little data available for cross-cultural comparisons. This study therefore examined faculty members’ self-efficacy beliefs for foreign-language oral communication by several background variables. A correlational research method was employed: a diverse sample of faculty members completed an online or paper questionnaire assessing their self-efficacy in foreign-language oral communication. The results revealed no significant differences for the gender, age or work experience of the respondents. It was found that faculty members obtained significantly higher scores on the duration of their foreign-language study, previous experience in teaching in a foreign language, experience of living abroad and academic rank. On the whole, the results suggest that there is a significant association between formal and informal foreign-language experience and self-efficacy.

Application of Paleo Diet in Enterprises, the Example of the Pastry Kitchen in a Hotel Business

Paleo Diyetinin İşletmelerde Uygulanması, Bir Otel İşletmesinin Pastane Mutfağı Örneği

Author(s): Berkay SEÇUK,Yılmaz Seçim / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 03/2020

Keywords: Gastronomy; Paleo; Paleo Diet; Pastry Kitchen;

While the development of tourism enterprises, it is inevitable to create different types of kitchen and buffet. One of the innovative buffet types created recently is the buffet created with Paleo diet products. Paleo diet, in its simplest form means that the food is produced and consumed without supplements. The objective of this research is to evaluate the Paleo diet practices in tourism enterprises in terms of innovation and creativity. At the same time, it aims to fill the gap in the national literature on the Paleo diet practices in tourism and to enable enterprises to add the Paleo diet to their menus. The interviewees were selected among those who experienced the Paleo diet. As for the research model, the methods of collecting qualitative data and the method of semi-structured interviews were used. The findings have shown that the Paleo diet is applicable in tourism businesses, it is a healthy diet, natural and unprocessed materials are used and it attracts the attention of the guests in the business where the application is made. It also has been determined that the kitchen staff working in the business improved themselves by doing innovative studies while applying the Paleo diet.

The Institutionalization Problems of Family Businesses In The Tourism Sector: The Case of Kocaeli

Turizm Sektöründe Aile İşletmelerinin Kurumsallaşma Sorunları: Kocaeli Örneği

Author(s): Gülçin Özbay,Koray Yunus Ellidört / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 03/2020

Keywords: Family Business; Institutionalization; Institutionalization Problems;

Family businesses take an important place in the labor-intensive tourism sector as well as in all sectors. In this context, the behavior of family members in the business and the prevailing managerial approach should be examined. The aim of the research is to identify the institutionalization problems of family businesses operating in the tourism sector. Semi-structured interviews were held with the managers of family businesses operating in the tourism sector in Kocaeli and descriptive analysis was carried out. In interviews with a total of 25 participants, it is stated that more than half of the businesses do not have a institutional identity. According to the results of the research, institutionalization problems of family businesses serving in tourism sector can be listed as; making impulsive decisions by executives who take the position of senior management in the business, making strategic decisions concerning the business by the business owner, verbal communication of decisions taken by family members, non-family managers have no influence on decisions, difficulties in implementing decisions due to different views of family members, not being able to quickly report decisions made by family members to unrelated managers and employees.

Evaluation of Satisfaction Levels of Faruk Yalçın Zoo and Botanic Park Visitors

Faruk Yalçın Hayvanat Bahçesi ve Botanik Parkı Ziyaretçilerinin Memnuniyet Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Melih KABADAYI,Mehmet Sarıışık / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 03/2020

Keywords: Faruk Yalcın Zoo and Botanic Park; Importance-Performance Analysis; Customer satisfaction; Kocaeli;

Although the zoo is not a profit-oriented business, the animals in their structure need a certain income to sustain their lives healthily. The income needed is also obtained from visitors intensively. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on increasing revenue by creating more demand through the determination and improvement of the elements that affect visitor satisfaction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the satisfaction levels of visitors of Faruk Yalçın's Zoo and Botanic Park through importance-performance analysis. In this respect, the data were collected from 393 people using quantitative research methods. The results show that performance scores are lower than their important scores. It is observed that the features that do not perform the desired performance despite the evaluations of the visitors as of high importance are generally related to the possibilities of the animals. Visitors' characteristics such as the suitability of the observation route, the understanding of the signs, the diversity of species, the landscape, the transportation to the zoo and the size of the zoo were determined to be satisfied.

The Effect of Individuals' Perception of Aging on Healthcare Use

Bireylerin Yaşlılık Algısının Sağlık Hizmeti Kullanımına Etkisi

Author(s): Rabia Fettahoğlu,Ramazan Erdem / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 04/2020

Keywords: Old Age; Aging Perception; Health Service Use; Modern Time;

As a result of the developments in the science and technology of Western countries in the modern world, social changes have occurred and human life has been prolonged. The consequences of modernization such as urbanization, migration, the active role of women in business life and the transition to the nuclear family structure have caused changes in the perception of old age. In this study, individuals' perception of aging and healthcare use and the effect between them were examined. In the study, a questionnaire was applied to a sample group of 500 people. The European Aging Attitude Scale (AAQ), adapted to Turkish by Eser and others, was used to measure the perception of aging. Individuals old age; more family physicians and clinical services are used as it is perceived as a period of losses. As a result, the participants; As he perceived old age as a time when certain abilities were lost, he used more polyclinics, family physicians and clinical health services. In addition, as the participants perceived old age as an experience and an example, they applied less to the private physician.

A Descriptive Study on the Work Alienation Literature in Turkey

Türkiye’de İşe Yabancılaşma (Work alienation) Literatürüne İlişkin Betimsel Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Emre Oruç / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 04/2020

Keywords: Work alienation; Organizational behavior; Content analysis;

There has been a great amount of international research body on work alienation, the studies on work alienation have increased over the years in Turkey. This study aims to elaborate on the concept of work alienation using the articles, theses and dissertations between the years of 2009-2019 in Turkey. 67 articles and 61 postgraduate theses were examined in detail in terms of methodology and conceptional framework. Results show that the majority of the studies on work alienation used empirical research and quantitative methods, and Work alienation scales by Hirschfeld & Field (2000) and (Mottaz, 1981) to collect data. Additionally, the most preferred sample groups were teachers, hotel employees, employees in various private sector companies and healthcare workers. Lastly, correlation analysis, regression, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyse data. Based on the results, it is recommended that qualitative and mixed designs can be used to examine work alienation in detail.

The influence of internal service quality and employee satisfaction on organizational commitment in travel agencies: The case of Serbia

The influence of internal service quality and employee satisfaction on organizational commitment in travel agencies: The case of Serbia

Author(s): Goran Perić,Sandra Dramićanin,Nebojsa Pavlovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: internal service quality; employee satisfaction; organizational commitment

The aim of the research is to observe the influence of internal service quality and employee satisfaction on organizational commitment of employees in travel agencies. A sample of 150 respondents employed in travel agencies in Serbia was surveyed in April 2020, using the questionnaire technique and validated instruments: a modified SERVQAL model, Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). The influence of internal service quality and employee satisfaction on organizational commitment in travel agencies was tested using multiple regression. Research findings have indicated that the increase in internal service quality and employee satisfaction is accompanied by an increase in organizational commitment of employees in travel agencies. Finally, the results, implications and limitations are presented, and future research recommendations are specified.

How do residents assess the social impact of tourism?

How do residents assess the social impact of tourism?

Author(s): Srđan Milošević,Dušan Perić,Iva Škrbić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Tourism plays an important role in the economic and cultural development of society, producing many positive and negative effects. This study aimed to (a) assess the impact of tourism on modern life in Montenegro based on the attitudes of residents and (b) standardize instrument (questionnaire) for assessing these impacts. The sample formed by 521 adults from three different tourist regions (coastal, continental, mountainous). The questionnaire has high validity and reliability. Two components (two independent scales) have been extracted – the negative and positive social impact of tourism. It was found that the increase in positive impacts is followed by an increase in negative effects too. Type of the region, level of municipal development and engagement of respondents in tourism influence significantly the differences between attitudes of examinees. Those who live by tourism most respect its importance for local development.

The alternative theatre as a player in the background, or how the Polish independent scene functions in the organizational shadow of the institutional theatre

Teatr alternatywny mistrzem drugiego planu, czyli jak polska scena niezależna funkcjonuje w cieniu organizacyjnym teatru instytucjonalnego

Author(s): Magdalena Grenda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 163-164/2021

Keywords: alternative theatre; relationship between institutional and off theatre; marginalization of independent theatre; financing and promotion of alternative theatre

The article discusses and analyzes the model of operation and promotion of contemporary independent theatre companies (including their financing and organizational status), whose specifics places the alternative theatre in the background in relation to the institutional/dominant theatre. However, the main objective of the article is not to compare the repertory theatre with the off theatre, but to identify the obstacles and dangers to the alternative theatre today and the prospects for its development. The analysis is conducted in the spirit of cultural studies and aims to initiate a discussion of the financing and promotion of off theatres, an issue that is rarely the subject of detailed examinations or scientific studies. The result may be a marginalization and even disregard of the phenomenon in question, which plays an important role in Polish theatrical life.