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Die griechische Amphoren in der Poieneşti-Lucaşeuca-Kultur

Amfore greceşti descoperite în mediul culturii Poieneşti-Lucaşeuca

Author(s): Vasile Iarmulschi / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: Poieneşti-Lucaşeuca culture; Greek amphorae

In dem Gebiet der Poieneşti-Lucaşeuca-Kultur sind hellenistiche Amphoren die wichtigsten lmportfunde. In die¬sem Raum wurden hellenistiche Importfunde in 35 Siedlungen gefunden. In den Siedlungen, welche durch syste¬matische Ausgrabungen studiert wurden, sind griechische Amphoren mit circa 5% bei der Keramik vertreten. Die hellenistiche Produktion tritt in diesem Gebiet ab dem ersten Viertel des 2. Jhr.v. Chr.auf. Die meisten Amphoren datieren aber in das zweiten Viertel dieses Jahrhunderts.

Zur Typologie und Entwicklung der Befestigungsanlagen östlich der Karpatengebirge im 12./11.-3. Jh. v. Chr.

Tipologia şi evoluţia construcţiilor defensive din spaţiul est-carpatic în secolele XII/XI-III a. Chr.

Author(s): Aurel Zanoci / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: East-Carpathian space; defensive constructions; typology

Geographischer Rahmen. Wie bereits aus dem Titel zu entnehmen ist, befasst sich der Autor mit den Befunden aus einem geographischen Raum, dessen Grenzen wie folgt zu definieren sind: im Westen und Osten das östliche Karpatengebirge bzw. der Fluss Dnjestr; im Norden und Süden der Prut-Oberlauf bzw. die nordwestliche Küste des Schwarzen Meeres. Aus der heutigen politisch-admistrativen Sicht handelt es sich um den östlichen Teil Rumäniens, die Republik Moldau und Teile der Ukraine.Chronologischer Rahmen. Der zeitliche Beginn der Untersuchung, nämlich das 12./11. Jh. v. Chr., steht in Zusammenhang mit dem ersten Auftreten von für frühhallstattzeitliche Kulturen spezifischen Befestigungsanlagen in diesem Raum. Als Endpunkt gilt generell das Verlassen oder die Zerstörung dieser Wehrsysteme am Ende des 3. Jhs. v. Chr., die zum größten Teil auf die Expansion der germanischen Stämme der Bastarnen zurückzuführen sind.Fundsituation. Bisher sind in unserem Untersuchungsraum durch archäologische Ausgrabungen oder Bodenforschungen etwa 26 Befestigungen (Karte 1) aus 12./11. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. bekannt geworden, jedoch wurden nur bei acht von ihnen die vorhandenen Fortifikationen systematisch erforscht (Diagramm 1; Tafel 1). Für das 7./6. - 3. Jh. v. Chr. sind 115 Befestigungen (Karte 2) aufgenommen worden, wobei nur in 24 Fällen die Wehranlagen untersucht worden sind (Diagramm 2; Tafel 2). Trotz dieses zugegebenermaßen nicht ganz befriedigenden Forschungsstandes verfügen wir bereits in dieser Phase der Untersuchung über eine erste Vorstellung von Verteidigungsanlagen in diesem Gebiet.Typologie der Wehrmauern. Die Befestigungen aus dem genannten Arbeitsraum wurden an in mancherlei Hinsicht strategisch gut gelegenen Orten errichtet. Die Geländesporne, auf denen sie gegründet wurden, stellen eine Lage dar, die nicht nur schwer zugänglich war, sondern auch die umliegenden Gebiete dominierte und eine sehr gute Sicht ermöglichte. Die Nähe von Ressourcen, Land- und Wasserhandelswegen spielte dabei ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle. Oftmals sind diese Stellen durch schmale und sehr tiefe Gräben, Schluchten und Flusstäler umgeben oder abgetrennt. Die günstige geographische Lage alleine reichte jedoch nicht aus, um die volle Sicherheit einer Siedlung zu leisten, und machte die Errichtung zusätzlicher Verteidigungslinien notwendig. Die vor Ort vorhandenen Baumaterialien (Stein, Holz, Erde, Lehm u.a.) bestimmten ihrerseits die architektonisch-technologische Bauweise der künstlichen Wehrsysteme.Bekanntermaßen haben sich mit der Zeit in der Forschungsliteratur einige Begriffe wie etwa Wall, Mauer oder Pfahlwerk etc. etabliert, die traditionell für die Bezeichnung der Elemente eines Wehrsystems verwendet werden. Die jüngsten archäologischen Untersuchungen heben jedoch einige bautechnische Besonderheiten hervor, die die Verwendung der Begriffe Wall in Frage stellen. In der Tat handelt es sich dabei um Mauerwerk, das aus unterschiedlichsten Baumaterialien errichtet wurde. Ausgehend vom verwendeten Baumaterial kann man zurzeit mehrere Typen von Wehrmauern unterscheiden.

Funerary practices in the Early Iron Age site of Saharna-Dealul Mănăstirii

Practici funerare în situl din prima epocă a fierului de la Saharna-Dealul Mănăstirii

Author(s): Ion Niculiţă,Andrei Nicic / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Early Iron Age; Saharna-Dealul Mănăstirii; funerary practices

In the course of archaeological investigations in the open settlement of the Saharna-Dealul Mănăstirii there were found several archaeological complexes of burial nature. One of these complexes representing a pit with bones (Complex 32, Pit 24) was investigated in 2010. At the bottom of the pear-shaped pit there was found a human skeleton, laid on its right side, his head oriented to the west / southwest, the legs bent at the right angle to the center of the pit. At the bottom there were also found 12 pillar pits, 8 along the outer perimeter and 4 in the center, which presumably were the basis of a wooden cone-shaped dome frame, erected over the dead.Analysis of this complex allows us to suggest that the type of items discovered on the settlement reflects some funeral rites dating back to the 10th - 8th centuries BC and widespread both in the Lower Danube (Babadag culture, phase I-III), in most cases (fig. 8), and in the Upper Dniester Area (Neporotovo-Dubova).

Monetary Finds from Moldavia. VII

DESCOPERIRI MONETARE DIN MOLDOVA. VII

Author(s): Lucian Munteanu,Sever Petru Boţan,Aurora-Emilia Apostu / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: coin finds; Moldova; Museum of Vrancea; Roman coins

We continue the regular publishing of the coins found in Moldova, by presenting several recently found ancient coins from the collection of the Museum in Vrancea (Focșani). The coins were discovered in the following locations: I. Cândești (Dumbrăveni commune, Vrancea county) (2 AR Dyrrhachium, 1st century BC); II.Focșani (Vrancea county) (hoard; recovered 31 AR, dated from Elagabalus to Volusianus); III. Olăreni(Slobozia Bradului commune, Vrancea county) (hoard; recovered 6 AR, dated from Marcus Antonius to MarcusAurelius and 1 AE – Constantinopolis type); IV. Repedea (Străoane commune, Vrancea county) (hoard; recovered 4 AR, dated from M. Papirius Carbo to Ulpia Severina). In regards to the last two hoards, we have serious doubts that the most recent coins (Cat. III/7 and IV/4) actually belong to the initial findings.

Poieneşti-Lucaseuca culture: a brief retrospective historiographical interpretations ethnoarchaeological

Cultura Poieneşti-Lucaşeuca: o succintă retrospectivă istoriografică a interpretărilor etnoarheologice

Author(s): Octavian Munteanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Keywords: archaeological culture;romania;moldova;

The subject developed here below concerns the populations that lived in the Carpatho-Dnestrian forest-steppe in the last two centuries of the pre-Christian era and that are archaeologically identified with the bearers of the Poienesti-Lucaseuca culture. Although studied for more than half a century, a number of contradictions persist today regarding the interpretation of certain elements. Most of them concern the ethnic composition of those populations. The lines bellow will mainly insist on the evolution of this aspect in the historiography, by delimiting the main assumptions emerged along the years and the arguments existing for each of them.

CULT OF VIOLENCE IN THE PRACTICE OF POWER. LEGIONARY AROMANIANS AND THE NEW STATE “MODEL” (1940-1944)

CULTUL VIOLENŢEI ÎN PRACTICA PUTERII. AROMÂNII LEGIONARI ŞI NOUL „MODEL” DE STAT (1940-1944)

Author(s): Ionuţ Nistor / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: Supl.2/2014

Keywords: Aromanians; legionnaires; violence;ideology;

Having come to power in September 1940 − amidst the political crisis − the Iron Guard, in alliance with Ion Antonescu and his collaborators, has instituted a regime in which the power duality has generated both institutional and personal conflicts, and has stressed further the exceptional condition caused by the war context. Without being a distinct structure, based on the model of the Fraternities of the Cross, of the Legionary Workers’ Corps or the Legionary Students Corps, the group of Aromanians played an important role in the institutionalization of violence and in the increase of power nuclei in the state. Part of the Iron Guard as far back as the ’30s, the Aromanians have taken advantage of political opportunities, personal ties and of the “benefits” of belonging to a closed group in order to ascend rapidly in the social and economic hierarchy between September 1940 and January 1941. With the support of Constantin Papanace, they have become a group of force within the Iron Guard, being influential within ministries, enterprises, banks; they have determined, up to a certain point, Romania’s political and diplomatic strategy in its relations with Greece and with the Balkans in general. Albeit with slight differences, they have constantly expressed their support for the project of an independent Macedonia under Italian tutelage, that would provide their own home warranty. Then, they have had a tortuous relationship with the Romanian State and with Antonescu’s government. Some were willing to return to Macedonia, while others had projects of staying on in the country, continuing the struggle to take over the power, and, after the “rebellion”, the collaboration with Ion Antonescu transformed into a game of harassment. Neither politically, ideologically or economically did they represent a homogeneous group, but they did know how to maintain a coherent and articulate appearance in what concerns major problems, of common interest.

ON METAL WORKING IN GETIC DAVA FROM RADOVANU-GORGANA A DOUA, ROMANIA

ZUR METALLVERARBEITUNG IN DER GETISCHEN DAVA VON RADOVANU-GORGANA A DOUA, RUMÄNIEN

Author(s): Done Şerbănescu,Christian Schuster,Alexandru Morintz / Language(s): English,German / Issue: 21/2016

In order to illustrate the importance of the Dava from Radovanu-Gorgana a Doua as a production centre, evidence is presented for the existence of some metallurgical workshops. Massive items made of iron were not produced inside the settlement. They must have been created in the civilian settlement on the terrace behind the Dava, on that spot there were adornments made of bronze and silver. In this sense, a metal-working workshop with two open hearths could be mentioned. Near the fire installation the inventory of a jeweller has been found, comprising a bronze stamp with a relief at one end, rendering, as a positive, the image of the goddess Athena Parthenos, a dorn, a chisel with a crescent-shaped blade in its cross-section, another chisel with a rectangular active edge, both being used for modelling and decorating metal objects. Besides these fine tools for metal work, some other artefacts have been discovered: crucibles for metal casting, a valve of a stone mould, a silver coin-shaped tablet with slight impressions, a bronze bracelet with overlapping ends, small pieces of bronze, a sheet made of the same metal and two oval clay stands. In two neighbouring pits, Nos. 33 and 34, a lot of ashes and slag has been found, as well as broken crucibles, which, due to their intense use, had been strongly burnt, up to their deformation, a clay mould with two forms for casting bars, burnt until they became vitrified, and another one with a single form, but also bronze debris consisting of small lumps and bronze sheets remaining after the metal processing.

Aspects concerning the Economic and Commercial Conditions that favoured the Appearance and the Development of the Monetary Workshops in the West–Pontic Towns from Dobruja, during the Autonomous Period

Aspecte privind condiţiile economico-comerciale favorabile apariţiei şi dezvoltării atelierelor monetare în cadrul oraşelor Vest-Pontice Dobrogene în perioada autonomă

Author(s): Gabriel Mircea Talmaţchi / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2006

The monetary workshops of the Greek West – Pontic fortresses of Histria, Tomis and Callatis began to issue currency when they reached the adequate economic, commercial, political and military development, all these being conditions for initiating this activity of major importance. At the moment they were fulfilled, the authorities acquired the freedom of monetary expression. The appearance of the currency in the Greek towns of Dobruja was very beneficent for the native population, since it began to know the use of currency and its value. Nevertheless, at times, the local population preferred only the hoarding. The issue of currency was a thing specific to the Greek world; through its monetary emissions, the Pontic area got fully included in the sphere of the Hellenistic civilization, in spite of its peripheral location.

Betrachtungen über die Vermittler der Handels- und Austauschbeziehungen zwischen der griechischen Welt und Einheimischen des nordwestlichen Pontos-Raumes auf der Grundlage archäologischer und schriftlicher Quellen des 7.-5. Jh. v. Chr.

Consideraţii cu privire la mediatorii relaţiilor comerciale şi de schimb dintre lumea greacă şi localnicii din nord-vestul Pontului Euxin pe baza izvoarelor arheologice şi scrise din secolele VII-V a. Chr.

Author(s): Valeriu Banaru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2009

Keywords: North-Western Black Sea region; Greeks world; trade relations; archaeological sources; written sources

Ganz allgemein stehen im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung die Handels- und Austauschbeziehungen zwischen Griechen und Barbaren, dessen Bedeutung als Mittel und Weg des griechisch-barbarischen Kulturtransfers unumstritten ist. Da eine eingehende Erörterung dieses komplexen Fragenkreises vielerlei zu berücksichtigen hat - die verhandelten Produkte, Handelsrouten, Transportsysteme, Handels-, Austausch- und Distributionsformen, Handelsäquivalente, -partnerschaften und -unternehmer, etc. -, wird hier nur auf den zuletzt erwähnten Aspekt eingegangen. Ausgehend von der vorhandenen Quellenbasis und dem bisherigen Stand der Forschung versucht der Verfasser, durch eine eingehende Betrachtung der wichtigsten Quellen das gesamte Bild der Träger des griechisch-barbarischen Handels im nordwestlichen Gebiet des Pontos Euxeinos herauszuarbeiten. Es ist bekannt, dass die Handels- und Tauschbeziehungen zwischen den Griechen und Barbaren in diesem Küstenteil des Schwarzen Meeres in den schriftlichen Quellen nur beschränkt erwähnt wurden, daher nehmen die griechischen Importe bei der Erörterung dieser Frage eine besondere Stellung ein. Dennoch, die Präsenz einer fremden Ware kann zwar anzeigen, dass der Produzent in seiner Heimat Unternehmer war, setzt aber keineswegs voraus, dass er selbst sie bis zum Endabnehmer brachte. Mit Rücksicht auf diese Tatsache unternimmt der Verfasser hier den Versuch, die wichtigsten archäologischen Quellen aus dem Arbeitsgebiet, nämlich Transportamphoren, Luxus-, Gebrauchskeramik sowie Münzen mit den literarischen und epigraphischen Angaben zu verknüpfen, um dem Kreis der einst wirkenden Naukleroi und Emporoi nachzuspüren. In Bezug darauf wird auch versucht, die Frage zu klären, inwieweit sich die Ethnika der Namensträger mit der Verbreitung der Importwaren und Münzen ihrer Städte geographisch verknüpfen lässt. Schließlich wird die Frage nach den Einheimischen als Vermittler des Handels erörtert.

Some changes in the chronology of the Rhodos amphorae seals discovered in the barbarian surroundings of the Northwestern Pontic space

Unele modificări privind datarea ştampilelor amforistice ale Rhodosului descoperite în mediul barbar al spaţiului nord-vest pontic

Author(s): Natalia Mateevici / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2009

Keywords: north-western Black Sea region; amphora seals; Rhodos seals

A new chronological classification of the Rhodos seals, discovered at the barbarian sites from the Northwestern Pontic space and published initially in our monograph, is offered in the article.The Greek amphorae from the Northwestern Pontic barbarian surroundings of 6th- beginning of the 2nd centuries BC. The need to re-publish the Rhodos seals was motivated by the findings of the new investigations regarding the chronology of the Rhodesian sealed amphorae, which resulted in the elaboration of a new chronology by the Israeli researcher G. Finkielszteijn and which are accepted nowadays by most of the amphorologists as a working instrument. According to this chronology, the Rhodesian sealed amphorae’s appearance in the Northwestern Pontic barbarian surroundings occurs in the period of the 70ies-40ies of the 3rd century BC. The analysis of the Rhodos seals presented in this study makes possible affirming that the final date of the penetration of this Mediterranean center’ goods can be considered the second half of the 2nd century BC and not the beginning of the same century as regarded before.

Between consecration and secularization. The legal status of religious assistence in the romanian public space

Între consacrare şi secularizare. Statutul juridic al asistenţei religioase din spaţiul public românesc

Author(s): Emanuel Tăvală / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 02/2016

Keywords: military chaplaincy; European comparative law; religious freedom; secularization; freedom of conscience;

There is concern in many legal systems over the meaning and the implications of the term religion which the law contains. This concern is manifested in those borderline cases in which new religious movements come to the law seeking legal recognition as religious communities or groups. In this article we will deal with the presence of religion through the chaplains in the army, one of the oldest manifestations of religion in the society. We will not deal with the institution in the US legal system which is probably best organized and present with the troops all over the world. We will deal here with the European countries’ situation and laws. One commonality across most liberal democracies today is that their armed forces dispose of military chaplains. Religious freedom for soldiers who have enlisted or are drafted into an organization that as a total institution is not always capable of providing sufficient private sphere for such religious exercise is the main argument made in state-church regimes as different as the French, the German, the Romanian or the Dutch one. In the military, religious freedom is mostly defined as a set of rights to practice one’s religion including the right to access spiritual care. One specificity of the military is that in all these European countries the religious rights of soldiers can be limited if military arises. Second, if there is a right to access spiritual care, this spiritual care is not necessarily denomination-specific even though all of these liberal democracies dispose of at least two different chaplaincies. From this perspective it may not astonish that in France as well as in the Netherlands the Jewish chaplaincy naturally felt obliged to offer spiritual care to Muslim soldiers who accepted this service during times before a Muslimmilitary chaplaincy was set up.

The collection of Heraclian stamps from the site of Košary, Odessa region, Ukraine

Colecţia de ştampile heracleote de la cetatea antică Košary, reg. Odesa, Ucraina

Author(s): Natalia Mateevici,Eugenya Redina / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2008

Keywords: Košary; Heraclian stamps

The article continues the publication of a series of ceramic amphora stamps from the ancient complex of Koshary. In this publication there are presented the stamps of Heraclea Pontica, one of the famous centers of producers and suppliers of goods in the Black Sea coast. The analysis of more than 40 stamps of this South-Pontic center revealed not only the time of trade relations in these areas in general (the end of the 5th – the beginning of 4th centuries B. C. – the first third of the 3rd century B. C.), but also in the given settlement in particular, the time of the most active trade of the Koshary settlement with Heraclea (the second half of the 4th – the beginning of the 3rd centuries B. C.). Among this group of stamps there is an unknown specimen of a manufacturer’s stamp seemingly dated from the last years of the Heraclea stamping.

Babadag inventory pieces from Siliştea, Brăila county

Piese de inventar de tip Babadag de la Siliştea, jud. Brăila

Author(s): Viorel Stoian / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Babadag culture; Siliştea settlement; artifacts

This article wants to present the discoveries from The First Iron Age settlements from Siliştea, Brăila county Conac and Popina points, and to find similar artifacts in the Babadag culture area. All these inventory pieces were made by hand or got their current shape being used in different activities. They can be dated in Babadag culture phases I-II, but the made material of the tools and utensils it is very important to establish their more accurate age determination, because, for example, stone tools, which are harder, can be used a long time period. So the made moment of the stone tools and utensils can be in the beginning of the habitation in these settlements.

Pilot excavations at Horodca Mică fortification

Preliminarii privind fortificaţia de la Horodca Mică

Author(s): Octavian Munteanu,Vasile Iarmulschi / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Horodca Mică; fortification; Getae

In the spring of 2006 preliminary research was undertaken inside Horodca Mică fortification, Ialoveni district. The article presents briefly the defensive elements constituting the fortification (vallum with ditch, rampart and scarp), and the archaeological finds collected inside the fortification. The discovered data – ceramics, household objects, as well as the soldering with twig marks – indicate that the fortification was inhabited during the Getic period. The fragments of iron slag suggest that metallurgy was practiced by the inhabitants of this settlement.

Sinope amphorae at Košary site, Odessa district, Ukraine

Importul amforistic sinopeean la cetatea antică Košary, regiunea Odesa, Ucraina

Author(s): Eugenya Redina,Natalia Mateevici / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Košary; Sinope amphorae

Amphoral ceramics constitute the majority of all artifacts discovered at the Greek site Košary. The study of amphoral material made it possible to identify ten Greek centers which delivered their goods to the local market in amphorae. In the 4th-2nd c. BC Sinope becomes the main supplier of olive oil to the markets of the North-western Pontic area. Sinope amphorae are identified not only by its profile fragments but also by approximately 30 stamps which allow a reconstruction of a comparatively realistic picture of the distribution of the goods from Sinope. Amphoral fragments and stamps suggest that the 4th – first quarter of the 3rd c. B.C. was a peak in the development of relations between Sinope and the inhabitants of Košary.

Buckles from the collection of the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova

Пряжки-пафти из собрания Национального музея археологии и истории Молдовы

Author(s): Ekaterina N. Abyzova,Svetlana Reabţeva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2007

Keywords: museum collection; buckles; Costeşti

The article presents buckles recent entered in the funds of the National Museum of Archaeology and History of Moldova. 15th-17th c. buckles originate from Costeşti archeological monument. Manufacture techniques and ornamental peculiarities of the buckles are analyzed in the article. They are compared with buckles from Romania and Bulgaria. The authors track the development of this type of buckles during 15th-20th centuries. Special attention is given to the place of this clothing accessory in the context of the female traditional costume (including wedding) of the Carpathian-Balkan population.

Church financing in the context of monastery estates secularization

Church financing in the context of monastery estates secularization

Author(s): Mircea Cricovean / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 31/2014

Keywords: Clergy; Financing; Cuza; Secularization; Church;

The present study refers to the financing sources of the orthodox clergy in the context of the secularization of monastery estates. The Law on the Secularization of Monastery Estates was adopted and published on 17/29 December 1863. In exchange for the religious assistance offered, the clergy could get from the parishioners money or different donations. Among the financing sources for the clergy we distinguish gifts or the monetary equivalent for services rendered. To the income obtained from the parish where they functioned, the money obtained from different administrative acts issued by the ecclesiastical authorities would also be added. The voluntariate carried out by the parishioners could be viewed as done in the interest of the priest and of the place of worship. The historical event, to which this paper refers, meant for the Romanian clergy the debut of a regime according to which the priest was considered a mere civil servant and the Church entered a period of submission to the state

THE CLERGY IN KHAKI (E., Madigan and M., Snape (2013):238) . THE JURIDICAL STATUS OF THE CHAPLAINS IN EUROPEAN ARMED FORCES

THE CLERGY IN KHAKI (E., Madigan and M., Snape (2013):238) . THE JURIDICAL STATUS OF THE CHAPLAINS IN EUROPEAN ARMED FORCES

Author(s): Emanuel Tăvală / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2016

Keywords: military chaplaincy; European comparative law; religious freedom; secularization; freedom of conscience.

There is concern in many legal systems over the meaning and the implications of the term religion which the law contains.This concern is manifested in those borderline cases in which new religious movements come to the law seeking legal recognition as religious communities or groups. In this article we will deal with the presence of religion through the chaplains in the army, one of the oldest manifestations of religion in the society. We will not deal with the institution in the US legal system which is probably best organized and present with the troops all over the world. We will deal here with the European countries’ situation and laws.One commonality across most liberal democracies today is that their armed forces dispose of military chaplains.Religious freedom for soldiers who have enlisted or are drafted into an organization that as a total institution is not always capable of providing sufficient private sphere for such religious exercise is the main argument made in state-church regimes as different as the French, the German, the Romanian or the Dutch one. In the military, religious freedom is mostly defined as a set of rights to practice one’s religion including the right to access spiritual care. One specificity of the military is that in all these European countries the religious rights of soldiers can be limited if military arises. Second, if there is a right to access spiritual care, this spiritual care is not necessarily denomination-specific even though all of these liberal democracies dispose of at least two different chaplaincies. From this perspective it may not astonish that in France as well as in the Netherlands the Jewish chaplaincy naturally felt obliged to offer spiritual care to Muslim soldiers who accepted this service during times before a Muslim military chaplaincy was set up.

Religious landmarks in the urban and rural space in the Romanian Lands in medieval times

Repere religioase în spațiul urban și rural în Țările Române în epoca medievală

Author(s): Irina Ene / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 25/2013

Keywords: Church; daily life; Middle Age; rural space; urban space

The existence of boroughs and medieval towns is strongly tied to the ruling institution, the central authority being preoccupied by their prosperity through the taxes that entered into its treasuries, but this does not necessarily imply the pre-eminence of the princes in front of the medieval urban centres. The cities of the Romanian Countries enjoyed autonomy from the central authority, which is illustrated by the privileges granted to them by the princes, such as: personal freedom, the right to hold trials, the right to completely own the built surface of the settlement, to use the farming lands surrounding the city and some exemptions from taxes and customs. The problematic of medieval villages does not represent a new approach in Romanian historiography, so our short presentation has only the purpose of outlining a frame in which to insert the specific religious coordinates of the epoch

Genesis of the National Archeology Commission

Geneza Comisiei Naționale de Arheologie

Author(s): Ioan Opriş / Language(s): Romanian,French / Issue: 19/2007

Keywords: National Archeology Commission, genesis