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Necro-Performance: The Causative Effect of Fragments in Polish Cultural Memory

Nekroperformans. O sprawczym oddziaływaniu szczątków w polskiej pamięci kulturowej

Author(s): Dorota Sajewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2016

Keywords: necro-performance; body; archive; fragments; remains; World War I; Wyspiański

Sajewska enters into dialogue with the two principal models of memory in Polish theatre: the Romantic paradigm that universalizes Poland’s peripheral status a proposed by Leszek Kolankiewicz in Dziady: Teatr święta zmarłych [Dziady: Theatre of the Feast of the Dead, 1999], and the model based on the parallelism between modernity and the Holocaust as established by Grzegorz Niziołek in Polski teatr zagłady [Polish Holocaust Theatre, 2013]. According to Sajewska, the rivalry between these two grand narratives about the Polish theatre community obscures other historical experiences. Her analysis of the presence of World War I in Polish cultural memory emphasizes the materiality of the allegedly ephemeral body. Negotiating meanings between theatrical historiosophy, anthropology and contemporary theories on the performativity of archives, Sajewska proposes a concept that draws not on the paradigm of the testimony but that of evidence – remains, traces, vestiges. Key to these concepts are the correlated notions of the body-archive and necro-performance. These notions problematize the relationship between the researcher and the archive material, while also suggesting a concrete strategy and practice of writing cultural history.

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‘Do I sound like that’?: Self-Creation and Immunization in the series Mass Effect

„Czy ja tak brzmię?” Autokreacja i immunizacja w serii Mass Effect

Author(s): Agata Zarzycka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

Keywords: self-creation; immunization; video games; avatar;

Zarzycka examines the bodily aspect of the protagonist’s identity in the game series Mass Effect and its relationship with the player. She draws on notions of the mechanics of self-creation as proposed by Stephen Greenblatt and Michel Foucault, as well as concepts of immuization defined by Roberto Esposito. Three clusters of factors influence a character’s physical appearance: the interference of the game code, elements that depend on the player’s decision, and the narrative metacommentary, which is contained in the supplement Mass Effect 3: The Citadel. Zarzycka relates these factors to the dynamics of the player’s competence. The transformation of the character’s body leads to a meditation on practices of self-creation, connected to the experience of gameplay as well as more broadly understood cultural participation.

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The Paradox of Distinction: The Comic Book on the Polish Cultural Marketplace

Paradoks dystynkcji. Komiks na rynku kultury w Polsce

Author(s): Michał Jutkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2017

Keywords: comic book; popular culture; cultural marketplace; cultural capital; distinction;

Jutkiewicz examines the state of Polish comic book art by drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction. In Poland, this art form was initially seen as part of low-brow culture, but when a tight-knit social group of fans emerged in the 1980s, attempts were made to enhance the status of the graphic novel. Jutkiewicz discusses a selection of those projects and their relationship to the mechanisms of distinction at play in the cultural marketplace.

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The Rhetoric of Rat Extermination in the Polish People’s Republic: From Ethnic and Political Cleansing to Species Cleansing

Retoryka deratyzacji w PRL: od czystki etnicznej i politycznej do czystki gatunkowej

Author(s): Gabriela Jarzębowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: species cleansing; rats; animals; animal studies; dehumanization; Stalinism;

Jarzębowska examines the rhetoric used to legitimize the extermination of rats in the era of Socialist Realism. Propaganda materials on rat extermination from 1945 until 1989 reveal analogies with the ‘sanitary’ metaphors that appeared in the context of (anti- Semitic) ethnic cleansing as well as with the phraseology of political cleansing campaigns, which drew on military and civil discourses. Jarzębowska proposes the concept of species cleansing to describe the programme of this methodical extermination of animals. This programme was based on the criterion of the species; it clearly employed the phraseology of annihilation, and it was accompanied by a remarkable collective mobilization.

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Participant-Observers Instead of Witnesses and the Framework Instead of the Fringes: New Concepts in the Description of the Holocaust in the Polish Context

Obserwatorzy uczestniczący zamiast świadków i rama zamiast obrzeży. O nowe kategorie opisu polskiego kontekstu Zagłady

Author(s): Elżbieta Janicka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

Keywords: anti-Semitism; the Holocaust; Hilberg’s triad; participant observation; panoptical reality; disciplinary society; Jedwabne denial;

Notions such as “the Holocaust framework” and “participant-observers” are polemical in the context of existing descriptions of the Polish Holocaust, which include terms such as the fringes of the Holocaust and bystanders, whether bystanders are understood as witnesses, onlookers, spectators or gawkers. The social and cultural validity of anti-Semitism has made it possible to portray the Polish context of the Holocaust as a panoptical reality and to describe the vast majority as a disciplinary society of participating observers. The concept of “the Holocaust framework” dates the influence of the majority group on the fate of Jews from the beginning of the occupation and in a continuum with pre-war attitudes, discourses and practices. Janicka explains how existing socio-cultural conditions were able to determine the effectiveness of the Holocaust in occupied Poland.

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An African Dance of Death

Afrykański taniec śmierci

Author(s): Natalia Stachura / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2018

Keywords: World War I; cultural trauma; foundational trauma; Mendi; apartheid;

Stachura describes the process in which one instance of historical trauma – the sinking of the SS Mendi and the drowning of more than 600 Black recruits – has become the key event for the politics of commemorating World War I in South Africa. Over the course of one hundred years this trauma has evolved from a commemorative ritual of honouring the victims of the disaster into a space where a supratribal consciousness was shaped, subsequently to become a space of conflicted party politics. The theoretical basis for this article are criteria of cultural trauma proposed by Jeffrey C. Alexander and Neil Smelser as well as Dominic LaCapra’s definitions of foundational, structural and historical trauma. Stachura presents both canonical narrations about the trauma of the Mendi and the works of South African performance artists that incorporate this trauma into a complex vision of a traumatic past.

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Historical Revisionism and the Depoliticization of National Memory: Tom Phelan and Sebastian Barry’s Fictional Representations of the Great War

„Byliśmy młode chłopaki, razem w tej kupie gnoju” – odpolitycznienie pamięci narodowej i rewizjonizm historyczny w pierwszowojennych powieściach Toma Phelana i Sebastiana Barry’ego

Author(s): Beata Piątek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2018

Keywords: the Great War; Ireland; national memory; anti-nostalgia;

Piątek explores the fiction of two contemporary Irish writers – Tom Phelan and Sebastian Barry. Both try to depoliticize national memory and work through the collective trauma of the war. Phelan’s The Canal Bridge (2005) and Barry’s A Long Long Way (2005) recall the traumatic experience of thousands of Irishmen who fought in the British army in World War I. By returning the marginalized events to the national memory, the two writers come to terms with the past and prepare the ground for a better future.

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The Diary of Adela Kieniewicz: A Woman Writing at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Dzienniki Adeli Kieniewicz: kobieta pisząca przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Katarzyna Nadana-Sokołowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: Adela Kieniewicz; life writing; modernism; religiosity; decadence

Nadana-Sokołowska presents preliminary findings of a study of the vast collection of diaries that came to light when members of the research project “Pamiętniki i listy polskich autorów z Ziem Zabranych” [Diaries and Letters of Polish Writers from the Lands Annexed by the Russian Empire], directed by Wiesław Caban searched the Central Historical Archives in Kiev. Nadana-Sokołowska discusses the significance of these documents for research on women’s autobiographies in Poland in the context of autobiography studies (e.g. Girard, Didier, Lejeune). Reading these diaries alongside the journals of Zofia Nałkowska and Anna Iwaszkiewicz, Nadana-Sokołowska explores the religiosity of life writing and the resulting inner conflict concerning the diary writer’s literary creativity.

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The Old Polish Lemma in Theory and Practice

O staropolskiej lemmie w teorii i praktyce

Author(s): Magdalena Górska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: lemma; emblem; symbol; epigram; logic; rhetorics

This article deals with defining lemma in Polish theory of the symbol as an independent genre and part of mixed genres (emblema, symbolum). Based on seventeenth-century and eighteenth-century poetics and rhetorics, Górska reproduces an understanding of the term (titulus, logical assumption, argument) and its theoretical basis (including the theory of the epigram, ars memorativa, the handbooks of Silvestro Pietrasanta, Emanuele Tesauro, Jacob Masen). She outlines the impact of lemma on the reception of the emblem in the Polish Republic (e.g. reconciling the post-ancient era and postmedieval symbolic tradition with the modern art of the concept, separating definitions of emblema and symbolum, the epigrammatical context of symbolism, the spreading of the dissemination of the Jesuit “syllogistic emblem”) as well as the fact that the theory leads to methodological conclusions for studies on literature and symbolic art (lemmata as elements of a separate logical structure).

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“Here, at this Crossroads in the History of Humankind, the Role of Women Begins”: Polish Independence and the Work of Jewish Feminists and Yiddish Women Poets

„Tu, na tym skrzyżowaniu historii ludzkości zaczyna się rola kobiety” – polska niepodległość a działalność żydowskich feministek i poetek jidysz

Author(s): Joanna Lisek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2019

Keywords: Jewish feminism Jewish women’s organisations sisterhood; Yiddish women poets; World War I; pogroms; women’s suffrage; Pua Rakowska; Dina Blond; Sarah Schenirer; Rachel Korn; Sarah Reisen

Lisek discusses the reactions of Yiddish Women writers to the events of 1918 and Poland’s newly regained independence. Her focus is on women’s social and political work as well as their creative work. Both aspects – the development of women’s movements (Zionist, socialist and orthodox) and the heyday of Jewish Women’s writing – reflect an optimism resulting from newly arising opportunities as well as an increased anxiety and sense of alienation rooted in the traumatic experience of World War I and the wave of pogroms that followed in its wake. Lisek refers to the activist work of Pua Rakowska, Dina Blond, Sarah Schenirer as well as the creative work of writers such as Rachel Korn, Sarah Reisen and Roza Jakubowicz.

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A Future Without Gender or Desire

„Przyszłość bez płci i pożądania”

Author(s): Anna Kurowicka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2019

Keywords: The Book of Joan; Lidia Yuknavitch; science fiction; sex; gender; sexuality; desire

Kurowicka asks what consequences the disappearance of sex and desire has in the vision of the future presented in Lidia Yuknavitch’s science fiction novel The Book of Joan. Drawing on Judith Butler’s theory of the heterosexual matrix and compulsory sexuality, Kurowicka discusses the disappearance of sex and gender characteristics and explores the relationship between sex, gender, desire and humanity. For Yuknavitch, these concepts mutually determine each other, so that sexual desire – and, ultimately, humanity – would not exist in a future without sex and gender. Kurowicka critiques the notion frequently found in queer theory and other pro-sex conceptual trends that sexuality and desire are related to political freedom and individual fulfilment.

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The Deaf Telephone: DIY as Innovation and Activism

Głuchy telefon. „Zrób to sam” jako innowacja i aktywizm

Author(s): Magdalena Zdrodowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: activism; disability; invention; innovation; teletype; technology;

Zdrodowska investigates DIY practices by people with disabilities as a form of fully fledged innovation, and at the same time as activist strategies, which means they intend a real change in the everyday life of people with disabilities. The beginnings of TTY services for the deaf in the United States serve as an example of DIY and activism, as deaf people themselves introduced and popularised TTY in community networks. The telephone services for the deaf based on then outdated teletypewriters (Model 15) counterbalances the concept of design apartheid used in the text, and shows how effective innovation can be when its comes from inventors with disabilities who themselves are the future users.

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Shale Fever or Heatstroke: On Agata Stasik’s Współwytwarzanie wiedzy o technologii [The Co-Creation of Knowledge about Technology]

Gorączka łupkowa albo śmierć termiczna. (Wokół książki Agaty Stasik Współwytwarzanie wiedzy o technologii)

Author(s): Szymon Wróbel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: technological democracy; collective; knowledge; technology; co-production; hybrid assemblages;

Wróbel discusses Agata Stasik’s book Współwytwarzanie wiedzy o technologii [The CoCreation of Knowledge about Technology]. While reading this book Stasik examines the political and ontological status of shale gas in the Polish context by analysing the “Polish shale gas fever” from 2011-14. Stasik wonders whether the enthusiasm for shale gas in Poland results from our collective hopes for an Eldorado or the persuasive effect of mass media. Why did the shale gas fever subside so quickly, making shale gas “unreal”? Wróbel argues that reading Stasik’s book, the problem of renewable energy should be placed in a broader context, asking about the relationship between different political systems and their preferred types of energy.

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Edward Stachura: A Geopoet

Edward Stachura – geopoeta

Author(s): Elżbieta Konończuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2020

Keywords: Edward Stachura; Michel Deguy; geopoetics; space; Cała jaskrawość [All the Brightness];

Konończuk examines the work of poet and writer Edward Stachura through the prism of geopoetics. As a translator and friend of the French poet and literary theorist Michel Deguy, who proposed the concept of geopoetics ten years before Kenneth White, Stachura was aware of the idea – popular with French literary scholars in the late 1960s and early 70s – that literature and geographical space were interlinked. To explore the spacial nature of Stachura’s imagination Konończuk discusses his novel Cała jaskrawość [All the Brightness] in which the author articulates his experience of geographical space as an enormous poetic potential. Konończuk reads the novel as an elaboration on the metaphor that opens Stachura’s collection of impressionistic essays Wszystko jest poezja [Everything is Poetry], whose protagonist-narrator enters the landscape aware that it is an unwritten poem; as a poet he is able to transcribe it out of the air.

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The Literature of War and Occupation: Conceptualising a Dictionary

Literatury wojny i okupacji. Koncepcja słownika

Author(s): Sławomir Buryła / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: synthesis; 20th-century literature; dictionary; research problems;

Buryła begins by outlining the current state of research on Polish literature about World War II, highlighting themes that have been described as well as research questions that still need to be addressed. He then describes the project of a dictionary of a literature of war and occupation, identifying some of the research problems facing the dictionary’s future authors; he also describes a selection of dictionary entries.

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The Fifth Anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in the Light of Archival Documents at the Central Committee of Polish Jews

Piąta rocznica powstania wgetcie warszawskim wświetle dokumentów archiwalnych Centralne- go Komitetu Żydów w Polsce

Author(s): Zofia Mioduszewska-Wajszczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: Central Committee of Polish Jews; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; anniversaries; Monument to the Ghetto Heroes; archives of CKŻP;

The article concerns the fifth anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising seen through the prism of archival material at the archive of the Central Committee of Polish Jews. Mioduszewska-Wajszczak focuses on the organisation of the celebration in 1948, presenting its global dimension (with delegates from all over the world and a careful propaganda campaign) as well as the local dimension, as the event was understood in the context of the city of Warsaw. The Committee’s efforts to shape postwar memory of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are discussed, as well as the probable goals of commemorating the fighting within the ghetto. Mioduszewska-Wajszczak shows that these goals were not necessarily achieved.

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Mrożek and the Ordon Affair

Mrożek i afera wokół Ordona

Author(s): Anna Nasiłowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: Sławomir Mrożek; theatre reception; political discussions; Polish People’s Republic; political censorship;

The article concerns the political tensions following the publication and staging ofSławomir Mrożek’s Śmierć porucznika [The Death of the Lieutenant] in 1963. The playdevelops a theme from Mickiewicz’s poem Reduta Ordona [Ordon’s Redoubt], namelythe protagonist’s apparent death, which is treated in an ironic and grotesque manner.When Mrożek’s play was staged in Warsaw in early 1964, shouts of protest were heardfrom the audience while Mrożek, who was in Italy at the time, was attacked in the press.Nasiłowska presents press articles, Security Service documents, passages from diariesand unpublished letters. The mechanism of the affair may not be entirely understandablebut the way in which the tensions appeared at the time suggests that the affair was afirst rehearsal of the campaign launched in 1968.

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Crystals, Seeds: Experience of the Future in the Latest Polish Literature

Kryształy, zarodki. Doświadczenie przyszłości w polskiej literaturze najnowszej

Author(s): Tomasz Mizerkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: time in literature; future in literature; crystals of time; seeds of time; Gilles Deleuze; improvisation;

The article scrutinizes the experience of the future in the latest Polish literature basedon methodological proposals on the temporality of artistic experience in Gilles Deleuze’sCinema, supplemented with philosophical and aesthetic studies by Alphonso Lingisand Alva Noë. The article employs Dorota Kotas’s novel Pustostany (Empty Houses) asan example of a temporal composition described by Deleuze as a “crystal of time” andSalcia Halas’s Potop (Deluge) as a manifestation of the temporal rule of the “seed.” Theexperience of the future manifests in these books in different ways, and in each of them,we find a renewed reflection on the artistic practice of improvisation.

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An (Un)successful Assasination of the Human Dictator? The Turn Toward Things in a Benevolent yet Critical Perspective: Notes on the Margins of Bjørn Olsen and Ewa Domańska’s Writings

(Nie)udany zamach na ludzkiego dyktatora? Zwrot ku rzeczom w perspektywie życzliwej, acz krytycznej (Uwagi ma marginesie pism Bjørna Olsena i Ewy Domańskiej)

Author(s): Marzenna Cyzman-Eid / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: non-anthropocentric humanities; turn toward things; thing; actor-network theory; nondualistic thinking

The cognitive tendencies known as the turn toward things / materiality / nonanthropocentrichumanities are described as an opposition to constructivism andthe mediated, symbolic accounts of material culture. However, in the writings of EwaDomańska and Bjørn Olsen –considered the leading thinkers of the trend – we encounterboth theses that ontologize and essentialize things, which testifies to a retreat fromconstructivist epistemological tendencies, along with theses inspired by Bruno Latour’sthought, which capture things as active and identity-fluid elements of relations inthe dynamic network of reality, which is a modernizing continuation of constructivisttendencies. Non-anthropocentric humanities vaguely formulate their research object(in ontologizing and relational terms) and do not precisely define the semantics of thenotion of a thing and its referents. Thus, non-anthropocentric humanities do not fullyconstitute a research paradigm distinctive from constructivism. Instead, they define anemergent thinking style according to which the human subject is not so much removedfrom the discourse as it is apprehended in connection with the world of things, whichin an active and agency-related manner influences human identity and its activities.Simultaneously, the non-anthropocentric thinking style develops a new language fordescribing reality. Albeit intended to take shape outside the distinctions of Westernmetaphysics, the new language continuously falls into the traps of dualistic thinking. Thearticle critiques the theses of the non-anthropocentric humanities research project withthe goal of indicating the project’s cognitive value for modern humanities.

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Mother Academic

Matka akademiczka

Author(s): Marta Kosińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: intersectionality; matrilocality; social class; university; women’s work

The text implements the form of a matrilocally oriented autoethnography written in thespirit of situated intersectionality. It presents the perspective of an academic mother,activist, and educator, addressing the issue of class situatedness intersected with therole of parenting. The author analyzes the normative dimension of the Polish sociologicaldiscourse on social classes and their stratification in the Polish intelligentsia after 1989.The autoethnographic perspective raises questions about the class belonging of modernhumanities workers at Polish universities, their class identifications, and their attemptsto manage their biographies and academic careers through discourses of class success.

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