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Medium? Painting? Or mirror of nature? A voice in the discussion

Medium, obraz czy lustro natury? Głos w dyskusji

Author(s): Manfred Bator / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2014

Keywords: Scott Walden, Photography and Philosophy: Essays on the Pencil of Nature

Debate on the possibility of a comprehensive, qualitative and more adequately intellectualized phenomenon on the photographic image in its ontological and axiological aspect, entered a new phase. This is promised in the introduction to the latest book by Scott Walden Photography and Philosophy: Essays on the Pencil of Nature. Since the question of whether the work edited by S. Walden is systematic and comprehensive can not be considered, because it was not the plan of the author, I decided it was worth answering another question: the question whether, after reading the above-presented essays, the reader can elaborate upon certain issues that were not included or insufficiently scrutinized by authors such as Walter Benjamin, Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, John Berger, Vilém Flusser or Jean Baudrillard. Basically whether the readings contained in the book explain the contemporary status of the photographic image. It seems that the essays included in the book are a rather solid foundation for further consideration. This should not be abstracted from the current perspective which is postmodern in practice, a way of deciding on what the reality is and the socially globalized communications operating with image as universal language. This book makes clear the need to implement yet another important task - to create in the Flusser spirit a comprehensive lecture on the status, role and provenance of the photographic image. An image which took over the function of text and became an instrument in communication.

Boleslaus I the Brave and Charlemagne

Bolesław Chrobry i Karol Wielki

Author(s): Miłosz Sosnowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: Boleslaw the Brave;Charlemagne;ideology of power in the Middle Ages;legend of Charlemagne;apostolate in the Middle Ages;Boleslaus I;

The paper discusses the issue of worship and imitation of Charlemagne during the reign of Bolesław the Brave in the context of the ruler’s responsibilities and the legitimacy of royal power. The analysis includes primarily the Christianization activity led by Bolesław and a later legend of the ruler.

Thomas Aquinas’s Concept of Natural Law. Is Aquinas a Liberal Thinker?

Tomasza z Akwinu koncepcja prawa naturalnego. Czy Akwinata jest myślicielem liberalnym?

Author(s): Marek Piechowiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XIX/2013

This article seeks to justify the claim that Thomas Aquinas proposed a concept of natural law which is immune to the argument against the recognition of an objective grounding of the good formulated by a well-known representative of the liberal tradition, Isaiah Berlin, in his famous essay “Two Concepts of Freedom.” I argue that Aquinas’s concept of freedom takes into account the very same values and goals that Berlin set out to defend when he composed his critique of natural law. In particular, the article suggests that Aquinas recognizes freedom as a greater perfection of man than rationality, and that this freedom is realized, among other things, through the co-construction of the good that gives a goal and a shape to human action and to the whole of a person’s life. I argue that the co-construction of such a good involves the co-construction of natural law in the strict sense of the term. Indeed, the content of natural law can be understood as a set of goods which are goals that inform human action. From a human perspective, natural law is not a pre-existing recipe which has merely to be “read.” Defining the concrete content of natural law is an ongoing process. The process of defining natural law’s content takes humanly knowable, objective elements into account, and so draws on knowledge. Yet free choice also plays an important part in this process. When speaking of the process of defining the content of natural law, therefore, and in determining what here-and-now is to be done, it is reasonable to describe man as a creator of the natural law, or as a legislator, just as the members of a parliament are the creators of civil law — bearing in mind that only a just law is truly law and therefore the creation of both civil and natural law reaches only as far is the scope of just actions directed by these laws. From the perspective of human action, we may speak of each person’s free choice to establish a given good as the end of a specific act, and in so doing to declare that action proper under natural law in the strict sense of the term (which differs from the rules of natural law). An appreciation of what is particular and individual (particulare et individuum), and an appreciation of free choice that goes hand-in-hand with this, is deeply embedded in Thomas’s system of thought. Particularity and individuality has its basis in an especially excellent way of human existence.

Poems on Drawings as a Dominant of Symeon of Połock’s Polish Output

Wiersze na ryciny jako dominanta polskojęzycznej twórczości Symeona z Połocka

Author(s): Radosław Grześkowiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

Keywords: Symeon of Połock's poems on drawings; Samuił Piotrowski-Sitnianowicz; Ambrosius Francken the Elder; Maarten van Heemskerck; Maarten de Vos

Samuił Piotrowski-Sitnianowicz (1629–1680), more commonly known as Symeon of Połock, was in the years 1643–1650 a student of The Kyiv-Mohyla College and subsequently from 1650 to 1653 of The Vilnius Academy. Both schools required that their students composed poems in Polish, and exercises in this matter made a starting point for Piotrowski-Sitnianowicz’s poetic carrier. In his later poetry in Old Church Slavonic, epigrams written for drawings or paintings played an important role. The author of the present study proves that also 28 juvenile epigram cycles are Polonized from Latin subscriptions to popular series of Dutch artists’ drawings. Apart from indicating and discussing the drawings being the basis for the poet’s adaptation, the article offers the first critical edition of the analysed texts since the available publications of Symeon of Połock’s Polish output are far from being correct. The first part of the study presents the graphic sources of poetic cycles “Trudno wszytkim wygodzić” (adaptation of drawing series “Iudicii popularis vanitas et stoliditas <Vanity and Stupidity of Common People’s Judging>” by Ambrosius Francken the Elder from before the year 1607), “[Trojakie prawo]” (adaptation of drawing series “Triplex lex <Triple Law>” by Maarten de Vos from before 1580), “[Trzy stany i ich obowiązki]” (adaptation of Maarten van Heemskerck’s drawing cycle, circa 1565, “Triplex hominum status et uniuscuiusque munia ac partes <Three Social Classes, Their Functions and Duties>”), and “Zaniedbanie duszy dla zbytniego o ciele starania” – adaptation of an anonymous drawing cycle “Animae incuria ob nimiam corporis curam (Rapt Attention Given to Body Leads to Soul Negligence)”.

The importance of the letter in the 17th and 18th century painting and in the epistolary novel of that time

Znaczenie listu w malarstwie XVII i XVIII wieku oraz w ówczesnej powieści epistolarnej

Author(s): Rozalia Słodczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 12/2009

Keywords: letter; 18th century; 17t century; paintings; epistolary novel;

The aim of this paper is to analyse and interpret the importance of the letter in the 18th century epistolary novel and the 17th and 18th century painting. The article presents properties and functions of the letter that made it attractive to the literature and painting of that time. The focus is also on social and cultural context relevant to the discussed matter. Furthermore, the paper examines the form and content of the novel and painting in question, including the specific ways and consequences of the employment of the letter by these disciplines. Finally, the problem of illusionism is considered.

Disintegration Syndrome in Speech Disorder Diagnosis and Therapy

Zespół dezintegracyjny w diagnozie i terapii logopedycznej

Author(s): Jolanta Panasiuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2016

Keywords: comprehensive developmental disorders; autistic spectrum; Heller’s syndrome; disintegrative psychosis; developmental dementia; frontotemporal dementia; akinetic mutism

Speech disorders, presented in terms of theoretical models in speech-therapy literature, may manifest themselves in clinical practice as diverse spectra of symptoms, far removed from model descriptions. In many cases, the speech therapist detects coupled difficulties resulting from overlapping pathomechanisms. The high degree of complicacy of symptoms usually stems from disorders in the course of complicated illness complexes of the developmental age. To draw conclusions on the neurobiological mechanisms of speaking difficulties in the context of the still developing brain and other organic systems is a very difficult task. The article presents the specificity of childhood disintegrative disorders, which are classified as part of the spectrum of autistic disorders. With regard to the clinical picture and dynamism of symptoms, disintegrative disorders are distinguished from other comprehensive developmental disorders and require separate speech-therapy procedures. Using the case study of a 21-year-old patient, the diagnostic-therapeutic management of this disorder has been presented.

Nowolipki AD 1959, or miracle in communist Warsaw

Nowolipki AD 1959, czyli cud w komunistycznej Warszawie

Author(s): Bartosz Kaliski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

Keywords: miracle; miracular religiosity; popular Catholicism; communism; Catholic Church;

This article is a study on Catholicism in the Polish People’s Republic and the state authorities’ policy towards the Catholic Church. In October 1959, the metal tower of a Warsaw church began to glow, which was especially visible at night. The phenomenon was not explained scientifically, and interpreted by many people as a miracle, a sign from God. Many people even saw the Mother of God at the top of the tower. For several weeks, the church attracted crowds of many thousands of gawkers, curious onlookers, and pilgrims. The author describes the reaction of the Church authorities, state authorities (repressive apparatus), and common people drawn to the extraordinary event. The miracle in the Warsaw district of Muranów is one of the most spectacular examples of the manifestation of the believers’ miraculous sensitivity (consciousness).

Framing and Re-Framing Practices in the Round Table Media Discourse

Praktyki ramowania i przeramowania w dyskursie medialnym dotyczącym Okrągłego Stołu

Author(s): Marcin Kotras / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

Keywords: social cleavages; political discourse; weekly opinion magazines; social construction of reality; interpretive communities

After more than 25 years since the beginning of the transformation it is worth considering the present socio-political cleavages in Polish society. The text will present the results of a research on framing analysis of the Round Table and transformation in the Polish weekly opinion magazines. Their journalists, despite changes in the media working formula, can still be regarded as the representatives of symbolic elite. They organize political discourse by defining “correct” ways of perceiving and interpreting reality. Under the broken reciprocity of perspectives the dynamics of discourse is affected by disputes which could be considered as “controversies,” which can be understood, followed by Marek Czyżewski, as regarding both the communication and the metacommunication level (definition of the problem, assigning acting motives to the other side of the dispute). The dispute subjects are community symbolism and values on which the argumentation strategies adopted in the weeklies magazines are concentrated. Using the concepts of Jeffrey Alexander, it can be said that the parties involved in the discourse assign democratic code to themselves and undemocratic one to their adversaries. The objective of the article is to identify and describe framing and re-framing practices of the Round Table as initial event of Polish transformation. There are also presented some remarks concerning the problem of interpretive communities in the public debate.

The Fall. An Analysis of a Problem which is Peculiarly Present/Absent in Sociological Theory

Upadek. Analiza problemu specyficznie (nie)obecnego w teorii socjologicznej

Author(s): Łukasz Trembaczowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2017

Keywords: societal collapse; social disorganization; anomy; crisis; fallen states; Malthusianism; theory of societal collapse

The paper advocates for development of the theory of societal collapse. It consists of three main parts: analysis of related concepts already present in sociological vocabulary, conceptualizations in other social sciences’ disciplines and already developed theories of societal collapse. The concepts near to societal collapse analyzed in the paper are social disorganization, anomy and crisis all of which overlap with collapse when extremal severity of phenomena described by those concepts occurs. Presence in other disciplines covers collapse of Roman Empire, Fallen States, Eastern Island and Neo‑Malthusianism.The theories of societal collapse discussed in this paper include Arnold Toynbee’s theory of civilizations’ break down and disintegration, Oswald Spengler’s decline of the west and similar conceptualization by Florian Znaniecki. Recent theories recalled in the paper cover Joseph Tainter’s theory of diminishing marginal utility of social development and Jared Diamond’s theory of societal collapse.

The Integrated Permit as an Example of Europeanised Regulated Use of the Environment (General Considerations)

Pozwolenie zintegrowane jako przykład europeizacji reglamentowanego korzystania ze środowiska (zarys problematyki)

Author(s): Mariusz Baran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: integrated permit; Europeisation; emission right; protection against pollution

This paper offers an analysis of the material-legal impact of EU law on the legal forms of control of the use of the environment. As first, some basic notions are presented related to the provision of a permit for operations likely to have negative environmental effects, then the analysis focuses on the notion of integrated environmental protection discussed from the perspective of the provision of integrated permit. Further, the analysis focuses on the provision of integrated permit indicating its importance seen comprehensively for protection against pollution. The author’s considerations end with some closing remarks from the point of view from the title problem of the Europeisation of controlled use of the environment. The procedural impact on EU law on the nature of the provision of integrated permit remain out of the scope of this contribution.

The Axiology of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997: The Perspective of a Researcher of Political Thought

Aksjologia Konstytucji RP z 1997 roku. Perspektywa badacza myśli politycznej

Author(s): Bogdan Szlachta / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2017

Keywords: constitution; homeland; state; nation; dignity; human rights; justice; freedom

By pointing to the two meanings of the term “constitutionalism”, the author attempts to derive axiological context from “political morality” which precedes the content of the basic law. He concludes that it can only be derived from this content determined, e.g., in specifi c historical, social, political circumstances. Presenting the two meanings of the term “homeland”, he also draws attention to the pressure intrinsic to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in 1997, in which reference to a politically conceived homeland was associated with a dominant picture of the collectivity of individuals supposed to create a “political nation.” This causes disputes over the content of the common good, sometimes associated with the creation of conditions for the development of every citizen and, some other time, by conditioning it on the lawfulness of the activities of public authorities.

The elite of the polish united workers’ party in the years 1948–1955: mechanisms of personnel changes

Elita PZPR w latach 1948–1955 – mechanizmy zmian kadrowych

Author(s): Mirosław Szumiło / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2017

Keywords: elite; Polish United Workers’ Party; mechanisms of personnel changes;

In the years 1948–1956, the system of totalitarian Communist rule in Poland entered a phase of stabilization. That did not mean, however, any stagnation of personnel movement within the power elite. The Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP) was characterized by a very high circulation of people inside its elite. As a result, in the years 1949–1955 two-thirds of the elite were changed. In this text we describe the mechanisms of personnel changes, the role of former activists of the Polish Socialist Party in the elite of the PUWP, the frequency and scale of staff movements, the criteria for getting promoted into the elite and reasons for being degraded. The personnel changes were not groundbreaking as regards quality. The dominant positions still belonged to representatives of a single generation: the former activists of the Communist Party of Poland. The basic criteria for the promotion were, in fact, ideological factors and personal relations. Professionalism and experience played a secondary role.

Archeology of the 19th Century Memory in Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s “Insurrection”– Triptych (June Night, Zarudzie, Heydenreich)

Archeologia dziewiętnastowiecznej pamięci w insurekcyjnym tryptyku Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza („Noc czerwcowa”, „Zarudzie”, „Heydenreich”)

Author(s): Aneta Mazur / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2013

Keywords: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz; "June Night"; "Zarudzie"; "Heydenreich"; January Uprising; short stories; aesthetization

Three short “insurrection” stories written by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz in the years 1963–1974 have inspired various interpretations; it seems, however, that there are still many undeciphered codes, references, and allusions. The author’s metatextual comments as well as the implicit poetics of the stories make it possible to consider them as a dialogue with the historical, cultural and aesthetic heritage of the 19th century: as a form of its literary archeology. The article deals with many literary and aesthetic conventions employed in the stories, with the emphasis on the concept of 'sérénité' and on various associations with 19th-century art. Notably, the scope of analysis includes such motifs as, for example, Shakespearian stylization and the Dionissian topos in "June Night", the influence of plastic and musical arts in "Zarudzie" (here the central theme of Mahler’s song), the references to German Romantic lyrics, and Russian realistic prose in "Heydenreich". Besides irony, it is the aesthetization of Iwaszkiewicz’s prose that helps to make familiar the painful yet fascinating history of 19th century Poland.

Main Shelter Home

Główny Dom Schronienia

Author(s): Agnieszka Witkowska-Krych / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2017

Keywords: Main Shelter Home; Warsaw ghetto; children; orphans; social welfare; Janusz Korczak;

This text is an attempt to reconstruct the history of the Main Shelter Home (Główny Dom Schronienia), that is, the largest orphanage for youngest children operating in the Warsaw ghetto. Witkowska-Krych presents its history, which goes back to the mid-19th century, and its situation during the first year of the war and during its move into the ghetto and until the deportation to the death camp in Treblinka in August 1942. In light of the surviving official, press, and personal sources the author sketches the circumstances in which that unique institution had to function. She also writes about the individuals connected with that institution and those who worked for its benefit.

The Anatomy of the Incriminating Letter Regarding Father Tadeusz Puder Sent by Father Stanisław Trzeciak

Anatomia donosu ks. Stanisława Trzeciaka na ks. Tadeusza Pudra

Author(s): Jan Grabowski,Dariusz Libionka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2017

Keywords: Stanisław Trzeciak; Tadeusz Puder; German special courts (Sondergerichte); collaboration; anti-Semitic publishing house „Atak” (Attack);

The materials presented in the article include documentation of the German Special Court (Sondergericht) in Warsaw proceedings against Tadeusz Puder, a Catholic priest of Jewish origin arrested by the Gestapo in the spring of 1941. His imprisonment was a consequence of a denunciation made by Fr. Stanisław Trzeciak, one of the leading Polish anti-Semites. Sentenced to several months in prison, Puder managed to escape from the prison hospital in autumn 1942 and survive in hiding. He died a few days after the liberation of Warsaw in a car accident. Despite the cooperation with the German security police, Trzeciak was among the victims of mass executions during the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944. The introduction of the article presents a broader context of Trzeciak’s anti-Semitic activity and the reasons for his personal hatred for Puder, as well as unknown details of collaborative attempts in the first months of German occupation.

Bernard Bolzano's conception of the mathematical method

Metoda matematyki według B. Bolzano

Author(s): Jerzy Dadaczyński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 38/2006

Keywords: axiomatic method; Bernard Bolzano; methodology of mathematics; philosophy of mathematics;

The matter under discussion is the methodology of mathematics presented by Bernard Bolzano (1782-1848) in his early pamphlet 'Beitraege zu einer begruendeteren Darstellung der Mathematik' (Prague 1810). Bolzano built, with success, the classical axiomatic-deductive method of nonspacial and atemporal concepts (Begriffe). He abandoned the traditional custom of formulating primitive concepts of deductive theories. Bolzano opposed the traditional conviction that the axioms of mathematical theories should be clear and distinct sentences. He divided the domain of nonspacial and atemporal sentences into the subdomains of objectively provable and objectively nonprovable sentences. In his view, the axioms of mathematical (deductive) theories are only the objectively nonprovable sentences, and each of the objective nonprovable sentences is an axiom of a certain deductive theory. He postulated, at the time when only the (Euclidean) geometry was axiomatized, the axiomatization of all mathematical theories.

Zadara’s principles

Zasady Zadary

Author(s): Marta Streker / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 144/2018

The text describes six main principles of Michał Zadara’s work as a director. Not only does it present fundamental values of director’s methods but also takes a critical look at them and assesses their rightness and performative efficacy. The paper is based on a master thesis which can be considered as a dialogue between a master and a student, between a director and an assistant, between Zadara and Streker. The author analyses this issue taking into consideration her individual experience gained during work on several theatrical productions in collaboration with Michał Zadara.

The Image of God in the First Book of Maccabees.

Obraz Boga w Pierwszej Księdze Machabejskiej

Author(s): Grzegorz Mariusz Baran / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 61/2/2014

Keywords: 1 Maccabbees; God; Hellenistic period in Israel;

The First Book of Maccabees – although belongs to the historical books of the Old Testament – also has an important theological value. The issue ofthe image of God, outlined in this article, is one out of the many theological themes presented in that work. This image – as it is clear from the analysis of the text of 1 Macc – was presented by the biblical author in the context of historical events which constituted, for the hagiographer, the space of God’s activity, through which God let Himself known. The featured image of God is undoubtedly an expression of faith of the hagiographer and of the community to which he belonged. This is evidenced by terms referring to God (Heaven, He, You etc.), which very strongly emphasize His transcendence. As it is clear from the analysis of texts, the biblical author explicitly referred to the entire theological tradition of the Old Testament and therefore presented God, who helped Israel in the whole history, also in Hellenistic times as punishing for unrighteousness, listening to prayers, supporting and saving His people from its enemies, as well as taking vengeance on them.

The history of Wielkopolska region as the author’s thematic thread on the classes of “History and society. The heritage of the ages”

Dzieje Wielkopolski jako autorski wątek tematyczny w ramach przedmiotu „Historia i społeczeństwo. Dziedzictwo epok”

Author(s): Maciej Michalski,Anita Napierała,Danuta Konieczka-Śliwińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2013

Keywords: Wielkopolska region; Education; regional history;

The article discusses ways of presenting the regional history of Wielkopolska (The Greater Poland), which can be implemented in the author’s thematic thread on the class “History and society. Heritage of the ages” on the secondary school level. The publication aims to draw attention to those elements of the regional history that build up the heritage of the region, both in material (monuments, buildings and museum objects etc.) and intangible (ideas, traditions, cultural patterns and stereotypes) meaning. The definition of the region and some issues related to the specificity of regional history in the context of the curriculum, teaching and educational values have been discussed in the introduction of the article. The following parts of the publication describe two possible ways of achieving this kind of teaching thread. The first proposal, based on the chronological order can be perceived as traditional. It presents the most important facts from the history of Wielkopolska in connection with the national and universal history. The second is more alternative, mostly focused on chosen issues showing social and economic processes over the centuries, such as the multicultural heritage of Wielkopolska, the tradition of the landed gentry and also agricultural, trade’s and industrial changes.

Vocabulary and phraseology "Cracow Psalter" (1532) against the background of contemporary translations of the Bible

Słownictwo i frazeologia "Psałterza krakowskiego" (1532) na tle ówczesnych przekładów biblijnych

Author(s): Ewa Woźniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 41/2002

Keywords: Psałterz krakowski; Cracow Psalter;

Plałterz albo ko/cielne Jpiewanie Krola Dawida nowo pilnie przełożony z lacińjkiegc ięzika w p o l/k i według Jzczerego tekstu. PraJfowano lata Bożego M. D. XXXII. to trzeci z zachowanych polskich psałterzy, a pierwszy drukowany w 1532 r. w Krakowie w oficynie Hieronima Wietora. Miejsce wydania oraz nazwisko wydawcy posłużyły do stworzenia dwoch identyfikujących zabytek skrotowych jego nazw stosowanych w dotychczasowej literaturze przedmiotu: przez jednych nazywany jest „Psałterzem krakowskim”, przez innych „Psałterzem Wietora” lub „Wietorowym”