COMMERCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
ТЪРГОВСКОТО ЗНАНИЕ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Keywords: Trade; Commerce; Education; Science
More...Keywords: Trade; Commerce; Education; Science
More...Keywords: electricity; waste; sustainable solutions
In the present research paper, the authors aim to review some effects of the production and distribution of electricity in Bulgaria during the period 2017 - 2021 and to examine innovative solutions in support of sustainable development that Energo-Pro Varna EAD offers to its customers as one of the main electricity traders in the country. The effects in the energy sector for the purposes of the study are linked to the waste generated from the production and distribution of energy and fuels in Bulgaria. The solutions offered by Energo-Pro Varna EAD in support of sustainable development are related to the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency.
More...Keywords: sales; deals; products; business
Sales can be defined as ways of forming any transaction by which the realization of the products, services and ideas takes place and the ownership rights are transferred from the sales representatives to the buyers. Selling itself is reduced to the very activity of carrying out the transactions and providing products, services and ideas from the sales representatives to the buyers. Sales perform economic, social and psychological functions. The purpose of the report is to prove that in both moments sales are the basis of the realized economic turnover in business life and a path to successful economic growth and social development.
More...Keywords: consumer protection; consumer disputes; tools; Online Dispute Resolution platform
The present study aims to reveal Consumer Dispute Resolution Tools and their growing role in modern condition of the highly digitized Internal Market of the European Union. These tools guarantee consumer rights in dealings with traders. They are considered, and more specifically, Online Dispute Resolution platform (ODR); Dispute Resolution Bodies; European Consumer Centers; Financial Dispute Resolution Network; Nacional Consumer Bodies. Their main characteristics are considered and the possibilities that provide to consumers in dispute resolutions with traders. Special attention is given to Consumer Dispute Resolution Tools in Bulgaria.
More...Keywords: water; water pollution; water cycle; water treatment, water treatment plant; circular economy; green economy
The purpose of this report is to identify and track the trends in generated and disposed wastewater in Bulgaria for the period 2016-2021. The amount, type, degree of treatment and solutions for waste water disposal are directly dependent on both the availability of water resources in general and the sectors that use fresh water. Analyzing the available data from various official sources at national and regional level for used, accumulated, disposed, purified and other waters, we would make relevant conclusions about the state and trends in the sector. The reduced consumption of fresh water and the increased degree of purification and disposal of waste water would reveal a trend in building sustainable productions, eco-friendly products and ecological solutions to increase the total amount of water resources, reduce polluted waters and general improvement of the ecology in the country in line with the Circular Economy model.
More...Keywords: planted areas of tobacco; production and price of tobacco; market of tobacco products; illegal trade in tobacco products
Bulgaria has all the prerequisites to be among the leaders in the market of tobacco and tobacco products in Europe and in the world. Our country has traditions in this sector. The territorial distribution and the presence of individual tobacco producers require knowledge of the markets and the qualities of the products offered. Their successful implementation depends above all on the state trade policy in this sector.The main purpose of the development is to present the state of the tobacco market – planted areas and yields of tobacco, production and prices of tobacco and tobacco products, as well as to research the behavior of consumers. In conclusion, the leading problems and trends for improving Bulgaria's position in the market of tobacco and tobacco products are outlined.
More...Keywords: International non-patent name (INN); National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF); reimbursement value; Positive Drug List (PDL)
The medicinal products prices regulation is one of the mechanisms for reduction the publics costs. External and internal price referencing applies. The dynamics of the public expenditures changes for the medicinal products included in the PDL was assessed by month of 2022. Based on the grouping of the annual expenditures by diseases, their structure was evaluated in order to determine the costliest diseases – rare diseases. The impact of changes in the reference value of medicinal products for the treatment of two rare diseases on the NHIF costs was evaluated, by grouping them by INN with the most significant reduction of the reference value during the considered period.
More...Keywords: negative prices; negative interest rates; cost of capital; commodity exchanges
Negative prices are a problem in commodity markets. They disrupt sales expectations, hence cash flow forecasting and asset and company valuations, also have a negative impact on the pricing mecha-nism of capital. Questions are also raised about risk assessment. Combined with negative interest rates and the effects on fund owners, corporate financing is problematic.
More...Keywords: convergence; production; competitiveness; structural convergence
The EU implements policies to approximate the production structure of the member countries, thereby striving to achieve dynamic growth and high employment on a sustainable basis. For this propose, it is necessary to measure the differences and the degree of convergence, with a view to undertaking specific interventions to overcome them. But what and how big are the differences in the production structure of Bulgaria compared to the EU? We seek an answer to this question in this report, where the convergence index and other indicators determine the place of the Bulgaria economy in terms of degree of convergence and track its changes over the years in a comparative aspect compared to other EU countries.
More...Keywords: coopetition; strategic partnership; competition; competitive advantage; beer market
The dynamic of economic environment has been developing with unprecedented speed. The business has proven its resilience to quickly adapt and sustain. It looks for opportunity through strategic partnerships to improve. The aim of the publication is to raise the attention on coopetition as a strategy for improvement of the company competitiveness. The subject of this research is the role of coopetition for enhancing the competitive advantages of the companies and developing a favorable business environment. The author defends the thesis that coopetition plays pivotal part of strategic company planning and support the business to improve its competitiveness and resilience.
More...Keywords: post-pandemic changes; digitalization; digital transformation; household goods market
It is an indisputable fact in the last decade that the global economy worldwide is transforming into a digital economy. The global pandemic of COVID-19, which broke out in the period 2020-2022, had a serious impact on retailing and contributed to an even higher degree to the digitalization of commercial operations in many industries. The purpose of this report is to research and analyze the changes in the household goods market in Europe and worldwide and how these changes affect the local Bulgarian market. Moreover, the research includes trends and opportunities for the industry for development in short term perspective.
More...Keywords: sustainability; product innovation; communication strategy; digitalization; challenges
In the conditions of digitalization, the introduction of product innovations faces the challenges imposed by these conditions, as well as by the ever-changing demands of consumers. In parallel, sustainable product innovation and communication with consumers during their introduction is essential for the realization of modern sustainable consumption.In reality, in practice when developing sustainable product development, the focus is on the environmental and economic aspects, and the social aspect remains in the background. Systematic product innovation should also include this aspect. Overcoming the challenges and barriers in the introduction of product innovations and communication with consumers is done in many and different ways and through the environmental costs that B2B and B2C customers perceive in order to reach sustainable consumption.
More...Keywords: Logistics; Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurship Management; Innovations; Port Digitalization
This research paper explores the role, diversity and specifics of the application of digital innovation in the logistics business. The study finds that digitalization in the logistics sector is not just a set of technological solutions and software products, rather it is new knowledge in a new environment using management tools. The study proves that digital innovation helps to optimize the human factor in the logistics business, its motivation, and its time efficiency.
More...Keywords: logistics; supply chain; e-commerce; digitization; automation; sustainable development
Modern logistics is evolving rapidly and dynamically, accompanied by numerous challenges, which in the current paper we associate with changes in the supply chain, growth in e-commerce, activation and intensification in the use of digital tools, automation, the acceleration of transport processes and sustainable development. In the course of the research, each of the mentioned challenges is presented with the idea that the author will make his comment about its impact on logistics as a whole or in its individual dimensions and on specific functional areas.
More...Keywords: services; employment; tourism; labor management
The urgent need of highly qualified and numerous personnel starts in April every year at the seaside bars, restaurants and hotels. In order to achieve sustainability many employers are forced to hire staff with small or no working experience and provide the required training, motivation and additional reward during the touristic summer season. The aim of this research is to show the current problems and the challenges that the companies are facing when recruiting and to give some perspectives to solve these issues.
More...Keywords: transportation; transport; The Logistics Performance Index (LPI); goods
Economic development and the efficiency of trade processes are extremely dependent on the transportation of goods. This determines the main purpose of this report, namely – a brief overview of the characteristics and specifics of transport services in Bulgaria. Emphasis is placed on the main types of transport that are used for freight transport in our country. The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) for our country is visible. The consequences of global problems on transport services in Bulgaria have been analyzed, and conclusions and reviews have been made.
More...Keywords: assortment; product category; category management; value creation models
Product category management has taken new directions over the years based on increased competition and changes in consumer habits. This is a process that is not only focused on increasing the company's sales. The product category management process is a consumer-focused process with a collaborative, data- and fact-based approach that is always structured and permanent. Building strong product categories would not be possible without the involvement of partners and suppliers. There is no specific winner with value creation models, by solving common and individual problems, organizations create value for their stakeholders to grow and sustain their business.
More...Keywords: pricing; digitalization; pricing models; B2b markets; technologies
Pricing is becoming a core element of modern business models in the era of digitalization. Technological advances and high levels of investment in B2B pricing systems provide unexplored opportunities for analysis and management of the price portfolio in a marketing context. New pricing models along with innovative production technologies and products can be a competitive advantage factor for B2B companies. They can capture vital value while turning digital pricing transformation into a profit-generating reality, and at the same time, to quickly and sustainably create value. Pricing is a complex and dynamic process, and companies that are capable of implementing effective pricing models, are well positioned to succeed in today's highly competitive and dynamic market.
More...Keywords: added value; trade; commercial enterprises; human resources
This report examines the change in added value, by taking into consideration factor costs in trade. It directly affects the change in the gross domestic product of the country. This report also analyzes the quantitative influence of the composition and its structure in commercial enterprises, according to the number of their employees. The things determined are as follows: the average level of added value in trade, the influence of its individual levels and the structure of sales, and the influence of human resources on the added value in trade. Comparative analysis, index analysis method and index factor analysis are applied. The time period of the study is 2018-2021.
More...Keywords: digitalization; public sector; Hungary; qualification
In this study, the latest digitalization trends in the public sector are examined, focusing on Hungary as a European Union member state. The findings reveal how people in Hungary use and evaluate the importance of e-administration services, emphasizing the relationship between education and the usage of public digital services. The usage frequency of the different types of e-governmental services is also demonstrated. The results are based on a questionnaire designed by the authors and answered by 200 Hungarian residents in 2021 and 2022. The findings do not support the basic general assumptions in every case, particularly with the connection between education and the usage of public digital services.
More...