Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster RISKs (29 – 30 September 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria)

Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea

Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea
(Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea)

Author(s):Nadezhda Valcheva, Violeta Slabakova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, Tourism, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:9-21
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:Black Sea; sea surface temperature; remote sensing; seasonal anomaly; decadal variability
Summary/Abstract:The study investigates on sea surface temperature (SST) seasonal to interannual variability in the western Black Sea using gridded fields of MODIS derived SST monthly averages of 4 km horizontal resolution. More specifically, winter and summer SSTs products were considered spanning a 17-year period (2003-2019).To this end, seasonal climatic mean fields were obtained and observed features were discussed from a hydrodynamic view point. Furthermore, time series of winter and summer SST means were analysed to reveal the spatial variability pattern. In terms of zonal flow, the winter SST increases eastward, while the summer ones - from northwest to southeast. Both winter and summer SSTs exhibit increasing long-term trends; there is almost uniform increase of the winter SSTs of 0.6-0.7°C per decade for all zonal areas, while the summer ones tend to vary in somewhat wider range – 0.5-0.7°C per decade. Besides, based on the normalized SST anomalies, it was found out that during 2003-2019 SSTs have grown with a lower rate compared to the two preceding decades. Finally, in attempt to link the SST variability to global teleconnection patterns such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a spectral analysis of seasonal time series was performed, which indicated the existence of quasi-decadal scale of variation that roughly follows the NAO positive and negative cycles.

Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles

Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles
(Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles)

Author(s):Yavor Chapanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:22-33
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:solar activity; temperature; climate variations
Summary/Abstract:The Sun is the main source of energy for all Earth’s geosystems, including climate, weather, mean sea level, winds, precipitation, and etc., mainly through Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), whose variations during solar activity cause various changes on the Earth surface. Climate processes, interactions between atmosphere-and ocean system, various local, regional and global hydrological cycles are the main mediator between solar activity and a number of geophysical processes on the Earth surface. The temperature at the Earth surface is widely used climate index, whose variations consist of significant seasonal oscillations, trend and long-term cycles. The variations of temperature over Bulgaria is investigated by means of several long time series of meteorological observations. The changes of seasonal components of temperature and long-term oscillations are analyzed in narrow frequency bands by means of the Partial Fourier Approximation. These temperature variations are compared with the corresponding cycles of solar activity in order to create long-term forecast models.

Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region

Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region
(Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region)

Author(s):Margret Velizarova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:34-44
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Air quality modelling; PM pollution in Sofia; ADMS-Urban model
Summary/Abstract:The habitants in Bulgarian capital city are unfortunately still exposed to high levels of particulate matter (PM) despite a lot of efforts made by the government and municipality during the last decades. A high resolution modelling using ADMS-Urban system was carried out for prolonged one month (January 2014) event with elevated levels of PM concentration for Sofia region. Four main emission sources (point industrial, domestic heating, roads and non-well defined transport) were taken into account for this study. Although this type of modelling accounts only for the local sources and has some deficiency, it can be very useful tool for estimation of the contribution of each source type to the concentration field and also allows to simulate different scenarios for future emission reduction that can help the authorities in decision making.

Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria

Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria
(Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Dimiter Syrakov, Maria Prodanova, Emilia Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:45-53
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Modelling air quality; satellite retrieve data; GOME-2; MetOP satellites; data assimilation
Summary/Abstract:he operational Bulgarian Chemical Weather Forecast System (BgCWFS) was modified and applied for assimilation of satellite retrieved atmospheric chemistry parameters - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and columnar values of NO2 and SO2. The work outlines the methodology based on calculation of correction factors between model estimated and satellite derived parameters. Two model simulations for August 2017 and February 2019 are made – Model Run (without satellite data assimilation – mod-run) and Satellite Run (with satellite data assimilation – sat-run) for all 5 domains of BgCWFS. In the paper the effect of the assimilation is demonstrated stressing mainly on the difference between sat- and mod-runs. The comparison of sat-run results with observations and with third party modelling results are object of other publications.

Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019

Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019
(Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019)

Author(s):Georgi Gadzhev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:54-65
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Air Quality Indices; air quality; quality of life; health risks
Summary/Abstract:The living environment of human beings and, obviously, the atmospheric composition has a great impact for the quality of life and human health. Air Quality (AQ) is a key element of European citizens' wellbeing and quality of life. The objectives of the present work are to conduct reliable, comprehensive and detailed studies of the impact of lower atmosphere composition on the quality of life and health risks for the population in the city of Sofia. The performed numerical simulations with the US EPA Models-3 system are for 12 years from 2008-2019 and calculated on five domains: Europe, Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Sofia Municipality and Sofia City with increasing space resolution - from 81 km (Europe) to 1 km (Sofia City). The System is based on the well-known models WRF (Meso-Meteorological Model) and US EPA dispersion model CMAQ (Chemical Transport Model). As emission input the TNO data is used for the two biggest domains. For the 3 Bulgarian domains the current emission inventory prepared by Bulgarian environmental authorities is exploited.

Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia

Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia
(Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia)

Author(s):Plamen Savov, Nikolay Kolev, Ekaterina Batchvarova, Hristina Kirova, Maria Kolarova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:66-79
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:air quality; aerosol concentration; atmospheric boundary layer (ABL); particle number concentrations; WRF-(GDAS) model; HYSPLIT; BSC-DREAM
Summary/Abstract:The paper presents results from aerosol experimental campaigns performed in the urban environment of Sofia. Laser Particle Counter (PLC) data of 2 summer days (June, 7 and 8) and 4 winter days (December, 18, 19, 20, 21) of 2019 are discussed. Aerosol particle concentrations (number/l and mass µg/m3) in channels 0-2.5 µm and 2.5-10 µm are measured at the open green area near Pliska (at 30 m distance from boulevard Tsarigradsko shose). The combined effect of the daily development of atmospheric boundary layer height, meteorological parameters, and hourly variations in the concentrations of the aerosol fractions is discussed. WRF-GDAS and HYSPLIT models are used for determination of the atmospheric boundary layer height and to follow the transport of air masses. BSC-DREAM dust model is used as an additional source of information to assess the long-range intrusion of dust.

Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results

Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results
(Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results)

Author(s):Vladimir Ivanov, Reneta Dimitrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management
Page Range:80-90
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Wind chill index modelling; WRF model performance estimation
Summary/Abstract:The thermal comfort is one of the main issues nowadays. The implications from the modelled future climate projections also put a question of the expected thermal environmental conditions. The objective of this paper is a winter human discomfort study for Sofia and its surroundings. Data from numerical simulations with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were used to calculate a Wind Chill index, which describes the deviation from the winter thermal comfort. This index depends on air temperature and wind, and it is categorized in a 6-grade scale, which describes how far or close are the environmental conditions from the human thermal comfort. Numerical experiments with combination of different parameterization schemes for atmospheric boundary layer and microphysical processes were carried out. Model performance for the temperature and wind speed were used for estimation of the best model options for calculation of the Wind Chill index.

Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results

Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results
(Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results)

Author(s):Georgi Gadzhev, Vladimir Ivanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management
Page Range:91-101
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Modelling; CMAQ; EMEP; Pollution; Composition; Air Quality
Summary/Abstract:The air quality US EPA models-3 system consisting of SMOKE - emission model and pre-processor, MM5 – meteorological driver, and CMAQ – chemical-transport model, is used in many studies of the air quality in the Balkan Peninsula, and in particular Bulgaria. It runs in different model resolutions, depending on the domain, from European to city scale. The EMEP-MSC-W model is another chemical transport model, widely used in air quality modelling. Two of the processes involved in the concentration change of some pollutant are the dry and wet depositions. The air quality modelling capability depends on many factors, for example, meteorology and emissions. We study the differences in the simulation of the wet and dry depositions for nitrogen and sulphur compounds, between the CMAQ and the EMEP-MSC-W model for a period of 8 years.

How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria

How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria
(How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Hristina Kirova, Nadya Neykova, Emilia Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:102-112
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:chemical transport models; PM10; PM2.5; regular air quality observations; model validation; Bulgaria
Summary/Abstract:The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of some well-known and widely used operational air quality modelling systems (EMEP-MSC-W, and the models at the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)) for simulations of particulate matter in Bulgaria. The analysis is focussed on a summer month (August 2017) and includes comparison of model to observations from 24 regular air quality background stations, as well as model inter-comparison. Along with statistical indicators various graphs are used - box plots, kernel density estimations,and scatter plots. The spatial distribution is discussed upon maps of monthly mean concentrations and comparison of domain averaged model concentrations. The spatial distribution of PM10 is similar only over the Black sea. The highest domain mean surface concentrations are simulated by CAMS global – by about 12 % for PM10 and by about 14 % for PM2.5 higher than the other models.

Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria

Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria
(Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria)

Author(s):Elena Hristova, Blagorodka Veleva, Krum Velchev, Emilia Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management
Page Range:113-123
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Cloud water; rain water; chemical composition; acidity; backward trajectories
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of the work is to present and discuss newly obtained data for the chemical composition of cloud water (CW) and rain water (RW) at a high-elevation site in Bulgaria. Sampling of CW and RW was organized in 2017 and 2018 during field experiments at Cherni Vrah, the highest peak in Vitosha Mountain. Passive collectors designed and constructed at NIMN were used. All collected samples (118) were analyzed for acidity (pH), conductivity (EC), main anions - SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, ammonium ions (NH4+), macro and micro elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Si, Zn, Cu). The average pH values for both types of samples were in the acidity range (<5.0). The values of EC varied from 5 to 89.2 µS.cm-1 for RW and from 0.7 to 202 µS.cm-1 for CW. The ion composition was dominated by NH4+, Ca, nssSO42- and NO3-, which made up more than 63% of the total ionic content for RW and 75% for CW. The relative contribution of the major compounds to the CW and RW composition is presented and discussed. The effect of long-range transport processes is studied for some selected periods of 2018 using HYSPLIT air mass backward trajectory analysis.

Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass

Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass
(Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass)

Author(s):Iliyana Naydenova, Tsvetelina Petrova, Ognyan Sandov, Ricardo Ferreira, Rositsa Velichkova, Mario Costa
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management
Page Range:124-134
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:particulate matter; biomass; gasification
Summary/Abstract:The present work aims at characterising ultrafine particulate matter (PM) that was emitted during biomass gasification in a drop tube furnace (DTF). Three different types of agricultural residue were gasified using the following gasifying agents: O2/N2 and O2/N2/CO2. The PM in the flue gases were sampled, using 13 stage impactor. Particulates, having aerodynamic diameter of 1 and 0.65 µm (PM1 and PM0.65) had the highest mass fraction among all other particulates with aerodynamic diameter up to 10 µm. Thus, the effects of biomass and gasifying agent on particles’ mass distribution were studied. Besides, PM1 and PM0.65 were characterised using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The PM elemental composition confirmed that volatile ash compounds, such as K and Cl are typical constituents of the ultrafine particulates, when biomass from agricultural residue (colza and sunflower husks) was gasified.

Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature

Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature
(Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature)

Author(s):Mirna Matov, Elisaveta Peneva, Greta Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:135-144
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Climate change; Black Sea; Winter severity
Summary/Abstract:Black Sea freezing is observed regularly in the northern part and near the Kerch Strait. The reason is the relatively shallow northwestern shelf part and the river inflow of the three major European rivers Danube, Dniepr and Dniestr, carrying large amount of fresh water to this part of the Black Sea. The observed global warming in the latest decades makes these episodes less intense. In 2012 and 2017 the sea ice extended unusually south. The aim of this study is to fill the gap of recent analysis on the Northern Black Sea areas covered regularly with ice. Based on the coastal meteorological stations measurements, we investigate the interannual-to-decadal variability of the thermal regime.The relation with the sea-ice cover based on satellite observations is studied. We define various categories of winter conditions depending on the number of cold days.

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods
(Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods)

Author(s):Hristo Chervenkov, Vladimir Ivanov, Georgi Gadzhev, Kostadin Ganev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:145-157
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:Climate Indices; CMIP5 Ensemble; RCPs; Future Climate; South-east Europe
Summary/Abstract:Nowadays there is a strong degree of agreement that the climate change is the defining challenge of our time. The analysis based on climate indices is probably the most widely used non-parametric approach for quantification of extreme climate events. This study which consist of two parts, is dedicated on the assessment of the spatial patterns and the temporal evolution of 6 temperature-based and 3-precipitation based indices in projected future climate over south-east Europe up to the end of the century. The annual means of the daily mean and extreme temperatures are also analysed in consistent manner. The indices are computed from the bias-corrected output of 5 CMIP5 global models, forced with all 4 RCP emission scenarios. The multi model ensemble medians of the temperature-based indices shows considerable warming which is consistent with the increase of the mean temperatures and is statistically significant in most cases. The revealed changes of the precipitation-based indices are more complex when compared with temperature changes.

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion
(Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion)

Author(s):Hristo Chervenkov, Vladimir Ivanov, Georgi Gadzhev, Kostadin Ganev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:158-171
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Climate Indices; CMIP5 Ensemble; RCPs; Future Climate; South-east Europe
Summary/Abstract:Nowadays there is a strong degree of agreement that the climate change is the defining challenge of our time. The analysis based on climate indices is probably the most widely used non-parametric approach for quantification of extreme climate events. This study which consist of two parts, is dedicated on the assessment of the spatial patterns and the temporal evolution of 6 temperature-based and 3-precipitation based indices in projected future climate over south-east Europe up to the end of the century. The annual means of the daily mean and extreme temperatures are also analysed in consistent manner. The indices are computed from the bias-corrected output of 5 CMIP5 global models, forced with all 4 RCP emission scenarios. The multi model ensemble medians of the temperature-based indices shows considerable warming which is consistent with the increase of the mean temperatures and is statistically significant in most cases. The revealed changes of the precipitation-based indices are more complex when compared with temperature changes.

Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations

Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations
(Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations)

Author(s):Rozeta Neykova, Elena Hristova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:172-180
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Air quality; PM10; back-trajectories; cluster analysis; PSCF
Summary/Abstract:This study is on estimation of the influence of the air mass origin on particulate matter (PM10) levels in the city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria during 2019. The HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) and the statistical software package “Openair” in R are applied. The cluster analysis statistical method is used to group the back-trajectories into 5 sets according to the angle, direction and speed of the air mass. The Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) statistical methods are also applied in order to identify source areas of pollutants. The PM10 concentrations in two air quality stations in Plovdiv and some meteorological elements are also presented and discussed. The influence of the clusters on PM10 levels is explained.

Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia

Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia
(Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia)

Author(s):Petar Zhivkov, Alexander Simidchiev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management
Page Range:181-194
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:particulate matter; acute morbidity; health indicators; PM10; PM2.5
Summary/Abstract:The objective of this paper is to assess the relationship between fine Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations and health indicators for acute morbidity. The methods used are linear correlation and non-parametric correlation analysis of a time series study conducted in Sofia from 1 January 2017 to 31 May 2019. Data from 4 local health sources that cover hospital admissions and all Emergency Medical Aid registrations from Sofia's population of 1.3 million. Results were obtained: The mean daily PM10 concentration was 35 μg/m3 with a range from 5 to 336 μg/m3. The mean daily PM2.5 concentration was 11.7 μg/m3 with a range from 2 to 136 μg/m3. In 15.3% of the times, the daily PM2.5 or PM10 concentrations did not meet the WHO Air Quality Guidelines target during the study period. At these excesses, acute infections of the upper respiratory tract and pneumonia increase by 47% and 60%, respectively. COPD increases with 36%, there are also changes and acute bronchitis. Conclusions: The findings provide a justification that exceeds the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were significantly associated with indicators of acute morbidity in Sofia.

Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data

Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data
(Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data)

Author(s):Damyan Barantiev, Ekaterina Batchvarova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:195-205
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:SCINTEC MFAS sodar; remote sensing data; Black Sea region; wind profiles; turbulent profiles; vertical structure; climatological studies; coastal area
Summary/Abstract:The coastal Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) structure is subject of research in many countries as large number of cities and industrial activities are located onshore seas, oceans or lakes. Mean characteristics of ABL at a Bulgarian Black Sea coastal site are obtained based on unique long-term (August 2008 - October 2016) acoustic remote sensing measurements. Marine and land nocturnal air flow vertical profiles are studied. Exploring data of wind and turbulence profiles with high spatial (10 m) and temporal (10 min) resolution from SCINTEC MFAS sodar revealed typical parameters as the height of the Internal Boundary Layer (IBL), nocturnal ABL height over sea and land, etc. The seasonal variability of coastal ABL characteristics is explored. The reported results can be used for verification of theoretical, mesoscale and air quality models. The study contributes to the understanding of wind regime and turbulent structure of ABL in a region with modest observation networks and data near the surface and no measurements and data in vertical direction.

Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad

Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad
(Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad)

Author(s):Radostina Angelova, Rositsa Velichkova, Sylvia Alexandrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:206-216
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:quarry activities; blasting operations; environmental impact
Summary/Abstract:The extraction of rock materials from the landscape is accompanied by severe influence on the nature. The research presents the assessment of the impact of the quarry activities in a gneiss deposit in the region of Blagoevgrad on the environment. The effect of the blasting operations and other quarry works are discussed in terms of the geomorphic impact, air and water pollution, noise, and influence on biota. Some measures for improvement of the quarry works and further quarry reclamation are suggested.

Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota

Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota
(Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota)

Author(s):Aneta Lambevska-Hristova, Svetlana Bancheva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:217-221
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:first record; Bulgarian mycota; Buxus sempervirens; lignicolous fungi
Summary/Abstract:Peniophora proxima Bres. is corticioid fungus belonging to family Peniophoraceae (Basidiomycota). It is easily distinguished by the numerous encrusted cystidia, gloeocystidia and ellipsoid spores. The species is considered a common white rot saprobe restricted only to the Buxus representatives. One of the most popular species of the Old world is Buxus sempervirens L. (European boxwood), native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia. Although the species does not belong to the native flora of Bulgaria, for many years, the European boxwoods have been one of the most popular and widely used landscaping plants, in the form of ornamental shrubs or dense, evergreen hedges in shady places. P. proxima has been reported from different parts of Europe, but it has not been previously reported for Bulgaria. This article reports this new find from three localities in Bulgaria, while providing information about the morphological and ecological features of the species and commenting on the pattern of its distribution.

Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Author(s):Petya Ivanova, Nina Dzhembekova, Ivan Atanassov, Krasimir Rusanov, Violin Raykov, Ivelina Zlateva, Maria Yankova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:222-231
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:control region (mt DNA); turbot; population structure; Bulgarian Black Sea coast
Summary/Abstract:Turbot is a valuable commercial fish species classified as endangered. Knowledge of the level and distribution of genetic diversity in turbot is important for designing conservation strategies for their sustainable survival and to preserve their evolutionary potential. Mitochondrial control region sequences were investigated to evaluate variability in population genetic structure of one population along the northern Black Sea coast. 19 CR haplotypes were found in the Shabla population, which were shared with turbot haplotypes, previously described for the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. A pattern with a high level of haplotype diversity (h = 0.954 ± 0.022) and a very low level of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00563 ± 0.00063) indicated a high number of closely related haplotypes and suggested that this population may have undergone a recent expansion. Tajima’s D test and Fu’s FS test both suggest recent population growth. The haplotypes found in the Shablа population were typical for the north Black Sea populations and could be used for distinguishing the population along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources

Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources
(Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources)

Author(s):Stefan Stefanov, Nina Dobrinkova, Emilia Tosheva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:232-241
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:G Suite; volunteer's training; open source GIS applications
Summary/Abstract:Training of volunteers that participate in natural hazard suppression measures is very important and time consuming. The volunteers do not have unlimited amount of time to dedicate on educational activities. Thus, interactive training platforms are the next step of the training processes. In our paper we will describe an open source Geographic Information System (GIS) tool specifically designed to support decision making for field operations in cases of natural disasters. The training activities for the tool implementation were based on Google G-Suite cloud application. The GIS application was developed to deliver field situation alerts in operational room and G suite was used before the field work as preparatory training for the teams working with it. The combination of the online tools described in the paper is presented as potential first step of real time volunteer training system that in future can be further elaborated and improved.

Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection

Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection
(Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection)

Author(s):Plamen Mukhtarov, Rumiana Bojilova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:242-249
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Radio waves; radio paths; ionosphere; critical frequencies
Summary/Abstract:A methodology for calculating the parameters of radio paths operating with ionospheric reflection that depends on the state of the ionosphere and at a given distance of radio communication is presented. Based on the critical frequencies of the ionospheric regions E (foE) and F (foF2) and the maximum usable frequency at a distance of 3000 km (MUF3000), the electron density profile is reconstructed and the geometry of the radio wave reflection from the ionosphere is determined. As a result of the modeling, the frequency range of the radio waves at which radio communication is possible is determined; the latter is limited by the lowest usable frequency (LUF) and the highest usable frequency (MUF) illustrated by an example.

GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster

GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster
(GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster)

Author(s):Aleksandar Petrovski, Nenad Taneski, Jugoslav Ackoski
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:250-259
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:GIS; disaster; crisis management; rescue; emergency response
Summary/Abstract:Today it has become both the government and citizens concern to care human beings against ever-increasing crisis around the globe. There are so many natural disasters like: forest fire incidents, earthquakes, floods, eruptions, tsunami and etc. despite all this kinds of natural and man- made disasters from a social perspective, it their potentiality to seriously and irreversible damage regions. In addition the extent and severity of such incidents may significantly affect the population. For that reason and the fact that Geographic information system is recognized as a useful system for alleviation the risk during the crisis management we develop the idea to promote a new model to have a practical and applicable method of GIS adoption within the crisis management in order to save as many lives as it can be done. This study aims to come out with a model that will not allow drop links. Each smart phone will have application in the event of natural disaster and it switched due to the change of the vital function of man in trouble. This will help departments respond as soon as they can and save lives as many as they can and to reduce the percentage of people who could not call for help. This work highlights the design challenges and required technical innovations towards the goal of making GIS much more useful.

Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System

Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System
(Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System)

Author(s):Nina Dobrinkova, Maria Asenova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:260-271
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:wildfire; fire danger; sensor network
Summary/Abstract:Wildland fires are natural hazard that occur every year in different parts of the world. European Mediterranean countries often are suffering from this disaster and in some cases human casualties plus infrastructure damages are in place. Bulgaria as part of the north east Mediterranean basin is affected by wildland fires in the last three decades more often than before. In our article we will present a framework for wildfire danger prediction system by usage of wireless sensor networks collecting real data and elaborating it into alerts. The test area is located on the territory of South-West state-owned forestry district. The described approach is based on the national fire danger rating algorithm, but in our case downscaled to daily prognosis. The system is under construction at the time of the paper writing thus the framework of the system main functionalities is the main scope of the article.

Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea

Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea
(Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea)

Author(s):Violeta Slabakova, Natalyia Slabakova, Snejana Moncheva, Nina Dzhembekova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:272-282
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:OLCI; ocean color; Black Sea; validation
Summary/Abstract:Ocean color remote sensing has entered a new era with the successful launch of the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on board Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites. The representativeness and accuracy of the OLCI geophysical products are poorly quantified in the Black Sea which is featured by high bio-optical complexity. This paper addresses the evaluation of the OLCI/3A sensor's performance for retrieving ocean color products of the western Black Sea waters, by carrying out qualitative and quantitative match-up analysis between in situ and OLCI data. Results indicate a systematic underestimate of the water-leaving radiances (more pronounced at 412 and 665 nm) in contrary to the OLCI standard Chlorophyll (CHL) products which significantly overestimate the in situ records. These findings confirm the need of consistent reference in situ bio-optical data with improved spatial and temporal coverage for further satellite ocean color missions calibration and validation activities in the Black Sea.

A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area

A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area
(A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area)

Author(s):Boriana Chtirkova, Elisaveta Peneva, Gergana Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:283-297
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:numerical weather prediction; Antarctica; horizontal resolution; land use type
Summary/Abstract:The weather forecast of good quality is essential for the humans living and operating in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base (BAB), located on the Livingstone Island coast at 62.64⁰ S and 60.36⁰ W. The numerical weather prediction models in southern high latitude regions still need improvement as the user community is limited, little test cases are documented and validation data are scarce. The modelling system is based on the WRF model, configured in three nested domains down to 1 km horizontal resolution, centered over BAB. The main objective of the study is to configure and validate the WRF model and to recommend certain set-up parameters like model area coverage, topography, land use, vertical levels, physics parametrization schemes, preparation of initial and boundary conditions and run configuration on HPC machines. Three test periods of “bad” weather events are considered during the summer seasons in 2016, 2017 and 2020. The ability of the 3 days forecast to capture the basic meteorological events in this period is discussed. Sensitivity experiments to the land use type are conducted and while the MODIS land data is found to be the most accurate for the region, a slight increase in the soil thermal capacity results in better model performance.

The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5

The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5
(The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5)

Author(s):Vasko Galabov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:298-306
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:waves; wave climate; Black Sea; SWAN; ERA5
Summary/Abstract:The study presents a reconstruction of the Western Black Sea wave climate based on a numerical hindcast using the SWAN wave model and ERA5 input data. While there are many wave hindcasts reconstructing the Black Sea wave climate, based on various atmospheric reanalysis projects, the present work is the first based on the state of art ERA5 reanalysis. We focus on the storminess affecting the Bulgarian coast. The storminess in the recent decade (2010-2019) was found to be the highest compared to the previous 3 decades covered by the reanalysis (while the previous 2000-2009 is with the lowest), but the trends in the storm proxies used in the study are not statistically significant. This confirms the conclusions of other studies that the wave climate of the Western Black Sea is steady.

Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast

Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast
(Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast)

Author(s):Vasko Galabov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:307-314
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:storm surges; Black Sea; surge hindcast; sea level
Summary/Abstract:We present the results of the numerical hindcast of the storm surges affecting the Bulgarian Black Sea coast during the period 1979-2020, using atmospheric data from the ERA5 reanalysis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the changes in the surge intensity and frequency during the period. The highest identified surges in the hindcast output are the surges of February 1979, January 1981 and February 2012- the surge of 2012 is the highest, while the surge of 1979 was found to be the longest and the most energetic event. We found no statistically significant inter annual change in the number, total duration and the introduced index characterizing the total energy of the surges above 60cm or 80cm was found. The total annual number of events above 40cm is with increasing trend which is statistically significant, but the total duration of events above 40cm does not show statistically significant trend- we observe more frequent but shorter events in the range 40-60cm during the last decade.

Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake

Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake
(Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake)

Author(s):Plamena Raykova, Dimcho Solakov, Stela Simeonova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:315-326
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Aftershocks; P and S-waves spectra; stress drop; seismic moment; seismic moment magnitude
Summary/Abstract:Studying of the space-time distribution of earthquakes is very important for understanding the physics of the earthquake generation process. The 2006 MW4.7 KARDZHALI earthquake was followed by an intensive aftershock activity. We analyze the space-temporal pattern of earthquake distribution in the aftershock sequence of the main event. We find that both space and temporal distribution of aftershocks shows non-random features. In this study P- and S-wave spectra for earthquakes from the seismic cluster (main earthquake - aftershocks) are generated. Earthquake parameters: seismic moment, source radius, stress drop are estimated applying Brune model for the MW4.7 quake and five aftershocks with magnitude МW in the interval 3.3 ÷ 3.7. The estimated stress drop value for the main event is within the expected range for moderate earthquakes (43 bars for the P-wave and approximately 65 bars for the S – wave).

Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula

Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula
(Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula)

Author(s):Emil Oynakov, Dimcho Solakov, Irena Aleksandrova, Jordan Milkov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:327-337
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:earthquake; recurrence graph; seismic hush
Summary/Abstract:Statistical analysis was performed, which revealed statistical parameters of the seismic setting before the earthquake in the region of Crete (01.04.2011 with coordinates 26.56oE, 35.64oN; Ml = 6.2, h = 63 km and T0 = 13: 29: 10.5 ). For this purpose, the spatial and temporal changes in the b-value and the value of the Z-seismic lull were estimated. The temporary change in the b-value shows that the average value of b decreased from 1.75 ± 0.02 between 1985 and 2002 to 1.4 ± 0.02 between 2003 and 2011. A significant decrease in the b-value and clear anomalies of calm in the Z-value in early 2011 were also observed in several neighboring areas. The epicenter of the earthquake falls in an area with a relatively low value of the a-parameter estimated for the entire previous period. In the study area, the abnormal decreasing trend of the b-value may be an indicator of increased stress, and the increasing trend of the Z-value may indicate areas of calm before the studied earthquake.

Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria

Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria
(Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria)

Author(s):Petya Trifonova, Dimcho Solakov, Stela Simeonova, Metodi Metodiev, Stefan Florin Balan
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:338-356
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:earthquake; site-effect; microseismic noise
Summary/Abstract:The present study investigates the characteristics of seismic sites of some of the NOTSSI monitoring network stations, based on microseismic noise. Nakamura's method of the spectral ratio of the horizontal to the vertical components of the seismic noise (H / V), directly related to the S-wave velocity of distribution (Vs) at the observed site was used for calculating the station repairs. The spectral H / V ratio of the seismic noise for 11 seismic stations is calculated, combined with geological data bellow each station. The values of A0 - site-effect, f0 - resonance frequency and h - depth of reference at the most contrasting resonance boundary were obtained. Attention is paid to seismic instruments and sensors

Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Author(s):Bogdan Prodanov, Preslav Peev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:357-366
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:archaeology; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); aerial photogrammetry; coastal erosion
Summary/Abstract:This paper aims to set out the role of using aerial remote sensing and marine hazard can play in informing responses to global challenges of coastal cultural heritage and enhancing the sustainable development of coastal zones. Aerial remote sensing and photogrammetric approaches are an integral part of modern archaeological research. In the last two decades of the century, a significant change in approaches to archaeological research has taken place: from direct fieldwork and excavation to remote sensing. In Bulgaria, this scientific discipline is quite new and it is in its infancy. However, during the last few years, the Institute of Oceanology – BAS conducted such types of investigations and a lot of new data have been collected. For this initial survey has been chosen a heritage site on the Bulgarian seashore. The studied area is the archaeological site Caron Limen/Caria at the Cape Shabla and it is determined as highly hazardous to coastal erosion. A systematic archaeological study of the topographic evolution of the coast in association with the functionality of case study area and other coastal facilities during Late Antiquity and Medieval Ages provides new data on the development of coastal life and especially the nature of sea exploitation in the context of maritime commerce.

Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse

Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse
(Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse)

Author(s):Dimcho Solakov, Stela Simeonova, Plamena Raykova, Boyko Rangelov, Constantin Ionescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:367-376
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:deterministic scenarios; intermediate depth earthquakes; Vrancea seismic source; Romania; Bulgaria
Summary/Abstract:Earthquakes are the deadliest natural disasters affecting the human environment. Global seismic risk and vulnerability to earthquakes are increasing steadily as urbanization and development occupy more areas that a prone to effects of strong earthquakes. Furthermore, uncontrolled growth of mega cities in highly seismic areas in the world is often associated with the construction of buildings and infrastructure, inconsistent with the regional seismo-tectonic features and seismic hazard. The assessment of seismic hazard and generation of earthquake scenarios is the first link in the prevention chain and the first step in the evaluation of the seismic risk.In the present study a deterministic earthquake scenario (expressed in macroseismic intensity MSK) for the city of Ruse is generated. The study is guided by the perception that usable and realistic, based on both local seismic history and tectonic conditions, ground motion maps have to be produced for urban areas. The scenario maps account soil amplification effects using the geotechnical zonation of the considered urban area.

Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk

Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk
(Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk)

Author(s):Dimitar Stefanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:377-387
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:earthquake; seismic risk; consequences; building stock
Summary/Abstract:The impact of earthquakes in urban areas is a complex problem compounded by multi-hazard and consequential risk issues, enormous inventory of vulnerable physical elements and the attendant socio-economic problems. An approach for assessment of urban earthquake risk is presented. Rational urban risk predictions and expected losses from major earthquakes in the future serve the basis and also provide strong reasons for the pro-active risk mitigation activities. The proposed approach is based on a combination of numerical values for the determined levels of consequences in the three considered areas (social consequences, material consequences, economic losses).

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Author(s):Plamen Ivanov, Vladislav Zaalishvili, Rosen Nankin
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:388-400
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:Landslide; slope stability; Mora and Vahrson method; Black Sea coast
Summary/Abstract:The Black Sea coast is one of the regions of Bulgaria with distribution of a significant part of the Bulgarian landslides. The analysis of the factors influencing the stability of the coastal slopes shows that they have a higher concentration and more intensive total impact on the northern part of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, where most of the larger landslides are located. In this study, the Mora and Vahrson method was applied to estimate the landslide susceptibility along the northern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. This method is based on evaluation of various local factors for slope instability which are estimated using a Geographic Information System. The purpose of the study is to produce a landslide susceptibility map and to locate landslide-prone areas for this region.

Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case)

Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case)
(Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case))

Author(s):Petya Eftimova, Nikolay Valchev, Bogdan Prodanov, Nataliya Andreeva, Todor Lambev, Liubomir Dimitrov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:401-415
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:Black Sea coast; sediment grain size; beach-face slope; empirical relationships
Summary/Abstract:The study examines the relationships between the beach-face slopes and sediment sizes for several coastal stretches located in Burgas Bay using limited field data, and explores the applicability of a number of previously developed formulations for local geomorphic, lithologic and wave conditions. Knowledge on the clear dependence between considered parameters is of particular importance for many engineering applications such as calculation of maximum run-up, shoreline changes, beach berm erosion potential, and assessment of coastal flood and erosion hazards. The results have shown that none of the considered empirical relationships can be used straightforwardly, although some of them might be considered for future analysis. Hence, it is necessary to enrich the database with wider ranges of beach-face slopes, sediment sizes coming from areas with different wave exposure and morphodynamics state in order to elaborate a reliable native relationship suitable for local to regional specifics of the western Black Sea coast. This underpins the importance of regular coastal monitoring.

Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria

Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria
(Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria)

Author(s):Miroslav Krastanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:416-427
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Landslide; slope stability; factory of safety; Sofia kettle
Summary/Abstract:In the present study, a specific sample area has been selected, where an assessment model is made for the stability of a slope subjected to anthropogenic impacts. A slope from the foot of the Lozenska mountain in the periphery of the Sofia kettle has been chosen as such an exemplary area, as part of the dangers arising in the Trans-Balkan valleys. Landslide processes as a result of anthropogenic impact often occur on the territory of the Sofia valley. The increased construction, the development of hard-to-reach terrains with large slopes, their undermining, the seismic impact and the low values of the strength-deformation parameters of the geological varieties building the respective terrains contribute to their occurrence. The deforestation, the loads with heavy embankments, the hydration, the inhomogeneity of the layers of the earth base have a strong destabilizing effect. The terrain in question is located in the southeastern part of the village of German, at the base of a steep 35 ÷ 49º slope. The paper presents the results of field and laboratory studies, analyzes of slope stability by the method of Felenius. The severity of the impact of the various destabilizing factors was assessed.

An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981

An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981
(An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981)

Author(s):Dimcho Solakov, Stela Simeonova, Plamena Raykova, Irena Aleksandrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:428-438
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:earthquake catalogue; magnitude scales; homogeneous catalogue; completeness test; magnitude scales; Bulgaria
Summary/Abstract:A homogeneous earthquake catalogue for Bulgaria and adjacent areas covering the period 1981–2019 is presented. The existing catalogues (including instrumental seismicity) for Bulgaria, covering the time period 1981–2000, were updated for the time period 2001-2019 using instrumentally determined focal earthquake parameters. In the present update catalogue, MW is calculated for the entire period 1981–2019 applying the regression equations converting magnitude scales used in Bulgarian seismological routine practice (Md and MP) to the most reliable and widely used scale of magnitude, i.e. the seismic moment magnitude, MW. Thus, a magnitude homogeneous catalogue concerning MW scales is presented. The extended catalogue contains 645 independent events. The completeness test revealed that the catalogue is complete for moment magnitudes larger than or equal to 3.2 for the last 39 yr.

Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island

Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island
(Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island)

Author(s):Lyuba Dimova, Reneta Raykova, Alberto Armigliato, Gianluca Pagnoni, Stefano Tinti
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:439-447
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:tsunami; scenario-based tsunami technique; seismic sources; UBO-TSUFD; Karpathos Island
Summary/Abstract:Karpathos is the second largest of the Greek Dodecanese islands. Historical data such as the event of 9 February 1948, indicate that this area is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. In this study we evaluate the tsunami hazard for the Karpathos Island by means of a scenario-based technique. We take into account tsunamis generated by three main seismic sources in agreement with local tectonics and historical records. The code UBO-TSUFD is used for all numerical simulations. Tsunamis are computed in several domains with different resolution for a better calculation of the maximum coastal wave height and tsunami inundation. Tsunami parameters for each individual scenario are used to construct a unique aggregated scenario, which help us to evaluate the inundation zone. The contribution of all scenarios along the coast of Karpathos is studied via synthetic mareograms. It is found that EHA dominates and that the southern Karpathos is more exposed to tsunamis.

Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018

Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018
(Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018)

Author(s):Krastina Malcheva, Tania Marinova, Lilia Bocheva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:448-462
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:extreme precipitation; statistical modelling; return levels
Summary/Abstract:Annual maximum daily precipitation from 292 meteorological stations of the national meteorological network has been used to investigate the statistical properties of extreme precipitation in the period 1892-2018. The stationarity of time series has been examined for abrupt changes and slow variations by the non-parametric Pettitt and Mann-Kendall tests. The return levels of annual maximum daily precipitation for selected probabilities of exceedance have been assessed on the base of the best-fitted combination of probability distributions and parameters estimation methods for each of the time series.

Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria

Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria
(Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Emilia Georgieva, Elena Hristova, Blagorodka Veleva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:463-475
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:precipitation chemistry; Saharan dust; field campaigns; dust models; satellite AOD
Summary/Abstract:The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of Saharan dust events on the chemical composition of rain samples collected at three sites in Bulgaria during 2017-2018. Saharan dust intrusions were identified through a combination of satellite retrieved aerosol data and results from dust forecasting models and from backward trajectory model. The chemical composition of the samples (acidity pH, conductivity EC, main ions and elements) is analysed in view of the direction of the approaching air masses – “direct” influence (south-west), and “indirect” influence from other directions and regions, already impacted by Saharan dust. All samples were characterised by elevated values of pH (max 7.4), EC (max 202 µS.cm-1) and Si, Ca, Fe, Mg concentrations. For cases with direct influence Si and Ca values were up to 1.5 and 25 mg.l-1. In most of the indirect cases increased concentrations of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium were observed (up to 39.5, 23.1 and 8.3 mg.l-1)

PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria

PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria
(PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria)

Author(s):Damyan Barantiev, Ekaterina Batchvarova, Hristina Kirova, Orlin Gueorguiev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:476-486
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:extreme wind events; coastal boundary layer; wind and turbulent profiles; remote sensing; sodar
Summary/Abstract:round-based remote sensing (GBRS) data collection with Scintec Sodar MFAS was performed in southern Bulgarian Black Sea side from August 2008 until October 2016. These high spatial (10 m) and temporal (10 minutes with averaging time of 20 minutes) resolution measurements of wind and turbulent parameters have been used to explore the vertical structure of the coastal boundary layer during extreme wind events. For this purpose, the ninety-percentile of the two-parameter Weibull distribution of the wind speed at every sodar measurement level from 30 up to 600 m is used as a criterion to define the “rare” values within their statistical distributions and to identify a theoretical extreme wind speed profile (reference profile). On this basis, the extreme profiles during the reviewed period have been determined and their multiple time series have been then used to derive averaged profiles of twelve sodar output parameters under extreme winds conditions.

Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss

Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss
(Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss)

Author(s):Ivan Genov, Krasimira Slavova, Tzvetana Nonova, Elena Koleva-Rekalova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:487-496
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Black Sea; Holocene; palaeoenvironment; Ostrea edulis; pollution
Summary/Abstract:Geological and palaeoclimatic Holocene setting in the Black Sea has been traced. This research suggests that the appearance of Ostrea edulis in the Black Sea during the Middle Holocene, not immediately after the invasion of Mediterranean waters, is due to the dynamics of interconnected climate and abiotic parameters of the basin. Although the reasons for the decrease in abundance of the Black Sea population of flat oysters are still uncertain, we attempts, through a comparative analysis of key abiotic factors in the past and today, to suggest that it is quite possible marine ecosystems to respond to modern changes of key climate-related drivers and pollution by changing their habitat and/or extinction. Geological approaches were used to study the abiotic factors of the environment (salinity and temperature) back in time.

Effect of Organic Matter Loading on Nutrient and Oxygen Fluxes at the Sediment-Water Interface in Different Sedimentary Habitats in Sozopol Bay (Sw Black Sea): a Laboratory Experiment

Effect of Organic Matter Loading on Nutrient and Oxygen Fluxes at the Sediment-Water Interface in Different Sedimentary Habitats in Sozopol Bay (Sw Black Sea): a Laboratory Experiment
(Effect of Organic Matter Loading on Nutrient and Oxygen Fluxes at the Sediment-Water Interface in Different Sedimentary Habitats in Sozopol Bay (Sw Black Sea): a Laboratory Experiment)

Author(s):Stefania Klayn, Dimitar Berov, Ventzislav Karamfilov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:497-507
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:benthic fluxes; sediment-water interface; pore waters; nutrient recycling, coastal zone; Black Sea
Summary/Abstract:Coastal benthic sediments play an important role in regulating water column nutrient concentrations and primary production via nutrient regeneration and exchanges at the sediment-water interface. This study aimed to characterize the diffusive benthic fluxes of NH4+, NO3-, PO4-3, and O2 in some of the most common shallow sedimentary habitats (fine and coarse sands, seagrass beds, and unvegetated patches within the seagrass beds) along the Bulgarian coast, and their changes under organic loading, through a laboratory experiment. Nutrient fluxes were dominated by a release of NH4+ to the water column in all sediment types, and a parallel uptake of NO3- by the sediments; both fluxes increased under organic loading, possibly indicating stimulation of nitrate reduction within the sediments. The PO4-3 fluxes were smaller, and the sediments mostly acted as a source for phosphorus under organic loading. O2 was taken up from the overlying water in all treatments and sediment types, and this flux increased under organic loading, probably in relation to the decomposition of the organic matter and spontaneous chemical oxidation of sulphide ions, released during sulphate reduction within the sediments. The study contributes towards the understanding of nutrient cycling and the role of the benthic compartment in Black Sea coastal soft-bottom habitats.

Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans

Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans
(Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans)

Author(s):Petja Ivanova-Radovanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:508-514
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:landscape quality; environmental risk assessment; evaluation of natural resources
Summary/Abstract:he article discusses a method for assessment of the quality of the natural landscapes in one of the Nature parks in Bulgaria – Rila Monastery Nature Park – as a good practice for the evaluation of the quality of natural resources. The methodology for Rapid Landscape Assessment presented, had been initially developed for the purpose of the development of the management plan of Rila Monastery Nature Park. Significant amount of information from the field have been generated and analyzed by multi-disciplinary team in a relatively short period of time. It was proved that the approach of rapid assessment is a good practice for cost-effective, rapid and efficient assessment of natural resources. Thus, the methodology can be used in environmental risk assessment of different sites of natural and cultural interest because such sites are normally not only underestimated and also under pressure from different kinds of developments and time constrains.

Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019

Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019
(Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019)

Author(s):Dragomir Dragomirov, Emil Oynakov, Valentin Buchakchiev, Jordan Milkov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:515-524
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Bulgaria; seismic network; seismicity
Summary/Abstract:A map of epicenters of 411 earthquakes with magnitude Mw >= 2.5 that occurred from 2017 to 2019 in Bulgaria and surroundings (sector outlined by latitude = 41o- 44.5o N and longitude = 22o- 29o E) registered by NOTSSI is presented. Analysis is done on the distribution of the events through time and space, magnitude and depth. The events frequency progression is analyzed for the whole studied period and then compared with each year separately. Generalized analysis is proposed as to what can contribute to variations in the data for the studied period. Catalog of earthquakes with magnitude Mw >= 3.5 is applied.

Intrinsic Oscillations of River Stream Flows Determined by ARIST Method

Intrinsic Oscillations of River Stream Flows Determined by ARIST Method
(Intrinsic Oscillations of River Stream Flows Determined by ARIST Method)

Author(s):Yavor Chapanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:525-532
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:river streamflow; ARIST; climate; mean sea level
Summary/Abstract:The river streamflows analyses can be successfully used in water resource planning and management, depending on the needs of the wide range users. It is possible to use these applications in several general directions: as informal, qualitative guidance for water managers, stakeholders and decision makers and prediction about long-term drought variability; for quantitative assessments of long-term hydrologic variability and assessment the severity and duration of drought cycles; as direct inputs into hydrologic models of a water system, etc. The long-term oscillations of the river streamflows are influenced mainly by the solar activity and climate interaction, whose variations often consist of synchronous cycles. The intrinsic oscillations of Danube and Don streamflows are determined by the recently created autoregressive method ARIST. These oscillations are compared with the intrinsic oscillations of solar and climate indices and mean Black Sea level variations. Conclusions about the use of intrinsic oscillations in floods or drought prediction are made.

Initial Assessment of Composition, Abundance, Spatial Distribution and Hotspots Identification of Floating Macro-Litter in the Bulgarian Black Sea Waters

Initial Assessment of Composition, Abundance, Spatial Distribution and Hotspots Identification of Floating Macro-Litter in the Bulgarian Black Sea Waters
(Initial Assessment of Composition, Abundance, Spatial Distribution and Hotspots Identification of Floating Macro-Litter in the Bulgarian Black Sea Waters)

Author(s):Violeta Slabakova, Ivelina Zlateva, Krasimira Slavova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:533-543
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Black Sea; floating marine litter; monitoring; MSFD
Summary/Abstract:The present research is focused on composition, density, distribution and identification of accumulative areas of floating marine litter (FML) in the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal, shelf and offshore waters. Macro-debris abundances were determined in compliance with MSFD protocol for visual observations based on fixed-width strip transect method. Six floating litter monitoring surveys were carried out between 2017 and 2019. Over 144 hours of visual observations were performed in a total of 288 transects, covering an overall survey area of 7.52 km2. 1320 litter items were identified and classified during the campaigns of which 90% were detected as plastic materials. The presence of floating debris was observed throughout the entire study area with density ranging from 0 to 1750 items km-2 and average density of 170 items km-2. Unexpectedly marine litter concentration patterns were evenly distributed among the studied regions with some specifics at certain sites.

Endemic Forests in Danger: Land Use Shifts and Accompanying Impacts upon the Natural Flood Storage Reservoirs along the North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Endemic Forests in Danger: Land Use Shifts and Accompanying Impacts upon the Natural Flood Storage Reservoirs along the North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Endemic Forests in Danger: Land Use Shifts and Accompanying Impacts upon the Natural Flood Storage Reservoirs along the North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Author(s):Iliyan Kotsev, Bogdan Prodanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:544-553
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:longoz forests; natural flood retention; Batova river; Kamchia River; landscape transformation; change detection
Summary/Abstract:Longozes represent endemic forests native to the East Balkans. Key factors for their existence are the humid subtropical climate with mild winters and the river inundations occurring twice-yearly. These hygrophilous forests play an essential regulatory role in the runoff peaks by ensuring a crucial ecosystem service as flood storage reservoirs. Nowadays, because of highly decreased and fragmented areals, longozes are red-listed as critically endangered. Hence, they are subject to preservation in compliance with the EU Habitats Directive and Annex 1 of Bulgaria’s Biodiversity Act. Aim and objectives of the study herein are: to investigate the spatio-temporal changes in the longoz forests’ areals along the North Bulgarian coast; to analyze the consequences of the anthropogenic impacts upon the river runoff; to provide a generalized assessment of the longozes’ contemporary flood retention capabilities. Topographic maps from the late 19th century were integrated in GIS to reconstruct the longozes’ historical extents by on-screen digitizing of the areas of interest. Analogous procedures were applied to such from the mid-1970s, a time frame correlating with the Socialist extensive development of Bulgaria’s coast. The areas’ historical land cover as in the late 1980s was further refined using Landsat imagery. These historic data sets were chronologically compared to the longozes’ contemporary extents, available as up-to-date cadastral data. The comparisons were executed using GIS crosstabulation techniques. The analyses demonstrate the ubiquitous decrease of the longozes due to overexploitation of the wood resources, land use shifts, resort construction, decreased river runoff, etc. These findings imply for a deteriorated environmental status, impaired flood storage capacity and the inability of the woods to act as a regulator of the peak ourflows nowadays, well correlating with the recent extreme coastal floods with fluvial origin.

Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019

Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019
(Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019)

Author(s):Antonina Kovacheva, Diana Rabadjieva, Radost Ilieva, Rumiana Gergulova, Veselin Nanev, Ivelin Vladov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:554-563
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:water pollution; chemical species; nutrients pollution; Struma River
Summary/Abstract:The hydrological characteristics of water basins in Pernik region, Bulgaria have been badly worsened since the summer of 2019. This study was performed in the low-flow period of December 2019 and covered eight sampling stations along the Struma River between Studena dam and Pchelina dam, region of the town of Pernik. The analytical data obtained and the calculated threshold pollution indices of the single nutrients PO43-, NO2-, NO3- and NH4+ and their integrated threshold pollution indices showed water pollution in respect of PO43- and NH4+. The concentrations of PO43- at all stations, of NH4+ ions in the waters after Pernik city, and of NO3- and NO2- before Pchelina dam exceeded the respective maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) according to the Bulgarian legislation. The waters were pure in respect of the trace metals Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb; only Mn exceeded its MAC. The chemical species of the trace metals were calculated by thermodynamic modeling and discussed on the base of the “Hard and Soft Acids and Bases” (HSAB) principle.

Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria

Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria
(Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria)

Author(s):Silviya Topleva, Tsvetko Prokopov, Donka Taneva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:564-572
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:clean production; eco-innovation; ecodesign; food industry
Summary/Abstract:n this paper we propose a model for implementation of eco-innovations of clean production in the SMEs of the food industry in Bulgaria. The clean production is a preventative approach to managing environmental aspects. The paper presents the essence of clean production, the methods for its achievement and outlining the possible options and barriers for SMEs from the food industry in Bulgaria to implement the relevant eco-innovations. The ecological footprint of the food industry makes the need for an integrated implementation of clean production practices from raw material extraction to packaging and waste disposal of final consumer.

Assessment of the Changes in the Groundwater Recharge to Precipitation Ratio in the Recent Years Influenced by the Air Temperature and Rain Intensity Increase In The West Aegean Region Of Bulgaria

Assessment of the Changes in the Groundwater Recharge to Precipitation Ratio in the Recent Years Influenced by the Air Temperature and Rain Intensity Increase In The West Aegean Region Of Bulgaria
(Assessment of the Changes in the Groundwater Recharge to Precipitation Ratio in the Recent Years Influenced by the Air Temperature and Rain Intensity Increase In The West Aegean Region Of Bulgaria)

Author(s):Olga Nitcheva, Polya Dobreva, Nelly Hristova, Vesselin Koutev, Donka Shopova, Albena Vatralova, Emil Bournazki
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:573-581
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:groundwater recharge; R/P; rainfall-runoff model (CLM)
Summary/Abstract:The topic of this report concerns the expected changes of the important part of the water resources of Bulgaria caused by the moving of the main precipitation to the warm seasons. The study examines the influence of the air temperature and rain intensity as main factors for the change in the potential groundwater recharge / precipitation ratio in the summer months of three recent years on the territory of Southwest Bulgaria (Basins of Struma and Mesta rivers). The assessment has been performed by application of a precipitation-runoff hydrological model, which is a sub-model of NASA's climate model.

Rapana Venosa Rapa Whelk Responsible for Rapid Destruction of Black Sea Coastal Mytilus Galloprovincialis Littoral Reef Communities – Results from a Preliminary Study in Sw Black Sea (Sozopol Bay, Bulgaria)

Rapana Venosa Rapa Whelk Responsible for Rapid Destruction of Black Sea Coastal Mytilus Galloprovincialis Littoral Reef Communities – Results from a Preliminary Study in Sw Black Sea (Sozopol Bay, Bulgaria)
(Rapana Venosa Rapa Whelk Responsible for Rapid Destruction of Black Sea Coastal Mytilus Galloprovincialis Littoral Reef Communities – Results from a Preliminary Study in Sw Black Sea (Sozopol Bay, Bulgaria))

Author(s):Dimitar Berov, Stefania Klayn, Ventzislav Karamfilov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:582-597
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:Black Sea; exclusion experiment; Rapana venosa; Mytilus galloprovincialis; invasive species
Summary/Abstract:The dynamics of predator-prey interaction between the invasive Rapa whelk R. venosa and the black mussel M. galloprovincialis in the coastal zone of the Black Sea shapes the structure of the benthic hard rock ecosystems in the littoral area of the basin. Applying a combination of observational methods (transects, photo surveys) and exclusion ’cage’ experiments we tracked the rapid increase in Rapa whelks population density (from 1.1 ind.m2 up to 13 ind.m-2) and the destruction of infralittoral mussel communities by the Rapa whelks in the study area (from up to 2469.95±1184.82 g.m-2 wet biomass and 1054.66±228.19 ind.m-2 to practically none). A rapid recovery was noted just 6 months later in caged experimental plots where R. venosa could not reach the newly settled mussels, in contrast to open plots where no new mussel colonies developed. The importance of harvesting of Rapa whelks by divers as means of local control of their populations, and of the preservation of natural circalittoral M. galloprovincialis populations as sources of larvae for the resettlement of coastal habitats is also discussed.

Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case

Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case
(Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case)

Author(s):Irina Gancheva, Elisaveta Peneva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:598-604
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:oil pollution in Black Sea; SAR; ocean remote sensing
Summary/Abstract:This study focuses on the case of the underwater oil leak form the ship Mopang, sunk in 1921 near the city Sozopol on the Bulgarian coast. In the summer of 2018, some of its engine fuel was released and reached the coast, gaining significant public and media attention. The available Sentinel-1 radar images for the affected region for the years 2017 and 2018 are processed and the results show that oil leaks were visible as early as February 2017. Significant amount of oily discharge was detected during the summer months of both years. During the rest of the year there were occasional discharges, without accumulation during particular periods.The sunken ship Mopang is used as a verified case to demonstrate the capability of remote sensing techniques for reliable detection of oil pollution on the sea surface in small scales close to the shoreline, combining radar and optical data. Sentinel-1 and 2 images, together with drone acquisitions are analysed, discussing the benefits of each method and taking into consideration the particularities of the region of interest. Based on the availability of radar acquisitions with detected oil slicks twice a day at 4 am and 4 pm for some days, we have investigated the evolution of the detected oil slick on the sea surface, depending on the marine meteorological conditions.

A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters

A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters
(A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters)

Author(s):Konstantinos Liolios, Georgios Skodras, Krasimir Georgiev, Ivan Georgiev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:605-612
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Constructed wetlands; Monte Carlo method; Uncertain-but-bounded input-parameters
Summary/Abstract:The operation problem of Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (HSFCW) to remove pollutants under uncertainty is investigated numerically in a stochastic way. Uncertain-but-bounded input-parameters are considered as interval parameters with known upper and lower bounds. This uncertainty is treated by using the Monte Carlo method. A typical pilot case of an HSFCW concerning Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal is presented and numerically investigated. The relevant numerical results have a good matching to available experimental ones, and so the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed stochastic approach is proven.

Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster RISKs (29 – 30 September 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria) Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster RISKs (29 – 30 September 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria)

Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea

Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea (Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea)

Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles

Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles (Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles)

Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region

Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region (Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region)

Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria

Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria (Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria)

Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019

Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019 (Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019)

Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia

Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia (Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia)

Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results

Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results (Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results)

Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results

Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results (Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results)

How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria

How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria (How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria)

Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria

Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria (Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria)

Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass

Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass (Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass)

Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature

Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature (Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature)

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods (Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods)

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion (Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion)

Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations

Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations (Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations)

Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia

Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia (Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia)

Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data

Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data (Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data)

Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad

Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad (Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad)

Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota

Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota (Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota)

Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources

Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources (Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources)

Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection

Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection (Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection)

GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster

GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster (GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster)

Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System

Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System (Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System)

Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea

Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea (Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea)

A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area

A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area (A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area)

The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5

The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5 (The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5)

Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast

Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast (Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast)

Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake

Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake (Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake)

Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula

Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula (Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula)

Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria

Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria (Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria)

Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse

Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse (Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse)

Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk

Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk (Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk)

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast (Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case)

Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case) (Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case))

Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria

Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria (Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria)

An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981

An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981 (An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981)

Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island

Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island (Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island)

Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018

Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster RISKs (29 – 30 September 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria)
Proceeding of 1st International Conference on Environmental Protection and Disaster RISKs (29 – 30 September 2020, Sofia, Bulgaria)

Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea
(Winter and Summer Variability and Trends of Modis Derived Sea Surface Temperatures for the Western Black Sea)

Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles
(Variations of Temperature over Bulgaria and their Connection with Solar Cycles)

Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region
(Study of One Month High Polluted Pm Event for Sofia Region)

Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria
(Satellite Data Assimilation of Air Quality Parameters in Bulgaria)

Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019
(Preliminary Results for the Recurrence of Air Quality Index for the City of Sofia from 2008 to 2019)

Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia
(Particulate Matter Characteristics and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height over Sofia)

Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results
(Sensitivity to the Wrf Model Configuration of the Wind Chill Index for Sofia Region – Preliminary Results)

Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results
(Modelling of the Sulphur and Nitrogen Depositions over the Balkan Peninsula by CMAQ and EMEP-MSC-W – Preliminary Results)

How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria
(How Well Do the Air Quality Models EMEP and CAMS Reproduce Particulate Matter Surface Concentrations in Bulgaria)

Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria
(Cloud and Rain Water Chemical Composition at Peak Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria)

Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass
(Characteristics of Ultrafine PM Emitted During Gazification of Biomass)

Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature
(Black Sea Freezing and Winter Severity: Relation to the Temperature)

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods
(Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part One: Concept and Methods)

Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion
(Assessment of the Future Climate over Southeast Europe Based on CMIP5 Ensemble of Climate Indices – Part Two: Results and Discussion)

Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations
(Application of Backward Trajectories and Cluster Analysеs for Study of Variations in PM10 Concentrations)

Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia
(Relationship between Particulate Matter and Health Indicators for Acute Morbidity in Sofia)

Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data
(Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Characteristic in a Costal Site Using Long-Term Sodar Data)

Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad
(Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities: the Case Study of a Gneiss Deposit in the Region of Blagoevgrad)

Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota
(Peniophora Proxima (Peniophoraceae, Basidiomycota): Newly Recorded for the Bulgarian Mycota)

Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Applicability of Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA for Assessment of Turbot Populations Along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources
(Open Source GIS Decision Support Tools for Wildfire and Flood Natural Hazards with Embedded Interactive Training Resources)

Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection
(Methodology for Calculating the Parameters of Radio Paths with Ionospheric Reflection)

GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster
(GIS in Crises Management Use of Smart Phone GIS Application in the Event of Natural Disaster)

Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System
(Framework for Wildfire Danger Prediction System)

Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea
(Evaluation of Sentinel-3a OLCI Ocean Color Products in the Western Black Sea)

A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area
(A Modelling System for Numerical Weather Prediction in the Bulgarian Antarctic Base Area)

The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5
(The Western Black Sea Waves 1980-2020 – Study Based on ERA5)

Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast
(Storm Surges Affecting the Bulgarian Coast – Study Based on 41 Years Numerical Hindcast)

Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake
(Seismological Analysis of the 2006 Kardzhali Earthquake)

Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula
(Seismicity Patterns Associated with Earthquakes on the Balkan Peninsula)

Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria
(Parameters of the Seismic Risk for Blagoevgrad Region, Bulgaria)

Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Geoarchaeological Research in the Area of the Cape Shabla Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, North Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse
(Earthquake Scenarios for the City of Ruse)

Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk
(Complex Assessment of the Urban Earthquake Risk)

Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
(Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard along the Northern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)

Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case)
(Assessment of Empirical Relationships between Beach-Face Slope and Sediment Size Using Field Data (Burgas Bay Case))

Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria
(Assessment of Destabilizing Factors on a Potential Landslide Slope in Sofia Kettle –Example from the German Village Area, Bulgaria)

An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981
(An Earthquake Catalogue for Bulgaria and Adjacent Areas since 1981)

Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island
(Aggregated Tsunami Scenario for Karpathos Island)

Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018
(Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018)

Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria
(Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria)

PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria
(PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria)

Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss
(Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss)

Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans
(Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans)

Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019
(Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019)

Intrinsic Oscillations of River Stream Flows Determined by ARIST Method
(Intrinsic Oscillations of River Stream Flows Determined by ARIST Method)

Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019
(Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019)

Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria
(Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria)

Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case
(Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case)

A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters
(A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters)