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STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF MULTICULTURALISM IN SERBIA AND THE COUNTRIES IN THE REGION Cover Image

СТАЊЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗМА У СРБИЈИ И ДРЖАВАМА РЕГИОНА
STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF MULTICULTURALISM IN SERBIA AND THE COUNTRIES IN THE REGION

Contributor(s): Vojislav Stanovčić (Editor), Goran Bašić (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics, International relations/trade, Inter-Ethnic Relations
Published by: Институт друштвених наука
Keywords: National minorities; Serbi; Southeast Europe; Multiculturalism
Summary/Abstract: Koliko je multikulturalizam „neuhvatljiv“ i teško objašnjiv pojam svedoče i kritike koje se sve češće i sve oštrije upućuju na njegov račun. Međutim, baš u ovim kritikama iskazano je nerazumevanje razlike između multietničnosti kao društvenog stanja i multikulturalizma kao proizvoda strategijskih, političkih i drugih odluka.

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-7093-169-5
  • Page Count: 456
  • Publication Year: 2016
  • Language: English, Serbian
КУЛТУРНА РАЗЛИЧИТОСТ И ПРАВНА РЕЛЕВАНТНОСТ КУЛТУРНЕ РАЗЛИЧИТОСТИ

КУЛТУРНА РАЗЛИЧИТОСТ И ПРАВНА РЕЛЕВАНТНОСТ КУЛТУРНЕ РАЗЛИЧИТОСТИ
(CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND THE LEGAL RELEVANCE OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY)

  • Author(s):Tibor Varadi
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:3-20
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:cultural diversity; discrimination; equality; collective minority rights; Dayton Constitution; linguistic rights; traditional migrant status
  • Summary/Abstract:It is beyond doubt that cultural diversity and parallel cultures are parts of the present reality – and this is certainly a reality in Europe. The question arises whether cultural diversity could and should be legally relevant. The answer may be different, depending on the context in which the question arises. In the course of history, ethnical communities have often been identifi ed in order to be discriminated. It is beyond doubt that one has to condemn the tying of discriminating consequences to the fact that someone belongs to a given religion, culture, or ethnic group. There are also situations, however, in which different arguments may be raised. A controversy has arisen with respect to the Dayton Constitution (of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The question is whether – as a consequence of a specific and burdensome historical background – it could be justified to set ethnic affiliation as relevant; that is to allow election to the Upper House of the Parliament and to the Presidium only to citizens who belong to given ethnic groups (to one of the three constitutive peoples). The question has also been raised whether the impartiality of the arbitrator, and the absence of appearance of bias, could be conditioned by the affiliation of the arbitrator with a neutral ethnic group. The legal relevance of ethnic affiliation may be a basis for discrimination, yet it may also be the basis for actual (and normerely formal) equality regarding use of language and preservation of a distinct culture. International agreements and national legislative acts make collective minority rights reachable to certain minorities. This leads to the complex question, how should one identify relevant minority groups. The issues of substantial number and traditional presence have become particularly sensitive. In the context of the requirement of traditional presence the status of migrants has gained distinct attention.
THE VANISHING OF MULTICULTURALISM IS RUINING THE PILLARS ON WHICH THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS BEEN BUILT UP

THE VANISHING OF MULTICULTURALISM IS RUINING THE PILLARS ON WHICH THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS BEEN BUILT UP
(THE VANISHING OF MULTICULTURALISM IS RUINING THE PILLARS ON WHICH THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS BEEN BUILT UP)

  • Author(s):Silvo Devetak
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History of European Union, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies, EU-Legislation
  • Page Range:21-50
  • No. of Pages:30
  • Keywords:European Union; unity in diversity; xenophobia; racism; intolerance; Islam; ethnic minorities; Roma; anti-Judaism; migration
  • Summary/Abstract:European integration is an economic, social, political (and sociological) process interwoven with elements that emanate from the cultural, racial, ethnic, linguistic, religious and regional diversity of Europe. The efficiency of economic and political action, both on the level of the European Union (EU) and national levels, is thus interdependent with the stability of inter-ethnic, inter-racial, inter-religious and centre–region relations within the Community, as well as in each of the Member States. After noticing the main achievements of the EU after the dissolution of the Cold War in Europe, the author comes to the conclusion that the growing trends of xenophobia, discrimination and violence are present in Europe. He puts forward five outstanding social, political and security problems within the EU: 1) uncontrolled Islamophobia, 2) immigration phobia, 3) the omnipresent Roma-phobia, 4) disguised (due to historical reasons) anti-Semitism and 5) “traditional” intolerance toward ethnic and religious minorities. There is an urgent need for reconsidering the implementation of the EU’s basic principle of “unity in diversity”. An inter-related and coordinated program of actions of all pertinent European social and political factors and especially of governments is needed. The EU structure has limited possibilities; the main responsibilities are in the hands of governments. The spreading of negative political environment within the EU countries is not an encouraging factor for the future.
ЕТНОКУЛТУРНИ ИДЕНТИТЕТИ – ПОЛИТИКЕ ПРИЗНАЊА И ПРАКСЕ ОПСТАНКА

ЕТНОКУЛТУРНИ ИДЕНТИТЕТИ – ПОЛИТИКЕ ПРИЗНАЊА И ПРАКСЕ ОПСТАНКА
(ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITIES - RECOGNITION POLICIES AND SURVIVAL PRACTICES)

  • Author(s):Goran Bašić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:51-63
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:multi-cultural reality; multi-ethnicity; ethnic cultural identity; ethnic borders
  • Summary/Abstract:Most modern policies of multiculturalism are not in accord with the nature of multi-ethnicity as they seek to ‘put it in order’, ‘limit’, or ‘restrain’. Multiculturalism policies have been readily exposed to criticism by liberal theorists of both the ‘left ’ and ‘right’ orientation, as well as by the statesmen of the countries of liberal democracy. The answers to the challenges of multi-ethnicity should not be uniform and limited to ineffective models of tolerance for diversity. The management of multi-ethnicity requires deeper contemplation of both modern democracy and the liberal approach to collective identities.
ПРИТИСНУТИ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ

ПРИТИСНУТИ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ
(DEPRESSED MULTICULTURALISM)

  • Author(s):Alpar Lošonc
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:65-82
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:multiculturalism; late capitalism; migrations; crisis; unemployment
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper analyzes the tendencies that have to do with different aspects of multiculturalism. The starting point is that there are certain irreversible reflexive achievements that confirm the paths of multiculturalism in the late capitalism. At the same time, the triumphalist statements according to which multiculturalism definitively won the battle are criticized. It is always a subject of heterogeneous interpretations with contingent results. Furthermore, while critically dealing with the culturalism that neglects the social frames, the author especially emphasizes the intertwining of the experience of multiculturalism and socio-economic determinations. First, light is shed on different tendencies that are of special importance in the context of the mentioned determinations, such as crisis-ridden phenomena, prolonged unemployment, and the experience of uncertainty. The tendencies of the ethnification of socio-economic problems and naturalization of structural trajectories are particularly highlighted. This draws the author’s attention to the constellation in the post-socialist countries confronted with the so-called competitive migration processes. The author suggests that there is never a point where multiculturalism is as an ending point and concludes that it does not constitute a stationary horizon. There are different sources of multiculturalism and this fact forces the mentioned countries to be creative in the interpretation of multiculturalism.
МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ И МОДЕРНО ПРАВО

МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ И МОДЕРНО ПРАВО
(MULTICULTURALISM AND MODERN LAW)

  • Author(s):Slobodan Divjak
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:83-95
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:multiculturalism; modern law; etnocultural identity
  • Summary/Abstract:In this text the author argues that the essential characteristic of muliticulturalism is in its insisting on the internal relation between the normative order of each community and its particular culture. Hence multiculturalism is, in its essence, antiuniversalistic contextualism. This antiuniversal contextualism draws on a single source: the view that persons develop their self-understanding, their conceptions of the good and the just, and their capacity for normative judgment solely in contexts of a particular cultural tradition. For muliticulturalists the conceptions of person, morality and reason cannot be separated from the substantive horizons of a form of life, an ethos. In the author’s view, muliticulturalism is incompatible with the modern law because that law is pure formal and universal one. In the multicultural view, there cannot be a neutral or impartial morality, law and reason because a particular cultural tradition precedes them. Hence muliticulturalism is the critique of deontological theories of justice. It argue that it is an illusion to suppose that there is some neutral standing ground, some locus for rationality as such, which can afford rational resources sufficient for enquiry independent of all traditions. Multiculturalists reject the Kantian claim of an a priory status for reason – the idea that it is possible to adopt a reflective position prior to very traditions. In moderate forms of multiculturalism is laid a seed of the radical antiuniversalistic contextualism.
МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ ИЗМЕЂУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ И НАЦИОНАЛНЕ ДРЖАВЕ

МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ ИЗМЕЂУ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ И НАЦИОНАЛНЕ ДРЖАВЕ
(MULTICULTURALISM BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND THE NATION STATE)

  • Author(s):Vukašin Pavlović
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Sociology, Ethnic Minorities Studies, Globalization
  • Page Range:97-110
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:multiculturalism; globalization; nation state; market economy; media; Internet
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper discusses the double and basically contradictory influence of globalization on the policy of multiculturalism. On the one hand, rapid globalization processes expand the space and support for the policy of multiculturalism. This trend is particularly fostered by the development of the market economy and the mobility of capital and labour; the global influence of the media and networking via the Internet; the development of tourism and transport. On the other hand, under the pressure of globalization, tendencies towards disintegration and the establishment of new nation states become stronger. This trend has become apparent over the past several decades, both on European soil and in other parts of the world. This paper seeks to answer the key question of assessing the outcome of these two contradictory influences: whether the development of democracy is more certain and easier within the borders of a clearly defined and preferably homogenous nation state, or within a multicultural society with a heterogeneous national, ethnic and religious structure? Under the circumstances marked by deep and long-lasting structural crises of modern capitalist society it becomes increasingly difficult to answer this question.
ЈЕЗИК, МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ И ИНТЕРКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ

ЈЕЗИК, МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ И ИНТЕРКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ
(LANGUAGE, MULTICULTURALISM AND INTERCULTURALISM)

  • Author(s):Ranko Bugarski
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:111-118
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:multiculturalism; interculturalism; language; multilingualism; education; Council of Europe documents
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper examines a set of basic terms of the area under consideration, which are often used rather unsystematically, and offers their provisional definition. Interculturalism is regarded as an advanced version of multiculturalism, appropriate to modern societies. With regard to language, seen as a crucial component of intercultural education, the importance of multilingualism is stressed and the notion of interlingualism is introduced. All this is placed in the context of current European language, educational and cultural policy as laid down in the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, and the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue.
KONTROLNI MEHANIZMI ZA IMPLEMENTACIJU MEĐUNARODNIH DOKUMENATA ZA ZAŠTITU PRAVA MANJINA

KONTROLNI MEHANIZMI ZA IMPLEMENTACIJU MEĐUNARODNIH DOKUMENATA ZA ZAŠTITU PRAVA MANJINA
(CONTROL MECHANISMS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS FOR PROTECTION OF MINORITY RIGHTS)

  • Author(s):Vera Klopčić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:119-126
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:minority rights protection; Council of Europe; international instruments; human rights; minority languages; Slovenia
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper discusses the control mechanisms of the implementation of international obligations of States, assumed by ratifying international instruments on human rights, with particular respect to the protection of the rights of minorities. The text includes a historical overview, general models for control of the implementation of international instruments on human rights protection, and elaborates the control mechanism of the two instruments of the Council of Europe for protection of national minorities and minority languages.
МЕХАНИЗМИ ДЕЛОВАЊА ИНТЕРСЕКЦИОНАЛНОСТИ

МЕХАНИЗМИ ДЕЛОВАЊА ИНТЕРСЕКЦИОНАЛНОСТИ
(INTERSECTIONALITY: MECHANISMS OF FUNCTIONING)

  • Author(s):Zorica Mršević
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
  • Page Range:127-144
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:intersectionality; intersecting identities ever-present component of gender; origin; evolution; species; discriminative mechanisms of functioning; social change; public policy
  • Summary/Abstract:The concept of “intersectionality” includes interactive intersected, combined social identies, status / affiliation, such as nationality, religion, race, class, but where gender component is always present as a necessary, included element. The concept of intersectionality allows consideration of gender-based aspects, status and experience in combination with other elements of identity. Due to the existence of more modern meaning of intersectionality, it is defined, its origin and evolution are mapped, as well as its evolution and types of intersectionality. There is discriminative mechanisms of functioning, and possible applicability of this concept in processes of social change. In this way, the concept which may have seemed like an ambiguous idea, is eventualy made applicable in our research discourse, as its real component, more realistic and therefore more adjusted to creation of public policies in practice.
НОРМАТИВНИ ОКВИР – ПРАВА НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА, МАЊИНСКА САМОУПРАВА, МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛНОСТ

НОРМАТИВНИ ОКВИР – ПРАВА НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА, МАЊИНСКА САМОУПРАВА, МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛНОСТ
(NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK: THE RIGHTS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES, MINORITY SELF-GOVERNANCE, MULTICULTURALITY)

  • Author(s):Marijana Pajvančić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:165-180
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:national minorities; minority self-governance; multiculturalism; constitutional framework
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia significant for the status and rights of national minorities, minority self-governance and multiculturalism. The focus is on constitutional solutions that shape the regulatory environment in which the exercise of rights of national minorities, minority self-governance and multiculturalism. In addition to the rights of national minorities which the Constitution specifically and explicitly guarantees are also the general principles underlying the constitutional order and position of the individual in the community; general constitutional guarantees of human rights and significant for the status of national minorities, their rights and minority self-governance and multiculturalism.
КОЛЕКТИВНО ПРАВО НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА НА САМОУПРАВУ У ПРАВНОМ ПОРЕТКУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРБИЈЕ – НАЦИОНАЛНИ САВЕТ – SUI GENERIS ИНСТИТУЦИЈА ИЗМЕЂУ НЕВЛАДИНЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈЕ И ОРГАНА ЈАВНЕ ВЛАСТИ

КОЛЕКТИВНО ПРАВО НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА НА САМОУПРАВУ У ПРАВНОМ ПОРЕТКУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРБИЈЕ – НАЦИОНАЛНИ САВЕТ – SUI GENERIS ИНСТИТУЦИЈА ИЗМЕЂУ НЕВЛАДИНЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈЕ И ОРГАНА ЈАВНЕ ВЛАСТИ
(THE COLLECTIVE RIGHT OF NATIONAL MINORITIES TO SELF-GOVERNANCE IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA: THE NATIONAL COUNCIL AS A SUI GENERIS INSTITUTION BETWEEN AN NGO AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES)

  • Author(s):Tamás Korhecz
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:181-195
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:collective rights; self-governance of national minorities; legal definition of national councils; Constitutional Court of Serbia
  • Summary/Abstract:The self-governance of national minorities might be provided on territorial and non-territorial (personal) bases. It is institution of the public law by which the effective participation of national minorities in public affairs is ensured in a particular State. In legal order of the Republic of Serbia the self-governance of national minorities is guaranteed by the Constitution and it is realized throe elected national councils of national minorities, established first in 2002. National councils were introduced into the legal system of Serbia under the influence and as a result of interaction of various international and domestic factors. However actors involved reach no proper consensus on the basic question: what national councils are, what is their legal character? According to one side, national councils are specific NGO-s, while according to other side they are democratically elected self-governances, part of the democratic system of public authorities. The thesis of this article is that this inherited defect of national councils influenced very much the development of this institution and its contradictory regulation in the Serbian law. Dualism of legal character of national councils was not resolved by the decision of the Serbian Constitutional Court on the constitutionality of the provisions of the Law on national councils of national minorities in 2014. In its decision the Constitutional Court failed to clearly define the legal character of national councils, while it preserved the space for the development of national councils in both directions.
ЉУБЉАНСКЕ СМЕРНИЦЕ ЗА ИНТЕГРАЦИЈУ РАЗНОЛИКИХ ДРУШТАВА И ПОЛИТИЧКО ПРЕДСТАВЉАЊЕ НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У СРБИЈИ

ЉУБЉАНСКЕ СМЕРНИЦЕ ЗА ИНТЕГРАЦИЈУ РАЗНОЛИКИХ ДРУШТАВА И ПОЛИТИЧКО ПРЕДСТАВЉАЊЕ НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У СРБИЈИ
(ТHE LJUBLJANA GUIDELINES ON INTEGRATION OF DIVERSE SOCIETIES AND THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Ljubica Đorđević
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:197-213
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:The Ljubljana Guidelines; integration; national minorities; representation
  • Summary/Abstract:There are three aspects of political representation of national minorities addressed in the Ljubljana Guidelines: key importance of the effective participation of minorities in the public life for the integration of a society, implementation of affirmative measures targeting adequate representation of national minorities, and pluralistic and inclusive party systems. Assessed from these aspects the concept of political representation of national minorities in Serbia shows serious weaknesses, since it hampers effective participation of national minorities in political life and thus it complicates the integration. The whole concept is reduced to implementation of the natural threshold, which excludes small minorities from the political process, and fosters ethnic and political homogeneity, and in such ways limits political pluralism. Furthermore, the concept of decision-making in representative bodies rests predominantly on the majoritarian principle, with undeveloped instruments of deliberative democracy, and narrows the possibility for substantial representation of national minorities. At last, the main political actors accept the reality of parallel societies, do not foster interethnic interaction, and participate in perpetuation of the segregative multiculturalism. For all these reasons a redefi ned concept of political participation of national minorities in Serbia is needed, so it can meet the needs for integration of the pluralistic society.
PARLAMENTARNO PREDSTAVNIŠTVO NACIONALNIH MANJINA I NJIHOVA ZASTUPLJENOST U DRUGIM ORGANIMA DRŽAVNE I JAVNE VLASTI U REPUBLICI SRBIJI

PARLAMENTARNO PREDSTAVNIŠTVO NACIONALNIH MANJINA I NJIHOVA ZASTUPLJENOST U DRUGIM ORGANIMA DRŽAVNE I JAVNE VLASTI U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
(THE REPRESENTATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE PARLIAMENT AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN OTHER BODIES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Slaven Bačić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:215-234
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Keywords:national minorities; political representation of national minorities; representation of national minorities in national authorities; accession of Serbia to the European Union; Framework Convention for
  • Summary/Abstract:Representation of national minorities in elected bodies at all levels of power and their participation in public administration is not yet on satisfactory level in Republic of Serbia. The waiver of the 5% threshold for minority political parties in election for national parliament is regularly effected only on the two largest minorities (Hungarians and Bosniaks). It is necessary to ensure that numerically smaller national minorities must be represented in national parliament in order to take a role in decision making process. Guaranteed seats for national minorities in parliaments have become almost a standard minority right in region. This solution is about to ensure effective participation minorities in political process, as a condition for effective integration national minorities in Serbian society. To evaluate participation of national minorities in public administration, that is usually considered as a mainly satisfactory in local and regional levels, but not on national level, the main condition is to collect data on the representation of national minorities at all levels of power. Afterwards the activities included in Action plan for the exercise of the rights of national minorities must be implemented during the Process of Accession of the Republic of Serbia to the European Union.
УЛОГА ПОЛИТИЧКИХ СТРАНАКА У ПРОЦЕСУ ИНТЕГРАЦИЈЕ НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ

УЛОГА ПОЛИТИЧКИХ СТРАНАКА У ПРОЦЕСУ ИНТЕГРАЦИЈЕ НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ
(THE ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Ksenija Marković
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:235-256
  • No. of Pages:22
  • Keywords:National minority; political integration; social integration; affirmative reaction measures; political parties
  • Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of minority and majority ethnic parties in the process of integration of national minorities. The author will try to provide an answer on how to achieve political equality of majority and minority in social and political conditions of the Republic of Serbia. The study is consisted of two parts. First part provides a definition of integration of national minorities, with a special focus on establishing the difference between political and social integration. This part also analyzes different models of political representation of national minorities and its effects on the integration process. Topics of the second part are analyses of the effect of the existing elective system in Serbia. The author then observes minority and majority ethnic parties with the intention to conclude in what degree do the existing parties and their leaders represent the interests of the national minorities, as well as to classify them based on their focus on protecting interests of one or more ethnic communities.
ПОД КОЈИМ УСЛОВИМА МАЊИНСКИ ПРЕДСТАВНИЦИ ЗАСТУПАЈУ ИНТЕРЕСЕ МАЊИНА? АНАЛИЗА ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛНИХ И КУЛТУРОЛОШКИХ ФАКТОРА

ПОД КОЈИМ УСЛОВИМА МАЊИНСКИ ПРЕДСТАВНИЦИ ЗАСТУПАЈУ ИНТЕРЕСЕ МАЊИНА? АНАЛИЗА ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛНИХ И КУЛТУРОЛОШКИХ ФАКТОРА
(UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS MINORITY REPRESENTATIVES SPEAK FOR MINORITY INTERESTS? THE ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS)

  • Author(s):Jelena Lončar
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Sociology, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:257-273
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:political representation of minorities; minority interests; democracy; electoral system; party system; cultural factors
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper analyses the factors influencing the behaviour of minority members of parliament. The main aim of the paper is to investigate under what conditions minority representatives in parliament can be expected to speak on behalf of minority interests. It is concluded that the willingness of minority members of parliament to actively and responsibly represent minority interests depends on the following factors: the level of democracy, parliamentary rules and procedures, electoral system, characteristics of the party system, individual goals and experiences of MPs and cultural influences.
СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТИ У ПОГЛЕДУ ОБРАЗОВАЊА ПРЕМА НАЦИОНАЛНОЈ ПРИПАДНОСТИ И МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ У СРБИЈИ

СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТИ У ПОГЛЕДУ ОБРАЗОВАЊА ПРЕМА НАЦИОНАЛНОЈ ПРИПАДНОСТИ И МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗАМ У СРБИЈИ
(ETHNICITY-RELATED EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AS AN ASPECT OF MULTICULTURALISM IN SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Ankica S. Šobot
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Education, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:275-291
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:education; ethnicity; social integration; Serbia
  • Summary/Abstract:The focus of this analysis is the review of the educational characteristics of ethnic groups as an aspect of the Serbian society multiculturalism. The shares of persons without educational attainment or those with incomplete primary education as well as the shares of those highly educated have been analyzed. The comparision in relation to Serbian nationality is the key stand point of the consideration. Some ethnic groups are distinguished by unfavorable educational characteristics. The most striking disadvantage refers to Roma people due to the fact that almost half of the population aged 15–24 have not completed primary education or did not attend the Primary School at all. Also, the share of the highly educated was less than one percentage of all generations. As for persons with this kind of educational characteristics, even the low percentage draws attention, bearing in mind negative implications related to social status as well as the opportunity for human resources development. Hence, even significantly lower percentages in generations covered by the compulsory primary education among the other ethnic minorities (Romanians, Vlachs, Hungarians, Bosniaks, Slovaks, ...), but also in Serbian population, are a sort of a challenge. In terms of the tertiary education, including persons aged 25–34, 35–64 and 65 or over, the percentage among Hungarinas, Bosnians, Bunjevci and Slovaks is about two times lower in comparision with Serbs (26.5%; 19%; 12.8%, respectively). That is considered as a disadvantageous distinction, as well. Low percentage of highly educated persons is affected by many factors. In addition to the social conditions that could act as limiting, a certain influence can be attributed to the immigration factors. Taking into account results of the research which refer to the whole population of Serbia, the reasons for the emigration of the highly educated can be found in a wider social context (including socio-economic factors as well as uncertainty regading the future). That should be kept in mind when it comes to nationalities, as well. The highest percentage of the persons who have achived tertiary education is noticed among Russians (25–34 years old – 57.9%, 35–64 – 48.1% and aged 65 or over – 49.7%) and Slovenians (34.9%, 31.4% i 30.9%), as smaller ethnic groups. In all generations of Montenegrins there are also relatively high shares of the persons characterized by high education level (30.5%; 21.7%, 20.9%). This indicates that this is a traditional characteristic of this ethnicity. Apart from being referred to as the socio-cultural characteristic, when it comes to the less represented nationalities, the widespread tertiary education can also be considered as the consequence of the immigration of a number of university-educated persons to Serbia, due to professional, business or some personal reasons. The educational structure of national minorities in Serbia is not entirely favorable framework regarding the multiculturalism. Thus, the above-mentioned educational characteristics and distinctions between the nationalities are not the result of inequality and discrimination on ethnic grounds, and the influence of ethnicity manifests through the socio-economic position and cultural peculiarities of ethnic groups. The special segment of the analysis is related to the educational characteristics of persons who are not nationally identified. A positive experience in terms of economic and overall social integration in the case of higher education can weaken the need of emphasizing a national identity, which results in overcoming the identification on the basis of ethnicity.
ОБРАЗОВАЊЕ ПРИПАДНИКА НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У ВОЈВОДИНИ 2004/05–2014/15. ШКОЛСКЕ ГОДИНЕ

ОБРАЗОВАЊЕ ПРИПАДНИКА НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У ВОЈВОДИНИ 2004/05–2014/15. ШКОЛСКЕ ГОДИНЕ
(THE EDUCATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN VOJVODINA FROM THE SCHOOL YEAR 2004/2005 TO 2014/2015)

  • Author(s):Aleksandra Vujić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Education, Sociology, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:293-308
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:national minorities; education; Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
  • Summary/Abstract:The analysis presented in the paper is focused on monitoring trends in the education of national minorities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina from the school year 2004/2005 to 2014/2015, with special emphasis on pre-school, primary, secondary and high education in Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Ruthenian and Croatian languages. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the number of local government units, schools, classes and students covered by curricula in these languages, having in mind that over the period of several decades, available data have indicated that the network of educational institutions has been well-preserved. By making reference to international standards in this area at the universal and regional levels, the author seeks to determine the degree of harmonization between the traditional practice of organizing education in minority languages in Vojvodina and the fundamental principles embodied in international documents and expert opinions. The data analysis shows that some segments of the education programme in Vojvodina require changes in order to achieve compliance with international standards and generally accepted position embodied in international documents.
ПОЛОЖАЈ И ИНТЕГРАЦИЈА РОМСКЕ НАЦИОНАЛНЕ МАЊИНЕ У МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛНОЈ СРБИЈИ

ПОЛОЖАЈ И ИНТЕГРАЦИЈА РОМСКЕ НАЦИОНАЛНЕ МАЊИНЕ У МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛНОЈ СРБИЈИ
(POSITION AND INTEGRATION OF THE ROMA NATIONAL MINORITY IN MULTICULTURAL SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Nada Raduški
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:309-322
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Roma national minority; multiculturalism; demographic characteristics; position; integration; legislation; Serbia
  • Summary/Abstract:In the analysis of multiculturalism and ethnic heterogeneity of Serbia, as well as the status and rights of national minorities, the Roma community has a special place because all parameters indicate that Roma are in the most unfavorable economic, social, cultural and political situation. Roma ethnic minority is relevant only in number, but marginal in all spheres of life, they are at the bottom of the social scale and are not involved in the socio- economic processes. Roma are specific regarding the basic structural and demographic characteristics (young age structure, high illiteracy rate, unfavorable economic structure, etc.). However, in addition to demographic indicators, a large ethnic distance because of their lifestyle, as well as open or hidden discrimination have always been an obstacle to their integration and equal relations with others. Although a lot has been done in the field of legislation and despite numerous laws and strategies adopted to improve the situation of the Roma national minority, there is still a large gap between the proclaimed and realized. Roma in all segments of social life are marginalized and the main areas in which it manifests are education, employment, housing and healthcare. It is important to point out that the full integration of Roma and other minorities into society, is essential because it contributes to strengthening the legitimacy, stability, democratic processes and institutions of the state. However, successful integration of national minorities into society does not mean assimilation, but means the preservation of their own national, religious and cultural identity.
POLITIČKO PREDSTAVLJANJE NACIONALNIH MANJINA: HRVATSKO ISKUSTVO

POLITIČKO PREDSTAVLJANJE NACIONALNIH MANJINA: HRVATSKO ISKUSTVO
(THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES: A CROATIAN EXPERIENCE)

  • Author(s):Siniša Tatalović
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Constitutional Law, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:325-335
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Ethnic minorities; Croatia; political representation; elections; representatives of national minorities
  • Summary/Abstract:The rights of national minorities in different states exercised in different ways. Th ere are very few countries in Europe that in addition to cultural autonomy, and ensure political representation of national minorities at all levels of government. In reviewing the political representation of national minorities, it is interesting to Croatian experience. Croatia its national minorities to political representation at the local, regional and national level. In the Croatian case, it is about political representation in bodies of municipalities, towns and counties, through directly elected representatives and councils and representatives of national minorities. At the national level, national minorities elect their representatives to the Croatian Parliament, or may be established and its national coordination or council. By action of a large number of political representatives at all levels of government, national minorities are significantly improved its position in the past few years. However, we still face the same sort of problems. In this paper, analyzes the exercise of political representation of national minorities in Croatia. Special analyzes the problems in exercising these rights.
MINORITY COMMUNITIES IN MACEDONIA: CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER LEGAL REGULATIONS

MINORITY COMMUNITIES IN MACEDONIA: CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER LEGAL REGULATIONS
(MINORITY COMMUNITIES IN MACEDONIA: CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER LEGAL REGULATIONS)

  • Author(s):Svetomir Škarić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, Sociology, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:337-353
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:community; collective rights; ethnicity; ethnocentrism; asymmetric model; multiculturalism; assimilation; dual majority vote; equity; proportionality; binational state
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper deals with the status of minority communities in general and, in the form of a case study, it discusses their position in Macedonia. Minority communities are observed as a phenomenon present in almost all countries in the world. They have a great potential for expansion in the times to come. These are ethnicities that seek out space for affirmation and the establishment of new states, as protectors of their rights. In this tense context, Macedonia, as a multiethnic state, is building a multi-levelled model of multiculturalism in which mutual relations are asymmetric. The first level is occupied by the Albanian minority, which makes 20% of the country’s total population. The second level belongs to the minority communities mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, whereas the third level is occupied by the communities not mentioned in the text of the Constitution. The position of the communities at the third level is the most difficult: they are exposed to assimilation by the first- and second-level communities. In practice, under the pressure of the majority population, the multilevel division naturally evolves into a two-level model, with the Macedonian community on one side and the Albanian community on the other – the two largest communities in the country.
АМБИВАЛЕНТНОСТ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗМА У МАКЕДОНИЈИ

АМБИВАЛЕНТНОСТ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗМА У МАКЕДОНИЈИ
(AMBIVALENCE OF MULTICULTURALISM IN MACEDONIA)

  • Author(s):Vesna R. Stanković Pejnović
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:355-374
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Keywords:Republic of Macedonia; multiculturalism; rights of minorities; interetnic relations; struggles for recognition
  • Summary/Abstract:Multiculturalism in Macedonia is specific, unique and dynamical process as a result of the historical, socio-economical and political specifics of the Macedonian society. Today, it is a mixture of the liberal multiculturalism in the area of citizenship society and relationships between the different cultural communities in form of consocial democracy which stretches multiculturalism in the area of politics. The elements of the liberal multiculturalism are evident in the inclination towards creation of multicultural (transethnic) public. The consociality of the Macedonian multiculturalism on the other hand, is reflected in the area of inclusion of the representatives of bigger ethnic communities in the formation of institutions, first of all, the dominant political institutions such as the parliament and the government, but also the manner of making the political decisions which enter into the sphere of national identity of the communities. In Macedonian multiculturalism is sressed domination of the autonomous internal ethnic public spheres over the central public sphere, which should dominate in the society. Because of the complexity and dynamics of the social relationship in Macedonia there is struggles for recognition between Macedonians and Albanians which serves to fuel interethnic antagonisms and widen the social distance between each group.
OSOBENOSTI MULTIKULTURALIZMA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U POSTDEJTONSKOM PERIODU

OSOBENOSTI MULTIKULTURALIZMA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U POSTDEJTONSKOM PERIODU
(THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF MULTICULTURALISM IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE POST-DAYTON PERIOD)

  • Author(s):Zarije Seizović, Mirza Smajić
  • Language:Bosnian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Inter-Ethnic Relations
  • Page Range:375-385
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Bosnia and Herzegovina; Dayton Peace Accords; political elite; multiculturalism; unconsolidated democracy
  • Summary/Abstract:Authors’ starting point is that in the post-Dayton state building period in Bosnia and Herzegovina, one may spot specific social and political s features being generated by the constitutional settlement set up by the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the end of the day, such surroundings generate antagonistic counter- norms and counter-polarities in the public and political sphere and discourse reflecting upon elements, factors and democratization processes as well as upon implementation of democratic principles and procedures in the Bosnian day-to-day life. Final result of such processes had created ethno-political, ethno-public and any other ethno-affiliated area creating framework for maintenance of political and social status quo as well as presenting a fertile ground for widespread and systematic discrimination and violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of specific social groups. In this context, authors assert premise that ruling political elites, using ethno-mechanisms for seizing and maintaining power positions, design delusion that it is impossible to build out a modern Bosnian-Herzegovinian identity. Elites evaluate daily life by means of specifi c counter-polarities and “our” and “their” matrixes, generating resentments toward other and different. Amid such environment, social reality does not contain civic cultural characteristics i.e. multiculturalism in its original meanings, but is being marked by existence of collective and individual frustrations that form ground for political, social, economic, cultural and any other manipulation of broad population having diverse ethno-religious affiliation and also creating state of absence of conflict rather than sustainable peace.
BOSNA, BOŠNJACI I IDENTITETNA HISTORIJA: OSNOVNE CRTE PROCESA IDENTITETNE HISTORIJE

BOSNA, BOŠNJACI I IDENTITETNA HISTORIJA: OSNOVNE CRTE PROCESA IDENTITETNE HISTORIJE
(BOSNIA, BOSNIAKS AND THE HISTORY OF IDENTITY: THE KEY FEATURES OF PROCESSES WITHIN THE HISTORY OF IDENTITY)

  • Author(s):Senadin Lavić
  • Language:Bosnian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Ethnohistory, Politics and Identity, Identity of Collectives
  • Page Range:387-407
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:Bosnia; Bosniaks; identity history; denial of identity; ethnophaulism
  • Summary/Abstract:In this paper, the author presents the key moments of the evolutionary history of a being and a consciousness which, though recorded in history, have been largely historically ignored, discarded or deliberately misinterpreted. This gave rise to an entirely inappropriate picture and interpretation of the Bosniak being in the cultural, historical, ethnic and national senses which particularly falsify the content of the multilateral cultural environment of the southeastern part of today’s Europe. This misinterpretation was used in non-scientific, pseudo-scientific and ideological constructs of the Bosniak being and unverified stereotypes about its development and formation. It was especially in everyday life that it served for construing “the enemy” or the Other as a danger. It should certainly be emphasized that the Bosniaks and the Serbs are by no means primordial enemies. This sinister interpretation has relied on ethnophaulism, ignorance, deliberate negligence of facts, the suppression of memories, relativization of suffering and pain, fictional historiography, the construction of a negative stereotype, a literature bearing a political message about the “hated Turks”, the transformation of the Bosniaks into satanized “strangers”. Non-scientifi c myths of origin, identity, the history of identity, cultural forms, the ethnic and national definition of the forms of sociability and other moments that are intended to present populist and ideological concoctions as “serious science” using the Montesquieu eff ect pose a serious challenge to the research community and research institutions. We have to deal with them at the level of critical thinking. Bosnian and Serbian myths about their own position or the structure in time and space need to be relentlessly refuted. This is an inevitable process of facing the truth and events which basically have a pathological background and stem from irrationality, which has long been the driving force of evil and unrest in this part of the European continent. This process must lead us towards facing our traumas that have become on obstacle for normal human existence.
СТАЊЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗМА У ЦРНОЈ ГОРИ

СТАЊЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ МУЛТИКУЛТУРАЛИЗМА У ЦРНОЈ ГОРИ
(STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF MULTICULTURALISM IN MONTENEGRO)

  • Author(s):Zoran Lutovac
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:409-432
  • No. of Pages:24
  • Keywords:Multiculturalism; Multiculturality; Intercultural Dialogue; Identity; Montenegro; Interethnic Relations
  • Summary/Abstract:Montenegro could be defined as a multicultural society without multiculturalism, as a society with a cultural, ethnic and religious diversity, but also as a society without integrative policies that manage these differences. It is a political community generally and largely institutionally committed to the civil state, but is in fact a nation-state where nationalism, based on the building of new elements of identity is nurtured as a state ideology, moreover it is promoted and established as the highest form of patriotism. The logical consequence of this orientation is the failure in building a unified “homeland identity,“ failure based on approach that impose one identity as general, one and only, instead of having an inclusive policy which strengthens the integrative idea, or fi rms interweaving and inclusion of different identities through socialization, education, institutions, and public policy. General and declarative commitment to multiculturalism is not transformed into public policy, but on the contrary, towards one part of citizens (who have a Serbian identity) an assimilation policy was applied, the policy of imposing a new identity, while another part of citizens, i.e., national minorities, were encouraged in their tendency to strengthen diversity without corresponding inclusive measures. One of the principal commitment of multiculturalism is to build a participatory political culture and civic community, but in practice, the servile political culture prevails - moreover it is encouraged, and that is not a fertile ground for civil and democratic society. Perspectives of multiculturalism (interculturalism) will depend largely on the acceptance and promotion of intercultural dialogue, the democratic governance of cultural diversity, governance based on human rights and fundamental freedoms, which promotes the respect of diversity as an element of political culture and strives to act in accordance with the maxim “from the same opportunities for all to the equal enjoyment of rights.“ It is necessary to create space for intercultural dialogue, to adopt and transmit intercultural values and knowledge which will help citizens to participate more and in a better way in social and political life. Only with this approach, the general commitment to multiculturalism, followed by the acts of institutions and normative framework that support this commitment, can get the full meaning.
ROMA IN THE YUGOSLAV SUCCESSOR STATES

ROMA IN THE YUGOSLAV SUCCESSOR STATES
(ROMA IN THE YUGOSLAV SUCCESSOR STATES)

  • Author(s):Eben Friedman
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Politics, Sociology, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:433-441
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Kosovo; Macedonia; Montenegro; Roma; Serbia; Slovenia; Yugoslavia
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper explores how the Yugoslav successor states have addressed their respective Romani populations, which in all successor states, as in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, constitute the most disadvantaged minority. The examination of official treatment of Roma in the successor states is structured around eight key parameters: constitutional recognition, anti-discrimination legislation, primary education, legislation on minorities, provisions for parliamentary representation, Romani- specific central-level strategies, arrangements for advice on and coordination of policy toward Roma, and targeted mechanisms for the integration of Roma at local level. While available data say something about the overall success of policies toward Roma in the successor states, inadequate data collecting on the part of governments does not allow specific conclusions to be drawn about the effects of different policy approaches on the situation of Roma.
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