Attributing Russian Information Influence Operations - Testing the Information Influence Attribution Framework With Real-World Case Studies
Attributing Russian Information Influence Operations - Testing the Information Influence Attribution Framework With Real-World Case Studies

Author(s): Victoria Smith, James Pamment, Sofiia Dikhtiarenko, Ben Heap, Darejan Tsurtsumia, Adam Maunder
Subject(s): Politics, Media studies, Communication studies, Security and defense, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Hybrid Warfare
Published by: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence
Keywords: Russian Information Influence Operations; Information Influence Attribution Framework (IIAF); Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI); Information Attribution; Disinformation Campaigns; Strategic Communications;
Summary/Abstract: This joint report provides a structured, multi-source framework to attribute responsibility for Information Influence Operations, specifically focusing on Russian campaigns targeting Ukraine and its neighbours. Our analysis refines existing attribution processes, aiming to produce conclusions that are credible, actionable, and transparent. Attribution here is not only about identifying responsible parties; it seeks to empower Ukraine and its partners to challenge hostile narratives, expose sources of manipulation, and undermine adversary legitimacy. By assembling robust evidence, decision-makers can hold malign actors accountable and justify proportional responses, ranging from public exposure to legal and diplomatic action. The report is anchored in practical case studies drawn from recent Russian influence operations, analysed with technical, behavioural, and contextual evidence. Special attention is given to audiences most impacted, including Ukrainian civilians, regional allies, and European pro-Kremlin groups. The scope covers assessment tools, standards, and frameworks, including the DISARM methodology and the contributions of governments, civil society, and technology platforms. The goal is clear: equip organisations to systematically detect and counter foreign influence through rigorous attribution, supporting legal reforms and policy initiatives such as the Digital Services Act, and thus strengthening democratic resilience.

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