Digital Lawscapes: Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity and the New European Order
Digital Lawscapes: Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity and the New European Order
Author(s): Adriana Iulian Stancu, Mădălina Voican, Leonidas Sotiropoulos, Dana Volosevici, Antonia Rengle, Isabelle Oprea, Daniela Duță, Dimitrios Devetzis, Aurel Octavian Pasat, Camelia Daciana Stoian, Dominic Bucerzan, Radu Nicolae Stoian, Catalin Raul Halic, Crina Anina Bejan, Mihai Ștefănoaia
Contributor(s): Dimitrios Devetzis (Editor), Dana Volosevici (Editor), Leonidas Sotiropoulos (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Law and Transitional Justice, Governance, Security and defense, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, EU-Legislation, Court case
Published by: ADJURIS – International Academic Publisher
Keywords: artificial intelligence; cybersecurity; digital infrastructure; digital law;
Summary/Abstract: This volume includes some of the scientific papers submitted at the 5th International Conference on FinTech, Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence Law that was held on March 28, 2025, Bucharest, online on Zoom. The conference is organized every year by the Society of Juridical and Administrative Sciences. More information about the conference can be found on the official website: https://adjuris.ro/fintech/. The scientific studies included in this volume are grouped into three chapters: Artificial Intelligence: Legal Dimensions, Ethics and Societal Impact; Cybersecurity and Digital Infrastructure Resilience; Regulation, Data Protection and AI Governance in the EU. This volume is aimed at practitioners, researchers, students and PhD. candidates in cyberspace and artificial intelligence law, who are interested in recent developments and prospects for development in this field at international and national level.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-630-6743-02-5
- Page Count: 189
- Publication Year: 2025
- Language: English
Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity Factor
Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity Factor
(Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity Factor)
- Author(s):Adriana Iuliana Stancu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Law and Transitional Justice, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:15-24
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:EU member state; cybersecurity; European values; cyber domain;
- Summary/Abstract:Objectives: Recent cyberattacks on significant European institutions, the exponential rise in cyberthreats, and the speed at which technology is developing have brought attention to the need for increased cooperation and change in the civil-military sphere and the fact that there is no hierarchy between the military and civilian communities. As mandated by international agreements, including those pertaining to the Charter, the EU's cybersecurity policy enables it and its Member States to improve their ability to defend, detect, protect, and even prevent by appropriately utilizing the entire spectrum of security options at the civilian and military communities. Proposals and Methodology: The need to defend European values and invest in their preservation has led to the EU's cooperation structures becoming involved in the cyber offensive, including with its financial capabilities, even though each EU member state has direct responsibility for its national security, including in the sensitive cyber domain, as a direct result of Article 4(2) TEU. Results and Implications: To defend the EU, its citizens, the EUIBA, and their operations and missions in the cyber domain related to the Permanent Security and Defence Policies (PSDP), it is imperative that the actions of all European nations and European institutions, organizations, and agencies, including EUIBA, be strengthened in the upcoming period. Additionally, it highlights the need of cyber resilience at the EU level by boosting defensive capabilities in this delicate, cutting-edge area, expanding the potential for cyber defence, and generating trust worthy input from Member States. Thus, cooperation is required to improve cybersecurity.
Artificial Intelligence in Employment Decision-Making: Legal Challenges and Implications
Artificial Intelligence in Employment Decision-Making: Legal Challenges and Implications
(Artificial Intelligence in Employment Decision-Making: Legal Challenges and Implications)
- Author(s):Dana Volosevici
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Law on Economics, Labour and Social Security Law
- Page Range:25-41
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:artificial intelligence; employment decision-making; labour law; data protection; employee participation;
- Summary/Abstract:This study explores the legal challenges arising from the use of artificial intelligence in employment decision-making, with particular attention to its implications for employees’ rights and managerial accountability. The primary objective is to evaluate whether existing legal frameworks, most notably the General Data Protection Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Act, offer sufficient protection against the risks associated with automated and algorithmically informed decisions in the workplace. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research is grounded in doctrinal analysis of relevant European legal instruments, supplemented by a review of academic literature in labour law, data protection, and algorithmic governance. The study adopts an interdisciplinary perspective, combining legal analysis with insights from organisational psychology and data science. The findings underscore key concerns, including the risk of indirect discrimination, the opacity of algorithmic decision-making processes, and the potential dilution o fmanagerial responsibility. In response, the paper recommends a series of organisational measures such as targeted training, structured collective bargaining on AI deployment, and the adoption of a sustainable, rights-oriented approach to managing the workforce. The study concludes that a multidimensional governance model is essential to ensure that technological innovation remains aligned with the protection of workers’ fundamental rights and the principles of democratic workplace governance.
Digitalization and AI in Anti-corruption Efforts: Legal Challenges, Ethical Considerations, and Future Implications
Digitalization and AI in Anti-corruption Efforts: Legal Challenges, Ethical Considerations, and Future Implications
(Digitalization and AI in Anti-corruption Efforts: Legal Challenges, Ethical Considerations, and Future Implications)
- Author(s):Mădălina Voican
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Law and Transitional Justice, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption
- Page Range:42-55
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:artificial intelligence; digitalization; anti-corruption; legal frameworks; algorithmic bias; transparency; governance;
- Summary/Abstract:This research explores the role of Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in detecting, preventing, and predicting corruption, addressing both their potential and the legal challenges they present. Traditional anti-corruption mechanisms rely heavily on human intervention, yet they often suffer from inefficiency, limited adaptability. Meanwhile, AI-driven technologies have emerged as powerful tools for enhancing fraud detection, financial monitoring, and procurement oversight. The study further examines how the new technologies expand these capabilities by enabling predictive analytics to anticipate corruption risks before they materialize, offering a more proactive approach to combating corruption. However, the deployment of AI in anti-corruption efforts raises legal and ethical concerns, particularly regarding the black-box nature of AI models, algorithmic bias, and transparency. To mitigate these risks, this study discusses the importance of accountability and regulatory enforcement, emphasizing the need for robust legal frameworks, clear regulatory standards, and ethical guidelines for AI implementation. The research concludes that while AI has the potential to revolutionize anti-corruption efforts, its success depends on strong legal safeguards and responsible governance.
The European Cybersecurity Framework: Challenges, Legal Aspects and Regulations
The European Cybersecurity Framework: Challenges, Legal Aspects and Regulations
(The European Cybersecurity Framework: Challenges, Legal Aspects and Regulations)
- Author(s):Leonidas Sotiropoulos
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Law and Transitional Justice, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:57-71
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:cyber-security; NIS 2; ENISA; cyber threats;
- Summary/Abstract:This article analyzes the European Union’s cybersecurity evolution, tackling the dual imperatives of fostering technological advancement and ensuring systemic resilience amid rising cyber risks. Centered on the question “How do EU legislative and institutional adaptations safeguard digital sovereignty, critical infrastructure, and cross-border coordination?”, it employs dogmatic legal analysis to evaluate supranational laws (NIS 1/2, Cyber Resilience Act, DORA), institutional upgrades (ENISA, CERT-EU), and policy innovations. The paper’s objectives are: Transitioning from fragmented policies to a unified "cyber shield"; balancing regulatory rigor with adaptive enforcement; identifying gaps in mitigating human-centric threats and cloud vulnerabilities. The article begins with cyberspace’s conceptual foundations and EU regulatory milestones. Subsequent parts dissect ENISA’s capacity-building initiatives, NIS 2’s expanded sectoral coverage, and the Cyber Solidarity Act’s crisis-response mechanisms. Case studies on ransomware and election interference highlight systemic vulnerabilities. The conclusion underscores integration (unified threat detection), innovation (AI defenses, quantum encryption), and inclusivity (global partnerships) as pillars for maintaining Europe’s leadership in ethical digital governance. By prioritizing workforce development, AI-drivensolutions, and transnational collaboration, the EU seeks to establish a global standard for a resilient cybersecurity framework.
NIS2 Directive - Legal Preparedness of EU Health Infrastructure Against Large-Scale Cyberattacks
NIS2 Directive - Legal Preparedness of EU Health Infrastructure Against Large-Scale Cyberattacks
(NIS2 Directive - Legal Preparedness of EU Health Infrastructure Against Large-Scale Cyberattacks)
- Author(s):Antonia Rengle
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Law and Transitional Justice, Sociology, Security and defense, Health and medicine and law, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:72-91
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:NIS2 Directive; EU health infrastructure; large-scale cyberattacks; critical infrastructure; cyber vulnerabilities; management accountability;
- Summary/Abstract:This study examines the legal preparedness of European Union health infrastructure under the NIS2 Directive (Directive (EU) 2022/2555) against large-scale cyberattacks, focusing on the health sector as critical infrastructure. Its primary objectiveis to assess the effectiveness of NIS2’s legal mechanisms – risk management, incident reporting, and management accountability – in safeguarding health systems. The research methodology involves a detailed analysis of four recent case studies: Synnovis (2024), NailaoLocker (2024), HSE (2021/2024), and Vastaamo (2020/2024), supplemented by additional research from sources such as ENISA reports and European Commission documents. Findings highlight strengths, including rapid reporting and management accountability, alongside weaknesses such as coordination delays, legacy system vulnerabilities, and uneven transposition. The implications indicate that while NIS2 provides a robust framework, it requires operational and financial support to ensure resilience, proposing reforms like a unified crisis protocol and mandatory system upgrades. This study contributes to the legal discourse on EU cybersecurity, emphasizing the needfor harmonization and adequate resources.
Bank Digitalization and Virtual Agents Driving Financial Inclusion and Data Protection
Bank Digitalization and Virtual Agents Driving Financial Inclusion and Data Protection
(Bank Digitalization and Virtual Agents Driving Financial Inclusion and Data Protection)
- Author(s):Isabelle Oprea, Daniela Duță
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economy, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Law on Economics, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Business Ethics
- Page Range:92-109
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:financial inclusion; banking financial system; bank digitalization; virtual agents; artificial intelligence; data protection;
- Summary/Abstract:The rapid digitalization of the banking sector, coupled with the integration of AI-powered virtual agents such as chatbots and robo-advisors, is reshaping financial services and expanding access. These tools enhance financial inclusion by providing 24/7 support, personalized financial education, and automated assistance, particularly benefiting underserved communities. This study explores the role of virtual agents in promoting financial inclusion within the broader context of digital banking transformation. Using a qualitative methodology and case studies from Romanian banks—including Banca Transilvania, BCR, and CEC Bank—the research identifies best practices, challenges,and the impact of AI tools on accessibility. Findings indicate that virtual agents reduce costs, improve user engagement, and support decision-making for unbanked or underbanked individuals. However, key challenges remain, including digital literacy gaps, cybersecurity threats, and data protection risks. The paper also examines whether AI driven services enhance or compromise data subject rights, with a focus on transparency, ethical use of AI, and GDPR compliance. By addressing both opportunities and limitations, the study contributes to a more inclusive, secure, and trustworthy digital financial ecosystem.
The New EU Product Liability Directive. Interaction with Parallel EU Initiatives: Proposed AI Liability Directive, Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act
The New EU Product Liability Directive. Interaction with Parallel EU Initiatives: Proposed AI Liability Directive, Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act
(The New EU Product Liability Directive. Interaction with Parallel EU Initiatives: Proposed AI Liability Directive, Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act)
- Author(s):Dimitrios Devetzis
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Law on Economics, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:111-143
- No. of Pages:33
- Keywords:EU Product Liability Directive; AI Liability Directive; Digital Services Act (DSA); Digital Markets Act;
- Summary/Abstract:On 18 November 2024, the European Union adopted the new Product Liability Directive – Directive (EU) 2024/2853 – to replace its nearly 40-year-old predecessor(85/374/EEC). This overhaul was driven by the need to update strict liability rules for products in light of digital technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and new supply chain models. The old regime from 1985 had become “ill-suited to the digital age,” leading togaps and legal uncertainty (for example, whether stand alone software is a “product”under the law). The new Directive aims to ensure that injured persons enjoy the same level of protection irrespective of the technology involved, while businesses benefit from clearer rules and a level playing field. It introduces significant changes: expanding the definition of “product” to include digital and intangible items, broadening the range of liable persons beyond traditional manufacturers, and easing the burden of proof for claimants in complex cases. This modernized framework not only strengthens consumer protection in the internal market but also seeks to maintain fairness by balancing innovation incentives with accountability for harm. The essay that follows provides an overview of the key provisions of the new Product Liability Directive (“PLD”), analyzes its legal and doctrinal innovations, and examines its interplay with parallel EU initiatives such as the proposed AI Liability Directive, the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA). Detailed footnotes and a consolidated bibliography are included to support the analysis of this important development in European product liability law.
Digital Rights in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Perspectives
Digital Rights in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Perspectives
(Digital Rights in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Perspectives)
- Author(s):Aurel Octavian Pasat
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Law and Transitional Justice
- Page Range:144-161
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:digital rights; artificial intelligence; fundamental rights; legal systems;
- Summary/Abstract:As AI technologies become deeply embedded in society, new legal challenges related to the collection and use of personal data arise, as well as risks associated with mass surveillance and digital censorship. The article explores the growing impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on digital rights, emphasising issues such as privacy, data access and freedom of expression. It also emphasises the need to strike a balance between technological innovation and the protection of citizens’ fundamental rights, through a comparative analysis of different legal systems. It takes a look at the data protection legislative framework in the European Union (GDPR) versus that in the United States, examining emerging challenges and opportunities. Relevant case studies are used to illustrate where regulations can be implemented effectively or where they are insufficient, suggesting possible solutions and future directions.
Artificial Intelligence Act and GDPR: Implications for AI Solution Developers and Users in Romania
Artificial Intelligence Act and GDPR: Implications for AI Solution Developers and Users in Romania
(Artificial Intelligence Act and GDPR: Implications for AI Solution Developers and Users in Romania)
- Author(s):Camelia Daciana Stoian, Dominic Bucerzan, Radu Nicolae Stoian, Catalin Raul Halic, Crina Anina Bejan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, EU-Legislation, Administrative Law
- Page Range:162-177
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:artificial intelligence; data protection; Artificial Intelligence Act; GDPR; Romanian legislation; AI regulation;
- Summary/Abstract:Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses a significant challenge for personal data protection legislation, substantially impacting the way Romanian companies develop and implement AI solutions, as well as affecting human rights. At the European level, the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA)6 introduces a regulatory framework for the responsible use of AI, which must be harmonized with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In this context, Romania faces challenges regarding the compatibility of its national legislation with these European regulations, particularly concerning automated data processing, algorithmic transparency, user rights, and the impact of AI use in judicial and administrative systems. The study examines the extent to which Romanian legislation is prepared to accommodate the new requirements imposed by the AIA, highlighting legal risks and additional obligations for companies developing AI-based solutions. It also evaluates the potential consequences for the Romanian technology market, including impacts on AI-focused startups and institutions utilizing artificial intelligence technologies in their operational processes. The study's conclusions emphasize the need for a proactive and integrated approach to ensure compliance with European standardswhile simultaneously protecting technological innovation and user rights.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Combating Tax Evasion: Challenges, Opportunities, and Ethical Implications from a Legal Perspective
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Combating Tax Evasion: Challenges, Opportunities, and Ethical Implications from a Legal Perspective
(The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Combating Tax Evasion: Challenges, Opportunities, and Ethical Implications from a Legal Perspective)
- Author(s):Mihai Ștefănoaia
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Criminal Law, Law on Economics
- Page Range:178-189
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:artificial intelligence; tax evasion; legal implications; ethical challenges; regulatory frameworks;
- Summary/Abstract:Tax evasion is a persistent challenge for governments worldwide, leading to significant revenue losses and undermining public trust in fiscal systems. The integrationof artificial intelligence (AI) into tax compliance and enforcement mechanisms presents a transformative opportunity to enhance detection and prevention capabilities. AI-driven tools, such as machine learning algorithms and predictive analytics, can identify fraudulent patterns, automate audits, and improve regulatory oversight. However, the adoption of AI in taxation also raises significant legal and ethical concerns, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and due process rights. From a legal standpoint, ensuring transparency and accountability in AI-based tax enforcement is crucial to maintaining fairness and preventing potential abuses. This paper explores the challenges, opportunities, and ethical dilemmas associated with AI-driven tax enforcement, analyzing regulatory frameworks and proposing legal safeguards for responsible AI implementation.
