Кирило-Методиевски места на паметта в българската култура
The Cyrillo-Methodian Places of Memory in Bulgarian Culture
Contributor(s): Evgeni Zashev (Editor), Veselka Zhelyazkova (Editor), Slavia Barlieva (Editor), Boyka Mircheva (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Language studies, Language and Literature Studies, Fine Arts / Performing Arts, Cultural history, Visual Arts
Published by: Кирило-Методиевски научен център при Българска академия на науките
Keywords: Cyril, Methodius; places of memory; bulgarian culture; European cultural route "Cyril and Methodius".
Summary/Abstract: The present collection of articles is the result of the work on the project “The Cyrillo-Methodian Places of Memory in Bulgarian Culture” of the Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre at the BAS. It is a contribution to the estsblishment of European cultural route "Cyril and Methodius", which is part of the virtual cluster "Cyrillomethodikon" within the framework of project No. BG05M2OP001-1.001-0001 "Establishment and development of Centre for excellence "Heritage BG". The research focus in the collection are "places of memory" in Bulgarian culture, which to become into elements of the Bulgarian part of the route.
Series: Библиотека „Легенда“
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-954-9787-58-0
- Page Count: 392
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: Bulgarian
Образи на св. Кирил и св. Методий през Българското възраждане
Образи на св. Кирил и св. Методий през Българското възраждане
(Images of St Cyril and St Methodius During the Bulgarian Revival)
- Author(s):Dimo Cheshmedzhiev, Totka Grigorova
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):History, Language studies, Visual Arts
- Page Range:9-52
- No. of Pages:44
- Keywords:Bulgarian Renaissance; images of St Cyril and St Methodius; Slavonic enlighteners; icons; frescoes; Bulgarian lands.
- Summary/Abstract:The article reviews all the icons and frescoes with images of Cyril and Methodius known in the historiography. Newly discovered images are published, and included in a classification of the images of the Slavonic enlighteners known in the scholarly literature. An attempt is made to identify some of the texts on the basis of which the icons and frescoes of the two brothers were painted during the Bulgarian Renaissance.
За най-ранната топография на култа към св. Седмочисленици. Обособяване на култа
За най-ранната топография на култа към св. Седмочисленици. Обособяване на култа
(On the Earliest Topography of the Seven Saints Cult)
- Author(s):Evgeni Zashev
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Visual Arts, Modern Age
- Page Range:53-108
- No. of Pages:56
- Keywords:St. Seven Saints; lieux de mémoire; written monuments; artifacts.
- Summary/Abstract:The current research traces and summarizes the information about the historical persons from the circle of the Seven Saints, paying special attention to the distinction between mention, enumeration and grouping. Various historical evidences are examined as focal memory points of a conjoint cult of the Seven Saints – some of them are literature sources – the Prologue life of St. John Vladimir (1690), the Berat liturgy for Seven Saints (c. 1720) and the Moschopol liturgy for Seven Saints (1742), other sources are artefacts –eight wall paintings, three icons, a carved medallion and three reliquaries. Based on the mentioned sources, the earliest topography of the Seven Saints cult is outlined, and the individual monuments are presented in their geographical, cultural-historical, and architectural context. There is an emphasis on the fact that the historical evidences of the early stage of the propagation of the Seven Saints cult derive from a relatively limited geographical area – the lands of the Berat diocese and its immediate surroundings. The images from Dratcha monastery (1735) and from the church “St. Prophet Elijah” in Siatista (1744) are rather exceptions. As a conclusion, it is noticed that the language of the entire described tradition, including both the three written monuments and the numerous images and artefacts, is Greek. This tradition cannot yet be recognized as a genuine Bulgarian national initiative of the revival type, but rather is a regional post-Byzantine cult that arose in the southwestern regions of the Ochrid Archdiocese in a multi-ethnic environment with a dominant cultural Hellenism. The artefacts preserved to present days, which are probably only a part of those actually created, testify to the inclusion of the Seven Saints in the sacral pantheon of the Ochrid Archdiocese, thereby raising its ecclesiastical authority and supporting its historical pretensions to canonical independence. The tendencies observed in the perspective of the cult development in the second half of the 19th century are the gradual transfer to the east and northeast to the lands of Macedonia, more compactly populated with Bulgarians, and the appearance of images bringing to the fore the creation of the Bulgarian alphabet.
Св. Седмочисленици и формирането на българската „протонационална“ идентичност
Св. Седмочисленици и формирането на българската „протонационална“ идентичност
(The Seven Apostles of the Slavs and the Formation of the Bulgarian “Proto-national” Identity)
- Author(s):Alexander Nikolov
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Middle Ages
- Page Range:109-126
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:The Seven Apostles of the Slavs; proto-national Bulgarian identity; Bulgarian ethnie; Paisiy Hilendarski; modern Bulgarian nation.
- Summary/Abstract:Some historians assume that the emergence of national identities in Europe is a result of social changes occurring in the Early Modern era, while others claim that this process was set in motion already in the Later Middle Ages. Similar disputes on the beginnings of the modern Bulgarian nation are also present in historiographic works. The Slavo-Bulgarian History of Paisiy Hilendarski is usually presented as the first clear sign of the emerging Bulgarian nation. The aim of this article is to confirm a proto-national stage in the development of the Bulgarian medieval ethnic community, which was instrumental for the survival and continuation of the Bulgarians as a separate ethnie and, despite the interruptions in the independent existence of the Bulgarian state and church, led to the transformation of this ethnie into a modern nation. The development of the Bulgarian medieval state, founded in 681 (widely accepted date), lacks continuity. It has been interrupted in 1018 by the Byzantine conquest, which provoked deep social, economic and cultural changes and was followed by ethnic changes too. However, former Bulgarian lands, especially the core area around the last capital of the First Bulgarian Empire, Ohrid, retained certain level of ecclesiastical and economic autonomy. In the diocese of the Ohrid Bishopric began to emerge a “proto-national” pantheon, centered around the figures of St Clement of Ohrid and St John of Rila, and promoted by Byzantine prelates like Theophylactus of Ohrid and George Skylitses. The Bulgarians were regarded as a separate ethnie (according to the theory of Anthony Smith) within the limits of the Byzantine Empire, identified by their traditions, culture, language, and by their own patrons and spiritual teachers, who formed their “proto-national” pantheon. This tendency was successfully continued after the restoration of the Bulgarian state in 1185 (again a widely accepted date). The Second Bulgarian Empire had a multiethnic composition, including not only Slavic-speaking Bulgarians, but also Pecheneg and Cuman migrants, Vlah population, etc. All these groups, engaged very often in the government of the re-established empire, were centered around the political and state ideology of the Bulgarian ‘proto-nationalism”. In the newly formed “pantheon” of national saints were included as “Bulgarians” also people with non-Bulgarian or at least disputed ethnic origin. In their Vitae, written after the liberation from the Byzantines, the question about their ethnic origin was of growing importance. Special place was given to the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius, (whose Bulgarian origin and direct links with Bulgaria are at least obscure) and five of their most prominent disciples. They were venerated as Bulgarian saints and became important part of the “proto-national” ideology of the Second Bulgarian Empire. This attitude has been transferred successfully into the national ideology of the modern Bulgarian nation. Later, in the 16th century, this group of saints was stylized as the Seven Apostles of the Slavs and acquired popularity even among the Greek-speaking clergy. Consequently, Cyril and Methodius, who were representatives of the universalistic Christian culture of the Second Rome entrusted with the task to enlighten the Slavonic peoples and to introduce them to the Holy Scriptures, together with their most prominent disciples, became emblematic figures, actively engaged in the formation of one of the Slavonic “proto-nations” during the Late Middle Ages.
Покръстването на българите: три примера от бароковата историография и агиография
Покръстването на българите: три примера от бароковата историография и агиография
(The Conversion of the Bulgarians: Three Cases of Baroque Historiography and Hagiography)
- Author(s):Stilyana Batalova
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Language and Literature Studies
- Page Range:127-178
- No. of Pages:52
- Keywords:Conversion of the Bulgarians; Sts Cyril and Methodius; M. Flacius Illyricus; Caesar Baronius; Jean Bolland, Godefrid Henschen; Daniel Papbroch.
- Summary/Abstract:The study is devoted to the issue of Bulgarian conversion in some Byzantine and Latin sources as places of memory. The author traces the use of medieval sources alongside their use of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition as a means of historical reconstruction of the universal Christian European narrative in the writings of Matthias Flacius Illyricus, Caesar Baronius and the Bollandists. In discussing their work, the paper accents the first attempts at a critical reading of the motives for the conversion of the Bulgarians in connection with the activity of the holy brothers in the Baroque scholarly works of the Bollandists.
Кирило-Методиевото дело и християнското минало на българите през погледа на Петър Богдан и полемичното богословие от епохата на Контрареформацията
Кирило-Методиевото дело и християнското минало на българите през погледа на Петър Богдан и полемичното богословие от епохата на Контрареформацията
(The Antiquity of the Fatherland and the Deeds of the Bulgarians by Petar Bogdan and the Polemical Theology of the Counter-Reformation)
- Author(s):Tsvetan Vasilev
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Language and Literature Studies
- Page Range:179-200
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Petar Bogdan; Thomas de Jesus; Roberto Bellarmino; Counter-Reformation; Polemical Theology.
- Summary/Abstract:The topic of the Christian past of the Bulgarians, their conversion and the controversies in connection with the acceptance of Christianity from Constantinople or Rome, including the work of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius, form one of the ideological highlights in Petar Bogdan’s treatise The Antiquity of the Fatherland and the Deeds of the Bulgarians. The author of the first historical treatise in our new history interprets these events from the perspective of a senior Catholic prelate, in unison with key works of Catholic scholarship of the era in the realm of polemical theology. The study tries to shed light on exemplary Catholic writings followed by Petar Bogdan, such as the Care for the Salvation of All Nations by Thomas de Jesus of Baesa, or Roberto Bellarmino and his famous Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith, which on the one hand influence on the genre of P. Bogdan’s work itself, on the other hand, could provide additional valuable information on the above issues. In this sense, Petar Bogdan’s treatise should be considered not an isolated case in the Bulgarian historiography from the Ottoman period, but could be placed in the frame of Catholic science from the period of Counter-Reformation.
Български реалии в културното наследство на Деволско-Охридското книжовно средище IX–XIII в.
Български реалии в културното наследство на Деволско-Охридското книжовно средище IX–XIII в.
(Bulgarian Realia in the Cultural Inheritance of the Devol and Ohrid Literary School (9th–13th century))
- Author(s):Lyuba Ilieva
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Middle Ages
- Page Range:201-210
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Old Bulgarian literary production; Byzantine hagiography; Devol; St Clement; Archbishopric of Ohrid; 9th–13th centuries.
- Summary/Abstract:The article deals with the Bulgarian realia reflected in the literary production of the school of Devol and Ohrid between the 9th and 13th centuries. The topic is presented in the context of the circulating revised ideas related to the activity of Cyril and Methodius’ disciples in the Southwest Bulgarian lands and the later contribution of their ideological successors in the Ohrid archdiocese, thereby creating an original kind of place of memory.
От неолита до ІХ век – паметници на предглаголическата графична култура по българските земи
От неолита до ІХ век – паметници на предглаголическата графична култура по българските земи
(From the Neolithic to the 9th Century – Monuments of the Pre-Glagolic Graphic Culture in the Bulgarian Lands)
- Author(s):Slavia Barlieva
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):History, Language studies, Language and Literature Studies
- Page Range:211-235
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Neolithic signs in Bulgarian lands; Greek; Latin; and Gothic alphabets; Proto-Bulgarian epigraphs.
- Summary/Abstract:The article presents the earliest monuments of written culture from Gradeshnitsa, Karanovo, and Dolnoslav, as well as the use of Greek, Latin and Gothic alphabets. Greek script in inscriptions in the Greek language has been recorded on a large number of epigraphic monuments in the Bulgarian lands, spanning more than a millennium. Latin written culture came with the creation of the Roman provinces Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia (after 86 AD, Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior). Geographically, Latin inscriptions, containing public, religious and private texts, were scattered across the Bulgarian territory, having a greater density in the north of Bulgaria. Special attention is given to the Proto-Bulgarian runes and inscriptions as a specific phenomenon of profound significance. An assumption is made that they provided the basis for the Bulgarian literary tradition, laying the groundwork for a new written culture in an own language and letters.
Глаголически следи в България
Глаголически следи в България
(Traces of Glagolitic Script in Bulgaria)
- Author(s):Desislava Naydenova
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Middle Ages
- Page Range:237-260
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:medieval Bulgaria; Glagolitic script; Cyrillic script; manuscripts; epigraphy.
- Summary/Abstract:Usually, when it comes to the Bulgarian contribution to the Sts Cyril and Methodius’ oeuvre, we are used to think about the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Bulgarian narrative of history the Glagolitic script is almost completely absent at the expense of discussing the significance of the Cyrillic alphabet which was invented in Preslav towards the end of the 9th or the beginning of the 10th century. The neglect of Glagolitic script as a site of memory and as one of the most important traces of Cyrillo-Methodian tradition in mediaeval Bulgaria is at some extent due to a prevailing and long-standing thesis of the prominent Bulgarian scholar Vasil Zlatarski. He established that in 893 a Council was held in Preslav and that one of the decisions of this Council was to replace the Glagolitic script with Cyrillic. However, modern historical, archaeological and philological studies have proved that such a Council has never been held. What is more, but also Cyrillic and Glagolitic script were both known and used by Bulgarian scribes for a long period until the middle of the XIV c. The present article is an attempt to trace the Glagolitic scripts in different monuments – manuscripts and inscriptions, which are important site of memory as concerns the history of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition and the Bulgarian national identity.
Места на българската памет – Похвално слово за Кирил и Методий и неговите преписи
Места на българската памет – Похвално слово за Кирил и Методий и неговите преписи
(Places of Bulgarian Memory – The Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius and Its Copies)
- Author(s):Boyka Mircheva
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Language and Literature Studies
- Page Range:261-300
- No. of Pages:40
- Keywords:Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Cyrillo-Methodian sources; Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius.
- Summary/Abstract:The Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius is one of the earliest Slavic sources for the life and work of the Slavic apostles. According to the latest data, it has been preserved in 31 copies, created in a wide area and period of time – from the Balkans to the northernmost Russian literary centers and between the 12th and 18th centuries. Its text is an invariable part of the earliest layer of Slavic sources for the two first teachers and bears the marks of a primary author created by immediate witnesses of the time. It is important to note that this is the second Slavic source after the Vita Metodii to preserve the text of Pope Adrian II’s letter to princes Rostislav, Svetopolk and Kotzel, whose Latin original has not reached us. The text in the two sources is different. As an invariable part of the earliest layer of Slavic sources about Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, which invariably accompanies one of the two main Slavic Cyrillo-Methodidian sources – Vita Cyrilli and Vita Metfdii, the Eulogy for Cyril and Methodius is part of the Bulgarian historical, cultural and literary heritage and part of Bulgarian memory for the two Slavic apostels. The purpose of this study is to trace in which and what type of literary environments the text of the Eulogy was copied and where its copies are currently stored. The manner of their formation and their fate over the centuries is of great importance for the nature of the collections in which the copies of the work are kept, for which basic information is given in the article. These data can answer the question of how the text of this work was distributed, why it was preserved in these manuscript collections. The information is summarized and presented in the form of a geographical map, which shows the distribution and influence of the Eulogy among the southern and eastern Slavs.
Старобългарското селище при с. Гиген – локален културен център
Старобългарското селище при с. Гиген – локален културен център
(The Old Bulgarian Settlement Near the Village of Gigen – A Local Cultural Center)
- Author(s):Kamen Stanev
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Middle Ages
- Page Range:301-312
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Gigen; Old Bulgarian settlement; church; inscription; Pechenegs.
- Summary/Abstract:The article examines the early medieval settlement located in the Roman and early Byzantine town of Ulpia Oesus next to the present-day village of Gigen. Archaeogical excavations show that it is the largest in the area, there was a church and probably a small monastery. The settlement is known for the anti-heretical inscription discovered in the church. In the 11th century, it was destroyed by the Pechenegs, who made a large camp here. This camp is mentioned in Byzantine sources, as here in 1059 the Pechenegs were defeated. An Оld Bulgarian text mentions a battle on Gigovo Pole, in which the Pechenegs were defeated, and this allows this toponym to be associated with the settlement in question.
Химнът „Кирил и Методий“ на Стоян Михайловски като медия на паметта. Канонът – Контекстът – Криптата
Химнът „Кирил и Методий“ на Стоян Михайловски като медия на паметта. Канонът – Контекстът – Криптата
(Cyril and Methodius by Stoyan Mikhaylovski as a Medium of Memory. Canon – Context – Crypt)
- Author(s):Ewelina Drzewiecka
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):Language studies, Language and Literature Studies
- Page Range:313-336
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Cyril and Methodius; Stoyan Mihaylovski; Bulgarian culture; Bulgarian literary studies; cultural memory; medium of memory; the religious; crypt.
- Summary/Abstract:The paper raises the question of memory in and memory of the most famous Bulgarian literary work dedicated to St. St. Cyril and Methodius, that is the poem Cyril and Methodius by Stoyan Mihaylovski (1892). The aim is to trace the complex fate of the work in Bulgarian culture in two additional contexts: the role of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition in modern Bulgarian culture and the place of Mihaylovski in the canon of Bulgarian literature. The starting point is the research on the topic by a Polish expert in the field of Bulgarian studies, Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybowa. The methodological framework is based on the concepts of Aleida and Jan Assmann, as well as Astrid Erll, as the idea is to unfold the hermeneutic potential of the category of a medium of memory. The analysis of the hymn Cyril and Methodius, in terms of both the history of its reception and the function of the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition, problematizes its status as a cultural text, and contribute to the question of the religious in the discourse of the Bulgarian cultural and scientific elites.
Артефакти за Кирил и Методий в Националния военноисторически музей
Артефакти за Кирил и Методий в Националния военноисторически музей
(Artefacts about Cyril and Methodius at the National Museum of Military History)
- Author(s):Veselka Zhelyazkova
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):History, Language studies, Military history, Modern Age
- Page Range:337-361
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:National Museum of Military History; images of Cyril and Methodius; cultural memory.
- Summary/Abstract:The article describes artefacts from the collection of the National Museum of Military History in Sofia, which reveal the place of Cyril and Methodius in the cultural memory of Bulgarians. Three battle flags are represented – the Samara flag (1876), the main flag of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (1912), the flag of the 3rd Thessaloniki Battalion of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (1912). Bulgarian orders, medals and badges with the images of the Slavic first teachers are also presented, among which is the order “Saints Equal to Apostles Cyril and Methodius” – the highest decoration in the Kingdom of Bulgaria and a dynastic order of the Bulgarian kings.
Искони бѣ слово: Поклоннически места, свързани с паметта на св. Йоан Богослов
Искони бѣ слово: Поклоннически места, свързани с паметта на св. Йоан Богослов
(Искони бѣ слово: Pilgrimage Sites Connected with the Memory of St. John the Theologian)
- Author(s):Iva Trifonova
- Language:Bulgarian
- Subject(s):History, Language studies, Language and Literature Studies
- Page Range:363-392
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:John the Theologian; John the Theologian’s life; pilgrimage; Bulgaria; temples.
- Summary/Abstract:The first part of the study is dedicated to the opening words of the Gospel of John(Искони бѣ слово/In the Beginning was the Word), first translated into Slavonic language by Constantine-Cyril the Philosopher. From the theological interpretation of these words, the study moves on to the personality of the apostle and the information about his earthly path – sought in the literary and iconographic mediaeval realia. The second part is devoted to the pilgrimage sites related to the memory of St. John the Theologian in the Bulgarian lands. Twenty temples, documented in the period from the 11th to the beginning of the 21st century, are described. They testify that Christ’s Apostle and Evangelist has been revered consistently and without interruption over the centuries in the Bulgarian Orthodox tradition.