Proceedings of the 32nd International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities
Proceedings of the 32nd International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities
Contributor(s): Kasim Balarabe (Editor)
Subject(s): Business Economy / Management, Civil Law, Social development, Criminology, Economic development, EU-Legislation
ISSN: 2578-8574
Published by: Scientia Moralitas Research Institute
Keywords: Law & Economics; Management; Criminal Law; Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, School education; Health and medicine and law; Economic development; ICT Information
Summary/Abstract: This publication presents the proceedings of the 32nd International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities held at Princeton, The Erdman Center, 20 Library Place, Princeton, NJ08540, USA, on June 8-9, 2023.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-1-945298-57-8
- Page Count: 138
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: English
Digital Diplomacy
Digital Diplomacy
(Digital Diplomacy)
- Author(s):Julia M. Puaschunder
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:1-5
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Democracy; Digitalization; Digital diplomacy, Diplomacy; Economics; Global governance; Human rights;
- Summary/Abstract:This article discusses the role of digitalization for diplomacy. In a currently-unfolding new type of evolution of lawmaking through digital media, digitalization has become a central component of the online creation of law. Classical traditional means of diplomacy have changed in light of social online media and digital content. This article introduces the role of online communication as a new diplomacy gateway that cuts traditional red tape. Digital diplomacy being more transparent than previous forms of traditional diplomacy, has made international affairs more visible to multiple stakeholders instantaneously. In this feature, digital diplomacy appears to be more openly accessible to everyone to witness and more likely to be influenced by multiple streams, also on a truly global stage. At the same time, digital diplomacy brings along crowd influences and manipulation threats. Given the diminishing role of traditional media and nation-states’ shrinking control over online information exchange as well as censorship, digital diplomacy can become a contested terrain of multiple rather uncontrollable forces at play concurrently. Clear downsides are the strategic manipulation of democratic processes possible in digitalized media. Internet vulnerabilities as well as digital inequality in terms of access to online information and technology skills are additional areas of improvement for digital diplomacy. The paper closes with a future prospect of the law and economics of digital diplomacy and a call for the need to address human rights online.
The Use of Capital Campaigns to Facilitate Successful Healthcare Philanthropy
The Use of Capital Campaigns to Facilitate Successful Healthcare Philanthropy
(The Use of Capital Campaigns to Facilitate Successful Healthcare Philanthropy)
- Author(s):Axel Rump, Matthias Buntrock
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Health and medicine and law
- Page Range:6-14
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Fundraising; funding; cutting-edge medicine; High-Net-Worth donors;
- Summary/Abstract:Due to financial constraints, urgent investments or even cutting-edge medical research projects with high financial requirements cannot be realized. The acquisition of major donations as an additional source of funding can contribute to this. Crucial here is the knowledge of the most potent donor target group - the high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs = financial assets of at least $1 million, UHNWIs = financial assets of at least $30 million) as major donors. However, there are hardly any comprehensive empirical data on wealthy individuals as donors to cutting-edge medical projects in Germany. This study, therefore, examines for the first time the functionality of major-donor fundraising explicitly for hospitals from two different perspectives - of hospital directors and high-net-worth individuals themselves. The study follows a mixed-methods approach, combining the three sub-studies. The study clarifies that UHNWIs and HNWIs in Germany are willing to become socially involved and that hospitals represent an attractive object of donation for them in terms of a large donation not only during their lifetime but also after their death. However, hospitals do not approach high-net-worth individuals consistently, effectively, and sustainably. This is because German hospitals are not appropriately structured and staffed to meet the wishes and needs of the target group adequately. For the future, a major rethink is coming to hospitals because major gift fundraising cannot be established as an additional funding source without first making a significant investment.
DNA Collection: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Profiles
DNA Collection: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Profiles
(DNA Collection: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Profiles)
- Author(s):Victor Andrei Cărcăle
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:15-24
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:DNA collection; DNA databases; PrümTreaty; privacy;
- Summary/Abstract:This paper aims to differentiate between the legal norms related to genetic data exchange and the technical-scientific norms applied during biological sample collection and analysis. While legal norms are resistant to legislative harmonization, technical-scientific norms are conducive to universalization. The study will survey the sources within the European Union, which are diverse and occasionally disorganized. These sources address the sharing of genetic data during police and judicial cooperation among member states, serving different objectives. The DNA Database allows judicial authorities and police to search and exchange DNA profiles with international databases in accordance with the Prüm Treaty and "Prüm Decisions" (European Union Council Framework Decisions 2008/615/JHA and 2008/616/JHA) to combat terrorism and cross-border crime through international police cooperation.
The Relationship between Literary Development and Traditional Medicine in the Southern Dynasty of China
The Relationship between Literary Development and Traditional Medicine in the Southern Dynasty of China
(The Relationship between Literary Development and Traditional Medicine in the Southern Dynasty of China)
- Author(s):HU Xuebei
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Health and medicine and law, Family and social welfare, Nationalism Studies
- Page Range:25-31
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:East Asian cultural studies; classical Chinese literature; the Southern;
- Summary/Abstract:During the Southern Dynasty of China, the belief that human physiology and temperament derived from innate nature and external influences persisted, leading to a close relationship between personal constitution and literary style. This study investigates the connection between Chinese traditional medicine and literature in the Southern Dynasty. The weakened health of the aristocratic families in the Jiangdong region became a backdrop to showcase their political talents and moral integrity, establishing that a weak physical constitution symbolized high literary excellence, as evidenced by the famous, flamboyant literary style of the time. In this context, physical health was intimately linked to literary creation and style, forming a dynamic cycle through mutual resonance. This research provides a new interdisciplinary perspective for studying classical Chinese literature and is significant for East Asian cultural studies.
The Canonical Framework for the Exercise of Church Law in Orthodoxy
The Canonical Framework for the Exercise of Church Law in Orthodoxy
(The Canonical Framework for the Exercise of Church Law in Orthodoxy)
- Author(s):Cristian-Vasile Petcu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Eastern Orthodoxy, Canon Law / Church Law, Psychology of Religion
- Page Range:32-38
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:church law; church canons; church judgment; church life;
- Summary/Abstract:From the beginning of the Church, the Christian faithful, vested with the authority of Jesus Christ and the Holy Apostles, have constantly stressed the importance of divine ordinances. In the Gospel of St John the Apostle, Christ reveals his central role in the work of the Church: "I am the way, the truth and the life" (John 14:6). On the basis of this truth, the Church's right to work for the Kingdom lies in the assumption of Christ, the supreme measure and model of all creation. Therefore, the Canon of the Church is founded on the work and teaching of Christ, the Head who realizes and keeps alive and whole the ecclesiological community. In this perspective, the Church's ordinance is the support of the saving work, the structure in which are methodically and systematically framed the elements of canon law by which the Church organizes and regulates its works in such a way as to contribute to the spiritual development of the Christian community, which is assured that it is always supported to advance on the path of salvation together with the community of believers who have already assumed, in good ordinance, life in Christ through communion with the Holy Mysteries.
Art vs. Product
Art vs. Product
(Art vs. Product)
- Author(s):Goranka Stanićst, Sandra Bačić, Branka Kožuh
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Educational Psychology, Sociology of Art
- Page Range:39-45
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:art; product; marketing; education; innovation; creativity;
- Summary/Abstract:We are witnessing the development and opening of an increasing number of art schools and colleges. The curriculum covered by these organizations is versatile and comprehensive encompassing various emerging branches. However, a fundamental question arises: can inspired works of art be created when they are dictated by market demands and order, and to what extent mediocrity and kitsch are involved in such a process? Commercialism, pop, and marketing are susceptible areas when we talk about creation. The pandemic and the lockdown provided a unique opportunity to think, envision the future, and express our ideas. Art in the field of the market is looking for its place. Education needs to be directed and distracted from the automatic repetition of facts by increasing the level of "general culture" and encouraging pupils and students to focus on problem-solving so that they can use all available materials and resources. This kind of education enables the development of innovation rather than the complete repetition of facts. Nowadays, various media platforms and libraries inundate society with ideas and information. Progressing personally and contributing to society requires hard work. History represents the past, while homology teaches us how to upgrade and shape knowledge, but if we get stuck learning, we risk perpetuating old patterns through imitation. Therefore, it is crucial to look ahead, address problems and facilitate the enrichment of humanity's collective experience while upholding ethical principles and moral imperatives. This article emphasizes that art has a special place in this dynamic world.
The Contemporary Trends in Advertising Services Global Market
The Contemporary Trends in Advertising Services Global Market
(The Contemporary Trends in Advertising Services Global Market)
- Author(s):Lia Anton, Zorina Siscan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Marketing / Advertising
- Page Range:46-54
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Contemporary Trend; Global Market; Advertising Service; Performance Advertising;
- Summary/Abstract:One of the powerful driving forces in any business is advertising. Business internationalization contributes to the constitution of the global market of advertising services that also is digitalized. In this article, the authors aim to uncover and explore the contemporary trends in the global market of advertising services, under globalization and digitalization socio-economic megatrends. Methodology and Results: Leaned upon the evolutionary approach to the global market of advertising services, and the analysis of relevant statistical data, the authors have systematized the main trends observed in global advertising services market and provided explanations for these trends. They also have identified and analyzed the particular directions within these general trends. Furthermore, the authors have paid attention to the shifts in global market of advertising services produced by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and offered recommendations which, alongside the outcomes of the article, may help businesses to develop their strategies in line with the revealed and systematized trends and particular directions in order to become more competitive at the contemporary global market of advertising services. In this context a concept of performance advertising has been introduced.
Heterodox Science Leadership
Heterodox Science Leadership
(Heterodox Science Leadership)
- Author(s):Julia M. Puaschunder
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Higher Education , Behaviorism
- Page Range:55-62
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Advancement of Science; Collaboration; Colleague Amnesia; Cooperation; Discrimination of Excellence; Economics; Pluralism, Science; Science Diplomacy;
- Summary/Abstract:Heterodox science challenges orthodox science. Unorthodox science approaches are heterodox if they apply more unconventional, pluralistic views and methods than the leading orthodox tradition. Heterodox science has been practiced ever since science exists. Heterodox scientists have been fundamental drivers of change through pluralistic innovations in many different fields, such as astronomy, physics, economics as well as behavioral sciences, to name a few. Heterodox science can stem from methodological pluralism in acknowledging and applying different methods than conventional science. Heterodox science can also be a reality check in questioning the validity of prevailing results and state-of-the-art methods. The internal validity gets backtested by replication, which has led to scientific advancements in many fields, most recently notable in the widely discussed replication crisis in behavioral economics. The external validity gets evaluated in a reality check of stylized artificial models for applicability to real-world contexts. For instance, historically external validity tests opened the gates for groundbreaking advancements in physics, macroeconomics as well as behavioral insights. In all these accomplishments of heterodox science approaches though, it is also to note that not all heterodox scientists are successful and sometimes they are doomed to be left on the periphery of discussion and not become influential parts of vibrant communities. This paper addresses the question of why heterodox scientists are sometimes successful in breaking new trends and sometimes they are left in the periphery of scientific discourse and do not claim a leadership role. The paper argues that obstacles for heterodox scientists arise if they engage in the following behavior: (1) an obsessive focus on the critique, which can detach socially; (2) an obsessive focus on discrimination of excellence in trying to bring down those who are in power dominating fields and thereby being distracted from contributing to science in better ways of doing research or providing new results; as well as in (3) colleague amnesia and motivated forgetting of citing colleagues, which harms networking advantages and creates silos of knowledge and self-reinforcing echo-chambers in inefficiently one-dimensional school-thinking. The paper closes by providing recommendations for heterodox scientists, who aspire to become leaders-in-the-field, in pointing at positive critique mechanisms in only commenting on research if being able to show a way how to do it better. Science diplomacy can help educate upcoming researchers to offer critique constructively and in a tactful way. Embracing excellence in honest acknowledgment of colleagues’ accomplishments and whole-hearted efforts to see others’ points of view as well as collaboration attempts with leading scholars are additional strategies to break through with heterodox thoughts without discriminating against excellence. Science advancements to improve the gap between the orthodox and heterodox world include heterodox science ethics and science diplomacy solutions. Open discussions and democratization of knowledge creation can complement the few key journals per field through additional online outlets with international and pluralistic outlooks. Incentivizing collaborations that bridge the divide between orthodox and heterodox scientists is another institutionally-implementable strategy to foster scientific advancement through heterodox ideas. Raising awareness for the concept of colleague amnesia as the motivated forgetting of colleagues’ work appears as a favorable institutional move and proactive community standard that can make science a better, more inclusively innovative world.
Civil Modes of Acquiring Property in Roman Private Law
Civil Modes of Acquiring Property in Roman Private Law
(Civil Modes of Acquiring Property in Roman Private Law)
- Author(s):Ionuţ Ciutacu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History of Law, Roman law
- Page Range:63-67
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:Roman citizens; mancipatio; in iure cessio; law;
- Summary/Abstract:Ius civile regulates legal relations between Roman citizens. The dominium mentality of the Romans led them to pay more attention to the legal relations specific to the possession of goods. During ancient times, when the Romans were a people of shepherds and farmers, the norms of the old Civil Law established the legal institution of mancipatio, which applied only to res mancipi. The development of society determined the appearance of other categories of goods, the possession of which could no longer be obtained with the help of mancipatio. In order to update the legal regime of acquiring property and relate it to reality, the Roman developed additional civil law procedures that contributed to the improvement of private property and to the crystallization of the concept of patrimony.
Social and Familial Aspects of Juvenile Conduct Disorders in Romania. Selected Cases Presentation from Forensic Psychiatric Board Admission
Social and Familial Aspects of Juvenile Conduct Disorders in Romania. Selected Cases Presentation from Forensic Psychiatric Board Admission
(Social and Familial Aspects of Juvenile Conduct Disorders in Romania. Selected Cases Presentation from Forensic Psychiatric Board Admission)
- Author(s):Simona Irina Damian, Cristina Gabriela Șchiopu, Nicoleta-Elena Heghes
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Behaviorism, Criminology
- Page Range:68-75
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:children; delinquency; society; forensic; psychiatry;
- Summary/Abstract:Juvenile delinquency in Romania has become a complex problem due to the imbalanced state of bio-psychological and social factors that should ensure the safety of children's development. When discussing children in legal terms, the person is no longer the focus of the problem as in adults, but he should be analyzed as a multitude of intrinsic and environmental factors that coordinated to develop a judicial problem. Most of those environmental factors refer to social aspects like discrimination, poverty, limited access to education, as well as family disorganization, victimization of child and exposure to negative psychological and affective stimuli that distort the emotional, behavioral and intellectual development of those children. Moreover, we can state that delinquent children are a mirror of social and familial problems left unattended or a fault of the system’s care for them. Therefore, there is a need to explore more effective protective and preventive measures while strengthening rehabilitation programs for vulnerable groups rather than seeking to isolate them. Given the above statement, the authors present a selection of cases that were addressed to the psychiatric forensic expertise for children. This paper will focus on social and familial aspects that disrupts the affective and intellectual mechanisms of these children, leading to aggressive behavior, lying and delinquencies as defensive and control responses to their disrupted environment. Also, these cases presentations will reveal other important characteristics of the cases and the difficulty of social and legal management of these children.
Influence Peddling, a Controversial Crime Applicable to an Obsolete Criminal Policy
Influence Peddling, a Controversial Crime Applicable to an Obsolete Criminal Policy
(Influence Peddling, a Controversial Crime Applicable to an Obsolete Criminal Policy)
- Author(s):Bogdan David
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Criminology
- Page Range:76-80
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:crime; influence peddling; concept/definition; criminal policy; social reality;
- Summary/Abstract:I have deliberately used the archaism “obsolete” to highlight the very expired, outdated and outmoded character of the notion of the crime of influence peddling. Since the crime of influence peddling belongs to the category of corruption crimes, our approach should not be misinterpreted, i.e., in the sense of potentializing this phenomenon that we consider cancerous for a democratic society, but in the sense of updating and progressing Romanian criminal policy relative to this crime. The establishment of a “legislative footprint”, defined as “a comprehensive public register of the influence of lobbyists on a normative act”, would be an effective way to reduce the risk of inappropriate influence and, at the same time, to increase the transparency of the adaptation process of policies within the EU, as revealed in a document issued by Transparency International (Berg and Freund 2015, 4). The present scientific-legal approach is likely to adapt, through a new proposed meaning, the notion of influence peddling crime to the objective reality of current criminal policies and respect for the fundamental freedoms of citizens according to the rules of the European Union and to overcome the obscurity of the elements constitutive of this crime.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Education
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Education
(Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Education)
- Author(s):Mircea Mureșan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):State/Government and Education, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:81-85
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:Artificial Intelligence; Modern Education; Computers; New Skills; Future Occupations Introduction;
- Summary/Abstract:While no one knows how AI will shape the future, we can all agree on one thing: AI is one of the most important technologies in the world today that is already at work in our everyday lives, influencing everything from online dating to our shopping habits. But how will this technology affect work in the future? What will be the result? A permanent class of people who can not find work because their jobs have been automated? An economy where super-intelligent computers compete to one day take over the planet? What is happening to people, how do we transform and adapt our education systems to be consistent with the digital age? According to research, by the mid-2030s, one third of all employees will be exposed to the risk of being automated, and the labor force segment most likely to be affected is people with a low level of education (Vimal 2022). Education can change everything in the sense that human reasoning will continue to be necessary, at least at every level and in all industries. Instead of “humans or computers,” the challenge for all-round education should be summed up as “humans and computers engaged in sophisticated systems that promote industry and wealth.”
Renewable Energy in the European Union
Renewable Energy in the European Union
(Renewable Energy in the European Union)
- Author(s):Alexandru Petrea
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Energy and Environmental Studies, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:86-94
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Renewable Energy Source; Energy Transition; Energy Policies; Sustainable Energy Technologies; Assessments;
- Summary/Abstract:The European Union has set ambitious targets for renewable energy, aiming to increase the percentage share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and promote its use in transportation and heating sectors. Romania, having a significant potential in renewable energy, especially wind and solar energy, can play an important role in achieving these goals. The exploitation of abundant natural resources and the development of production capacities in wind, solar and hydropower can contribute to the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable energy system, bringing economic and environmental benefits to the country and contributing to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
The Effects of the Romanian Constitutional Court Decisions in the Extradition Proceedings between Romania and the United States of America
The Effects of the Romanian Constitutional Court Decisions in the Extradition Proceedings between Romania and the United States of America
(The Effects of the Romanian Constitutional Court Decisions in the Extradition Proceedings between Romania and the United States of America)
- Author(s):Simona Franguloiu, Nicoleta-Elena Heghes, Mihaela Pătrăuş
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Constitutional Law, International Law
- Page Range:95-102
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:international judicial cooperation; extradition; exception of unconstitutionality; rights; extraditable person; judicial practice;
- Summary/Abstract:The Romanian Constitution states in Article 147 that: “(1) The provisions of laws and ordinances in force, as well as those of regulations, found to be unconstitutional, shall cease to have legal effect 45 days after the publication of the decision of the Constitutional Court if, within this period, the Parliament or the Government, as the case may be, do not bring the unconstitutional provisions into line with the provisions of the Constitution. During this period, the provisions found to be unconstitutional shall be automatically suspended.” It follows that, in principle, the effects of these decisions are for the future, and within the period expressly provided for by the constitutional rule (45 days), the legislator is obliged to amend the legal provisions (provisions) declared unconstitutional, but also that during this period these provisions are suspended by law, i.e., they can no longer be applied. The phrase “for the future” also means that the decisions of the Constitutional Court apply to pending and final cases, as well as to any other future situations. The Constitutional Court itself, in its Decision no. 454/4 July 2018, has specified in recital 63 the effects of its decisions: “... unconstitutionality is a sanction of constitutional law that applies immediately to pending situations.” If an exception of unconstitutionality concerns a provision of the Framework Law on international judicial cooperation, namely Law No 302 of 2004 (republished in 2022), it is in the field of international judicial cooperation, a procedure governed by the Extradition Treaty between Romania and the United States of America, signed in Bucharest on September 10, 2007, and by the Framework Law, as a special law governing all international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, which is supplemented by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Theoretical Considerations Regarding the Know-How Contract from the Perspective of the European Union Legislation and the Romanian Transposition Legislation
Theoretical Considerations Regarding the Know-How Contract from the Perspective of the European Union Legislation and the Romanian Transposition Legislation
(Theoretical Considerations Regarding the Know-How Contract from the Perspective of the European Union Legislation and the Romanian Transposition Legislation)
- Author(s):Elise-Nicoleta Vâlcu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:103-109
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:trade secret; technical procedures; trade secret holder; infringer;
- Summary/Abstract:The investment made in generating and applying intellectual capital is a determining factor in terms of competitiveness and performance related to innovation, regardless of whether we consider a cross-border or a national market. In most cases, marketers resort to different means to appropriate the results of their own innovation activities. One of these means is the use of intellectual property rights, such as patents, design rights or copyright. Another means of protecting innovation results is to protect access to information that has some value to an entity and is not widely known. In the context of Union law, mentioning in this regard Directive (EU) 2016/943 on the protection of know-how and undisclosed business information (trade secrets) know-how and valuable undisclosed business information which is intended to remain confidential are called trade secrets. In the context of an increasingly dynamic and technological Union and international market, trade secrets, characterized by the fact that they go beyond the framework of technological knowledge and include commercial data, such as customer and supplier information, business plans and studies and strategies market, are as important as patents and other forms of intellectual property rights. The issue of commercial secrecy is regulated in Romanian legislation under OG 25/2019 on the protection of know-how and undisclosed business information that constitutes secrets. Therefore, this research aims to address the issue of commercial secrecy as a variation of the know-how from the EU and Romanian legislative perspective of transposition.
The Constitutional Reflection of the Right to a Healthy and Ecologically Balanced Environment
The Constitutional Reflection of the Right to a Healthy and Ecologically Balanced Environment
(The Constitutional Reflection of the Right to a Healthy and Ecologically Balanced Environment)
- Author(s):Elena Emilia Ștefan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Constitutional Law, Environmental interactions
- Page Range:110-115
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Constitution; public authorities; ecologically balanced environment;
- Summary/Abstract:Nowadays, people have become increasingly concerned about topics such as: the environment, climate, ecology, climate change. Human coexistence on our beautiful blue planet currently involves, more than ever, the development of a legal conscience. In this background, this study proposes a generous objective, namely to know the general legal framework regarding the regulation in Romanian legislation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. From this perspective, we believe that the theme is highly topical and important for several categories of subjects: private individuals, public authorities, but also for states, to a large extent. The proposed architecture of the paperwork consists of several parts, organized in a logical sequence. Part I provides a brief introduction to the general subject of the topic. Part II analyzes the legislative framework in order to know how the constituent legislator regulated the right to a healthy environment. Part III focuses on discussing the contribution of case-law in shaping the state's obligation to provide the legal framework for the exercise of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Historical References and Doctrinal Precedents of Forensic Science Worldwide
Historical References and Doctrinal Precedents of Forensic Science Worldwide
(Historical References and Doctrinal Precedents of Forensic Science Worldwide)
- Author(s):Nelu Dorinel Popa
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History of Law, Criminology
- Page Range:116-128
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:forensic science; forensic medicine; genetics; dactyloscopy; ballistics;
- Summary/Abstract:Forensic science owes its origins to the people who developed the principles and techniques needed to identify and compare physical evidences, well as those who recognized the need to consolidate these principles into a coherent scientific discipline. Evidence of forensic science dates back to antiquity, but it was not until the 19th century that science was rigorously applied to criminal cases through advances in the way criminal cases were handled, which improved the validity of the conclusions drawn from investigations by the judicial authorities. Many steps have also been taken to organize specialist areas within police departments, including forensic science. Furthermore, forensic science has literary roots, as evidenced by the forensic novels written by famous authors, which were based on the methods, techniques and tactics used in forensic science. This article contains a brief analysis of some of the key moments and doctrinal precedents in the history of forensic science, seen in the evolution of its subfields. Such insights aim to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the current state and trends of this science.
The Emergence and Evolution of the Legal Institution of Possessio in Roman Private Law
The Emergence and Evolution of the Legal Institution of Possessio in Roman Private Law
(The Emergence and Evolution of the Legal Institution of Possessio in Roman Private Law)
- Author(s):Ionuţ Ciutacu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History of Law, Roman law
- Page Range:129-133
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:Roman private law, possessiones; animus; interdicta;
- Summary/Abstract:The legal figure of the possession was born in the process of exploiting the lands in the ager publicus. In very ancient times, the patricians were shepherds and farmers. As the founders of Rome, they had access to the exploitation of the lands of the state. They often sublet part of these lands to their clients, who, at some point, refused to return the lands to them and endangered the rule exercised by the patres. Rome was a patrician state and that is why the fast legal protection of possessiones was required. Therefore, the imperium of the magistrates was resorted to and the interdicts of the possessors were created. Later, against the background of the development of legal ideas and the evolution of society, the effects of the interdicta were extended to other situations and contributed to the improvement of the legal protection of private property rights.