Uniwersały Rady Nieustającej z lat 1775–1788. Część II: Ustrój sądownictwa i prawo sądowe
Universals of the Permanent Council in 1775–1788. Part II: Court system and court law

Summary/Abstract: The court system, functioning of courts and – to a lesser extent – land law were repeatedly the subject of universals (pol. uniwersały) of the Permanent Council (pol. Rada Nieustająca). The reasons were the absence of sufficient legal regulations, and above all no comprehensive codifi cation, which caused problems for the entire judicial system and was a source of controversy reported to the Permanent Council through reports and memorials. Universals were addressed to courts, offices, as well as participants in court disputes. Their purpose was to clarify unclear, questionable law and to improve the operation of justice. The detailed issues regulated in the universals were supervision of courts and the obligation to submit court reports, the problem of completing court members, determining the jurisdiction of courts, rules of arbitration and enforcement proceedings, including soldiers participation in the so-called traditio of estates.

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