Uniwersały Rady Nieustającej z lat 1775–1788. Część I: Charakterystyka ogólna
Universals of the Permanent Council in 1775–1788. Part I: General Characteristics

Summary/Abstract: Universals (pol. uniwersały) – normative acts of an executive or information nature adopted by the Permanent Council (pol. Rada Nieustająca) in 1775–1788 – constitute an important, though not yet widely discussed in the literature, aspect of its activity. They were addressed to the indicated group of entities: central and local offices, courts, civil and military authorities, magistrates or residents of specific lands and voivodships. Universals, issued between the sessions of the Sejm, enabled the Council to systematically organize and regulate matters not reserved for the legislative authority. The general scope of the universals included, among others, the problems of the court system, substantive and procedural law, economy, social and educational policy, and border issues.

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