Koncepcja resilience i jej zastosowanie w pewnym socjologiczno-ekonomicznym układzie
The concept of resilience and its application to a certain socio-economical model

Summary/Abstract: In recent decades, there is a growing interest in ecological and social systems that exhibit multistability, i.e., having alternative stable states. The early hints, that real ecosystems and socioeconomical systems can exhibit such properties, originated from theoretical models [8, 13]. Although regime shifts are very easy to show and explore in models, it took time and efforts to prove experimentally that such phenomena occur in the real world [15, 20, 22]. Moreover, manipulation experiments have also provided direct evidence for alternative stable states [21]. Probably the most famous case of a bistable system is the case of alternative equilibria in shallow lakes [20]. Over certain ranges of nutrient concentration shallow lakes have two alternative equilibria: a clear state dominated by macrophytic aquatic vegetation, and a turbid state with high algal biomass.

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