За традицията и модерността в художественото образование. Баухаус и примерът на Иоханес Итен
On Tradition and Modernism in Art Training of the Beginning of 20th Century. The Bauhaus and Johannes Itten' s Model

Summary/Abstract: The article deals with particular changes in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century as manifested in trends, approaches and goals of art training all over Europe. The most striking example in this respect is Bauhaus which was given rise to in an integrity of artistic and social milieu where a certain necessity and ideas of reform of art training - Reformapedagogik, had been imminent for decades. Bauhaus was founded in 1919 and at its first stage of development the artistic attitude of late expressionism combined with the medieval craft ideal prevailed in the concept of Bauhaus. In Bauhaus, the crucial point of reforming concept on art training was realized through the idea of a general art school, i.e., the unity of fine art teaching, on one hand, and the teaching of applied arts and architecture, on the other, based on the principle of training at workshops. Johannes Itten based his pedagogic approach of a preliminary course (Vorkurs) in Bauhaus on the idea of “art is not liable to training”. This is the social context of Johannes Itten’s overall work as an entity of two fields of interest, as manifested through two major characteristics of his personality - the drive to both pedagogy and art. In 1916 he opens his first workshop in Vienna. In 1919 Itten was among the first ones invited by W. Gropius to teach at the newly established Bauhaus. In 1923 Itten founded the “Onthos” textiles workshops at the art school in Herliberg at Zurich Lake. In 1926 the Modem Art School in Berlin was established - Johannes Ittens’ private school called Ittenschule; he was also the principal of the Higher Art School, founded in 1932 in Krefeld. After a short period of emigration, Itten presided the School of Applied Arts and the Museum of Applied Arts in Zurich. In 1952 the Rittberg Museum of Off­ European Art in Zurich was established by Itten who carried out the organization and the preliminary works for the foundation ​and became the director of the Museum.

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