İslâm Öncesi Arap Toplumunun Ayrılıkçı Sloganları: Telbiyeler
Separatist Slogans of Pre-Islamic Arab Society: Talbiyahs

Summary/Abstract: Throughout human history, religions have had their own rituals for worship. These rituals have sometimes manifested themselves as an action and sometimes as a verbal expression. Ḥajj and ‘Umrah worships, which begin in accordance with the desire of the divine will and basically include visiting the sacred place Kaaba, are among the most ritual-intensive forms of worship. An important part of visiting the Kaaba is the Talbiyah, which is an action similar to chanting slogans. Talbiyah is a declaration of monotheism that Muslims declare while performing the Ḥajj and ‘Umrah duties. Muslims who intend to visit the Kaaba declare with these words that they have accepted the invitation of the Almighty Creator who calls them to the sacred house, that they are in His presence and at His disposal. They build servitude by saying that Allah is one, unique and has no equal, and that praise and submission are to be shown only to Him. the talbiyah tradition in Islam that started with the Prophet Muhammad is the most common response announcement used by the first Muslims until today with the form of “Labbayk Allāhumma Labbayk, Labbayk lā sharīka laka Labbayk, inna’l-ḥamde wa'n-ni‘mata laka wa'l-mulk, lā sharīka lak”. However, when we examine the history of the talbiyah, it is understood that there are quite different narrations about the beginning, form and styles of this call. The talbiyah tradition that goes back to the first human, Adam, was started with a form attributed to him and then continued with Prophet Abraham, who invited people to the House of Allah by rebuilding the Kaaba. The number of talbiyahs attributed to both prophets is one, and their form clearly reflects monotheism. However, although the talbiyah preserved its original form until Prophet Abraham, with the Arabs turning to idolatry, the talbiyah, which is a divine call, increased and began to change form. Because with the spread of idolatry in the Arab society before Islam, the tribes began to acquire different idols of their own. Since the idolatry Arabs, who were described as polytheists, saw the talbiyah as a call/declaration of response on behalf of the gods, they began to transform the talbiyah, which had a divine origin, into different forms for the idols they worshipped. They wanted to see the transformation they experienced in the religious field in the talbiyah. For this reason, they began to produce talbiyahs for their own tribes, idols and Saints they respected. These talbiyahs continued to exist and increased in number until the times when Islam emerged. Because the tribes were becoming increasingly powerful, small families were turning into larger families and therefore into tribes over time. They aimed to make their existence more visible among the Arab tribes with their unique forms of talbiyah. Talbiyah, which are extremely important for the Arab society, were also known by the people in the Islamic period. When we examine these talbiyahs processed in the early period of tafsir, hadith and Islamic history sources, we come across different types, numbers and forms. Due to the high literary power of the Arabs of the Age of Ignorance, literary arts were used intensively in these recorded talbiyahs. A deep understanding and evaluation of the meanings of talbiyahs is beyond the scope of this study. The first goal of this study was to review the historical process of talbiyahs, which also indicate important characteristics of societies. Then, the types of talbiyahs that existed before the communication of Islam to humanity were discussed and finally, the processes that talbiyahs went through were tried to be determined by including their use in the Islamic period. As a result, the functions of the talbiyahs, which have an important separating or unifying character from a social perspective, were determined. In order for the study to yield sound results, different aspects of the identified talbiyahs were addressed with a careful examination. In addition, in the research, an effort was made to reach scientific results with the principles of comparison, induction, deduction and syllogism methods.

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