Human Capital and Labor as Determinants of Economic Growth in Bulgaria and Poland
Human Capital and Labor as Determinants of Economic Growth in Bulgaria and Poland

Summary/Abstract: This paper investigates the divergent economic growth trajectories of Bulgaria and Poland from 1990 to 2019, emphasizing the role of human capital and labor inputs. Using harmonized macroeconomic data from the Penn World Table 10.01 and applying a log-linear Cobb-Douglas regression model, the study evaluates the elasticity of real GDP with respect to educational attainment, employment, and average annual hours worked. The results suggest that human capital exerts a strong and significant influence on output in both countries, while labor quantity plays a larger role in Bulgaria’s growth. These findings highlight the need for targeted investment in education, health, and labor market efficiency to support sustainable development.

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