Maryjny tytuł „królowa nieba” vs. starożytne „królowe nieba”
Marian title of „Queen of Heaven” vs. ancient „queens of heaven”

Summary/Abstract: In the Christian tradition Mary is called “the Queen of Heaven”. With its help, the truth is expressed the glory that She enjoys alongside her king’s Son (Assumption), without giving any divine attributes to Her. This title was known in the ancient East and associated with various goddesses responsible for fertility, sexuality and war, whose cult was astral in nature (Venus). We find traces of it in the sayings of the prophet Jeremiah (Jer 7,18; 44,15–19.25). Including it in the language of Marian cult required cleansing it of pagan connotations, and the first traces of this process can be found in the writings of Epiphanius of Salamis.

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