Źródła zróżnicowanej integracji Unii Europejskiej
Sources of differentiated EU integration

Summary/Abstract: The aim of the research is to identify and classify the sources of differentiated EU integration, indicating their two groups. The first group consists of primary sources, inherent in the Member States, such as: motivations of states, different cultural, religious, historical or axiological identities of states, different legal traditions, as well as political differentiation in the Member States. The second group consists of secondary sources, because they result from the nature of the political system of the European Union and from the solutions of its subsystems: legal, institutional, processual or relational. The analysis is based on the neofunctional system of explanation and on the liberal intergovernmental theory. Neofunctional mechanisms can be observed in the dynamics of diversity of integration processes. Such dynamics will be examined on a territorial (geographical, subjective level) and objective level. Diversity has diffuse effects, located on the axis between the point indicating the risk of fragmentation and exclusion (spill-back) and, on the other hand, the point defining the moment of deepening integration and its expansion to new areas (spill-over). The ontological perception of differentiated integration also has a strong intergovernmental provenance, as it depends on the Member State. There are EU Member States that are more willing to engage in differentiated solutions, because they are less afraid of marginalisation and much more count on additional benefits from the effects of deepening cooperation.

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