Sztuczna inteligencja w procesie wyborczym – perspektywy, wyzwania i zagrożenia
Artificial Intelligence in the Electoral Process – Perspectives, Challenges, and Risks

Summary/Abstract: This article examines the application of artificial intelligence in the electoral process. It argues that elections constitute a cornerstone of the democratic state, which justifies the need for particular caution in the deployment of new technologies in this sphere, as emphasised, inter alia, by the United Nations, UNESCO, and the European Union’s AI Act. The issue is analysed in the context of the impact of artificial intelligence on democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights. The article highlights the dual nature of artificial intelligence. On the one hand, artificial intelligence may enhance the organisation of elections by strengthening cybersecurity, increasing administrative efficiency, improving the transparency of electoral procedures, and facilitating access to electoral information. On the other hand, it may generate significant systemic risks. Particular threats are associated with the use of generative artificial intelligence and microtargeting techniques, which facilitate large-scale disinformation, manipulation of voter behaviour, and infringements of civil rights and freedoms. From a legal perspective, the article emphasises the classification of artificial intelligence systems used in democratic processes as high-risk systems. From a political science perspective, it points to threats to electoral integrity, the fragmentation of the public sphere, and the erosion of public trust. The article concludes that the ultimate impact of artificial intelligence on elections will depend on the manner in which it is employed by political actors, as well as on the effectiveness of legal regulation, institutional oversight, and the prevailing political culture.

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