Civilian Participation in Cyber Conflicts with a Particular Focus on Hacking
Civilian Participation in Cyber Conflicts with a Particular Focus on Hacking

Summary/Abstract: Civilian involvement in armed conflicts has become easier because of new technologies, as anyone with a smartphone can share critical military information, engage in hacking, and other cyber operations. This raises concerns, especially if individuals are unaware that their actions may have serious consequences. International humanitarian law protects civilians from attacks unless, and for such time as, they take a direct part in hostilities. Clear rules are essential, particularly for cyber operations. This article explores civilian participation in cyber conflicts, with hacking as a key example, highlighting issues in the interpretation of applicable law and comparing the relevant legal approaches with state practices. It concludes that states should develop clearer guidelines to address civilian roles in cyber conflicts effectively.

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