Основни характеристики на аутистичния спектър: систематичен синтез и импликации за функционално ориентирана интервенция
Core Characteristics of the Autism Spectrum: a Systematic Synthesis and Implications for Functionally Oriented Intervention

Summary/Abstract: Aim. This article synthesises contemporary scientific literature on the core characteristics of the autism spectrum in order to examine whether they can be explained by a single primary impairment and a unified neuropsychological basis, and what follows from this for the choice of intervention and educational strategy. Method. A structured review was conducted of peer-reviewed meta-analyses, systematic reviews and key empirical studies, published mainly over the past decade and considered alongside foundational theoretical work. Results. The analysis of five influential models – theory of mind, executive dysfunction, weak central coherence and enhanced perceptual functioning, social motivation, and predictive coding – shows that each accounts for a distinct aspect of the phenotype, but none defines a specific and universal deficit in autism. Executive dysfunction, for example, emerges as a transdiagnostic construct, while evidence for the relative independence of the components of the autistic triad at genetic, cognitive and neural levels supports the conclusion that there is no single primary impairment. Conclusion. The autistic phenotype should be understood as a convergence of relatively independent mechanisms. Therefore, categorical diagnosis alone does not determine support, which should be functional and profile-oriented. A continuum of evidence-based pedagogical approaches emerges, grounded in the correspondence between the child’s individual profile and the adapted demands of the environment. In practice, the mismatch between environmental demands and the child's available resources can be measured with a functional profiling instrument (DLQ-25).

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