Relationship Between Microbiota and Mental Health: A Holistic View
Relationship Between Microbiota and Mental Health: A Holistic View

Summary/Abstract: The microorganisms in the human intestine regulate brain function and mental health through the microbiota-gutbrain axis. This bidirectional communication network encompasses neural (e.g., vagus nerve), endocrine (e.g., cortisol, serotonin), immune (e.g., cytokines), and microbial metabolite (e.g., short-chain fatty acids) pathways. Recent studies highlight the role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Altered microbial profiles—marked by reduced microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial short-chain fatty acidsproducing bacteria, and increased pro-inflammatory taxa—have been consistently associated with neuropsychiatric symptomatology. Studies have shown that microbiota interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics and dietary changes can affect mental health, giving rise to the concept of 'psychobiotics'. This narrative review presents a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanistic underpinnings linking gut microbiota to psychiatric disorders and evaluates the therapeutic potential of microbiota-based strategies. It also explores new developments such as tailored psychobiotic treatments, biomarkers derived from the gut microbiota, and their practical applications in psychiatric care. By adopting an integrative perspective, this review aims to bridge disciplines and foster the development of holistic mental health care approaches grounded in the dynamic interplay between the gut and the brain.

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