Erken Dönemde Fırkalar Bağlamında İrcâ ve İ‘tizâl İlişkisi
The Relationship Between Irjāʾ and Iʿtizāl in the Context of Early Sects

Summary/Abstract: This study examines the historical relationship between two early theological trends, Irjāʾ and Iʿtizāl, focusing on sects and groups rather than doctrinal aspects. Although these two systems appear opposed in certain respects, both were driven by similar motives and sought solutions to theological-political problems that emerged after the Umayyad period. The research covers sects associated with these doctrines before they developed into institutionalized systems, and it does not pursue an individual-based analysis. Accordingly, it explores the connections of Qadarite Murjiʾite groups such as Gaylāniyya, Faḍliyya, Shabībiyya, Shamriyya, and Ṣāliḥiyya, as well as sects like Jahmiyya, Najjāriyya, and Wāqifiyya, with Irjāʾ and Iʿtizāl. By questioning the rigid classifications of classical heresiographical literature, the study emphasizes the fluidity of early kalām developments. It argues that before becoming institutionalized, the Muʿtazila engaged with a broader intellectual environment, and thus Irjāʾ and Iʿtizāl were not strictly separated; many thinkers produced original approaches influenced by both traditions. Classical and modern sources have typically treated the two doctrines in terms of opposition, without offering a holistic perspective. While classical works portrayed them as adversarial once institutionalized, modern studies have remained fragmentary. This research draws on Ashʿarī heresiographical texts, Muʿtazilī biographical works, general ṭabaqāt compilations, and alternative evaluations by Western scholars such as van Ess and Watt, along with local studies. By comparing classical sources with modern literature, the study concludes that Irjāʾ and Iʿtizāl were shaped by similar concerns regarding unity, justice, and responsibility, and their relationship should be understood not only in terms of opposition but also interaction and continuity.

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