European Union Security and Defence Policy: New Threats, New Tools, New Strategy
European Union Security and Defence Policy: New Threats, New Tools, New Strategy

Summary/Abstract: This article analyses the evolution of the European Union's security and defence policy in the context of fundamental geopolitical shifts following 2022. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has exposed the limitations of the current European security architecture and accelerated a reassessment of the Union’s strategic priorities, including the strengthening of domestic defence capabilities and ambitions towards greater strategic autonomy. The text identifies a new spectrum of security threats, encompassing not only conventional military risks but also hybrid threats, cyber attacks and information warfare, as well as energy and economic coercion. It further examines the EU's responses, including measures derived from the Strategic Compass, the strengthening of defence instruments, and increased political mobilisation of Member States. The research demonstrates that the EU stands at a strategic crossroads, where its ability to adapt to emerging threats and effectively implement new instruments will determine the trajectory and success of its future security and defence policy.

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