Institutions Do Not Stop Tanks: Realism and the Limits of Liberal Geopolitics
Institutions Do Not Stop Tanks: Realism and the Limits of Liberal Geopolitics

Summary/Abstract: This article analyzes how realism and liberalism explain current geopolitical conflicts, focusing on Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Liberal theories emphasize that economic ties, international institutions, and shared democratic values deter war. Recent geopolitical events raise doubts about these assumptions, as they have not stopped major powers from using force. Applying a structured comparison of liberalism and realism and a case study, this article explores how each theory interprets state motivations and strategic choices. This analysis finds that liberalism falls short in explaining why economically connected states embedded in international institutions still initiate costly military aggression when political leaders believe their security or power interests are threatened. In contrast, realism gives a clearer explanation by referring to international anarchy, spheres of influence and relative power. The study concludes by recommending an integrated approach that combines realist components of power dynamics with liberal ideas of institutional cooperation.

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