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Draft Report on the Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in BiH for 2012.

Author(s): Denis Hadžović,Mirela Hodović / Language(s): English

Parliamentary oversight of the security sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in spite of its evident headway in employing oversight functions, has not yet achieved its full capacity. For the purpose of this project, the Centre for Security Studies has prepared a Report draft aimed at providing an assessment work efficiency of the parliamentary committees. This report seeks to address the issue of fulfilling the key-responsibilities in the democratic oversight of the security sector in the year 2012. The objective of this research is to determine the improvement of the overall quality and efficiency in implementing parliamentary oversight of the security sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This segment of civil society involvement is important for achieving greater accountability and transparency of defense and security institutions over which Parliamentary Committees maintain oversight, consistent with positive legislation. This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation. Further work needs to be done to establish a more comprehensive discussion amongst the members of Parliamentary Committees and representatives of defense and security institutions, in particular on the need of structural planning and implementing a more efficient parliamentary oversight of the security sector in the upcoming period.

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Mapping the Quality of the Statistical Data on Police Involvement in Corruption Amongst Police Agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)

Author(s): Alma Kovačević / Language(s): English

This project was aimed to research and analyze the quality of the statistical data on police involvement in corruption kept by police agencies in BiH, and to measure their effect on the overall integrity of the police system. The project also aimed to increase transparency of police agencies as well as generate dialogue on the methods of generating statistics and quality of the statistics themselves. The project is emphasizing the importance and need of harmonizing manners for data collection and keeping statistics and possibilities of achieving harmonization across BiH. "Mapping the Quality of the Statistical Data on Police Involvement in Corruption Amongst Police Agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina" is the first evidence-based research on police corruption in BiH. Most of research of local and international NGOs and other bodies stating that there is a high level of police involvement in corruption in BiH have been based on the citizens' perspective or were victim-based. None of them had dealt with real and relevant data from official registers and there is no evidence-based research on police corruption that takes into account the relevant statistical data. Hence, the real picture on police corruption in BiH is still not clear. However, the methodology used in mentioned research is somehow "justified" and understandable. This is due to the lack of real and objective statistical data on police corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The lack of legislation regulating this obligation usually leads to misinterpretation and wrong assessment of police behavior. In addition to that, the lack of clear international standards regulating this area makes the issue more dubious.

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Mapiranje kvaliteta statistina o korupciji u policiji na nivou policijskih agencija u BiH

Author(s): Alma Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian

Ovaj projekat je imao za cilj da istraži i analizira kvalitet statistika o uključenosti policije u korupciju koje vode poicijske agencije, te za procjenu njihovog uticaja na ukupan integritet policijskog sistema. Cilj projekta je, također, da poveća transparentnost rada policijskih agencija, kao i izgradnju dijaloga o metodama vođenja statistika i njihovog kvaliteta. Projekst ističe važnost i potrebu usaglašavanja načina prikupljanja podataka i vođenja statistika kao i mogućnosti postizanja harmonizacije na nivou BiH. "Mapiranje kvalitete statistika o korupciji u policiji na nivou policijskh agencija u BiH" je prvo istraživanje zasnovano na evidencijama o policijskoj korupciji u BiH. Većina istraživanja domaćih i međunarodnih nevladinih organizacija i drugih tiela u kojima se navodi da postoji visok stepen uključenosti policije u korupciju u BiH zasnovani su na iskustvima građana ili iskustvima i perspektivi oštećenog. Ni jedno od ovih istraživanja se nije bavilo stvarnim i relevantnim podacima iz službenih evidencija o prisustvu korupcije u policiji, a koja uzima u obzir relevantne statističke podatke. Stoga, stvarna slika o korupciji u policiji BiH još uvijek nije sasvim jasna. Međutim, metodologija koja je korištena u spomenutim istraživanjima je na neki način "opravdana" i razumljiva i posljedica je nedostatka stvarnih i objektivnih statističkih podataka o korupciji u policiji u Bosni i Hercegovini. Nedostatak propisa koji regulišu ovu obavezu obično dovodi do pogrešnog tumačenja i pogrešne procjene rada policije. Osim toga, nedostatak jasnih međunarodnih standarda koji regulišu ovo područje, čini ovaj problem još komplikovanijim.

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Corruption Crime Statistics and Police Numbers Reporting in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Alma Kovačević,Jasmin Hasić / Language(s): English

This short research study examines the information available in police institutions regarding the police corruption and statistics reporting on it. Moreover, it identifies shortcomings in the system and needs analyses. The aim of the study is to identify key issues in reporting police corruption cases and statistics related to the cases of police integrity, with a specific emphasis on the methods and ways of analysing the existing (reported) police corruption cases, as well as the efficiency of implemented prevention strategies. There was neither sufficient time, nor resources available for more detailed research, which should have led to detailed recommendations for police agencies. However, this study can be used as a starting point for amore comprehensive research that should result in a quality proposal to amend and overcome the identified shortcomings and obstacles in this field. Additionally, it could assist law enforcement agencies (LEAs) in BiH to consider and eventually design a database on police corruption if proof needed.

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Oružano nasilje u Bosni i Hercegovini u toku 2012. godine

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Pojam malog oružja i lakog naoružanja u sebi sadrži dva podpojma i to pojam malog oružja, te pojam lakog naoružanja. Pod pojmom malo oružje podrazumjevaju se revolveri, pištolji i automatski pištolji, puške i karabini, puškomitraljezi, jurišne puške i laki mitraljezi i pripadajuda municija. Pod pojmom lako naoružanje podrazumjevaju se teški mitraljezi, ručni lanseri granata montirani ispod cijevi, prenosni i protivavionski topovi, bestrzajni topovi, minobacači kalibra ispod 81mm, prenosni protivoklopni raketni sistemi i prenosni protivavionski sistemi i pripadajuda municija. SALW je skradenica engleskog termina Small Arms and Light Weapons, ili, u prevodu malo oružje i lako naoružanje. Nezavisne studije i analize koje su rađene u BiH ukazuju na visok nivo SALW-a u posjedu civilnih struktura i oružanih snaga, što predstavlja značajnu prijetnju za ljudsku sigurnost, kao i prepreku uspješnijoj borbi protiv kriminala i korupcije, poboljšavanju socijalne politike, te društvenom i ekonomskom razvoju Bosne i Hercegovine. Aktivnosti na smanjenju prisustva malog oružja i lakog naoružanja kao izvora destabilizacije predstavljaju važno polje djelovanja Bosne i Hercegovine i na spoljnopolitičkom planu, kako na bilateralnoj, tako i na multilateralnoj osnovi.

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Different Perceptions of International Justice

Author(s): Mirza Dedić / Language(s): English

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina following the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s is rightfully regarded as one of the bloodiest conflicts since the World War II. As such, this war impacted individuals, society, as well as the relations among different groups to a large extent (Kostic 2012:664). Looking retrospectively at the conflict, one might conclude that this impact had to be expected, mostly due to the enormous diversity (i.e. ethnic, cultural) among the people, which created huge cleavages that could not be overcome at the time. The fact that the war ended with the externally imposed peace is a good indicator of these cleavages – this negotiated compromise meant that there were no victors and no losers in the war (Williams and Scharf 2002:160-1). Following the end of the Cold War, Samuel P. Huntington was largely praised and credited for invoking the ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis. Looking at the Balkans, it is noticeable that ethnic patchwork and historical divisions among different groups burden the region itself, which is even more exacerbated with the differing political tradition and levels of economic development (Simonovic 1999:440). Whether the region itself can be considered as the best case study of the living ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis is debatable, but it is clear that the cleavages among the groups were an enormous exacerbating factor in the conflict itself.

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Posebne istražne radnje: normativna uređenost i osvrt na praktičnu primjenu

Author(s): Aida Kržalić / Language(s): Bosnian

The work represents the normative regulation of special investigative measures in BiH legislation with a brief review of the provisions before the legislation reform in 2003, as well as of the current provisions. The first part of this paper presents an overview of international documents that restrict the right of a State in relation to the right of an individual concerning the application of special investigative measures, as well as a theoretical approach to this issue and normative regulation of the application of special investigative measures. The second part presents the observed shortcomings in applying these measures. In addition, special investigative measures have been established with precisely formulated criteria to determine the application of the the same. Also, legal provisons at the entity levels and Brčko District, do not significantly deviate from the provisions adopted at the state level.

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Western Balkans: EU enlargement trough the 'Little Bang'

Author(s): Denis Hadžović,Marija Vishinova / Language(s): English

Although the Western Balkan countries followed a similar historical path under socialism, replaced by an exhausting period of political and economic transition, they are not equally prepared to be members of the European Union. With the divisions of the countries among the frontrunners and lagers, as repeated at the Sofia Summit, the process of EU enlargement will result with many fierce consequences and will lead to additional years of isolation and decades of strained relations. On the Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Kosovo road towards EU integration precedes deep and complex constitutional settlement, in which creation EU played one of the major roles. Even though the regatta principle is a current mechanism on which each of the countries is assessed on its process of integration, it seems that a common WB6 entrance in the EU is the most feasible scenario. In that way, for a more prosperous and unified Western Balkans and for a secure and finally completed European Union, Catch-all, or a Little Bang Approach is the best solution for the stakeholders.

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Ekološka sigurnost iz perspektive EU i NATO

Author(s): Lajla Leko / Language(s): Bosnian

Povezanost zaštite životne sredine i sigurnosti postaje sve jasnija. Na to utiču sve kompleksnije klimatske promjene koje predstavljaju prijetnju sigurnosti i stabilnosti država. Napori međunarodnih organizacija na zaštiti životne sredine su dobar podsticaj za nacionalne vlasti koje također trebaju hitno reagovati. NATO, od početka 21. stoljeća, jasno radi na poboljšanju energetske efikasnosti u vojsci i interoperabilnosti uz zaštitu životne sredine. S obzirom na aketuelne klimatske promjene i sve kompleksnije prijetnje, očekuje se bolja i spremnija reakcija Saveza. S druge strane, EU dosta više ulaže u zelene politike i tehnologije, s ciljem da postane „zeleni“ kontinent. Jasna su nastojanja poboljšanja energetske efikasnosti i smanjenje zagađenosti okoliša, što se u puno većem kapacitetu može ostvariti uz saradnju sa drugim organizacijama i institucijama i partnerskim zemljama, kao što je i Bosna i Hercegovina. Ovakva saradnja može biti vrlo značajna za Bosnu i Hercregovinu, kao državu koja nema dovoljno kapaciteta da se samostalno suoči sa opasnostima koje donose klimatske promjene.

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Uloga policijskih službenika u prevenciji radikalizacije

Author(s): Sabahudin Harčević / Language(s): Bosnian

Radicalization is a term used in politics and political theory to denote individuals, movements and ideologies that stand for a radical change in society or the uncompromising realization of their goals. The subject of this research was to investigate the preventive role of police officers in preventing radicalization. The police and police officers are one of the key factors in preventing radicalization, however, this fight, especially in the preventive sense, has a greater chance of success if citizens, or the local community itself, are involved in it. Through police work in the community, aimed at establishing partnerships between the police and the community, as well as other state bodies in order to proactively solve problems, a very good and long-lasting contribution to broader strategic efforts to prevent radicalization can be made. What has been shown by the good practices of European countries and what is the indispensable path to follow if one wants to achieve efficiency in the fight against radicalization is the following fact. In the prevention and prevention of radicalization, there must be continuity, systematicity, education and readiness of both police agencies and police officers themselves, as well as other participants in the entire process.

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Policing in Bosnia and Herzegovina During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020–2021)

Author(s): Stiven Tremaria / Language(s): English

This paper provides an account of the developments of policing in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2021 to shed light on elements of continuity and changes from previous trends observable since the 2010s. It is contended that the COVID-19 has made manifest the extent to which the factual management capacity of the Bosnian state administration and the police forces has consolidated in the entities and cantons. By contrast, central state police agencies suffer from chronic stagnation, institutional dysfunctionality, and a lack of factual management capacity to face unexpected challenges and emergencies. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has fostered certain conditions for advancing the rollback of the democratically oriented police reform observable at the entity and cantonal levels since the last decade, which manifests through politicisation, militarisation and slight informalisation of policing. In particular, such police counter-reform has been more acute in the Republika Srpska under the SNSD rule, in contrast to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose police forces are affected by severe degrees of institutional fragmentation, dysfunctional working and clientelism.

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Raising Awareness About the Increased Threat of the Criminal and Terrorist Use of Cryptocurrencies

Author(s): Nicolò Miotto / Language(s): English

Criminal and terrorist organisations are increasingly using cryptocurrencies, thus leading to emerging threats in the cyberspace. Money-laundering, tax evasion, ransomware extortion, trading in illicit goods and services, purchasing of child sexual abuse material and terrorist financing are concerning criminal and terrorist activities involving the use of cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin and Monero are the most used cryptocurrencies among both criminals and terrorists, however other cryptocurrencies such as Litecoin, Dash and Ethereum are being growingly used in criminal and terrorist financial activities. The anonymity/pseudo-anonymity and security characterising cryptocurrencies can challenge law enforcement investigative efforts aimed at countering criminal and terrorist activities. There has not been a widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies by terrorist and criminals yet, however this is likely to change in the next future.

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The Importance of Cybersecurity for Bosnia and Herzegovina Policy Recommendations to Support BiH’s Cyber Capabilities and International Aspirations

Author(s): Nicolò Miotto / Language(s): English

Cybersecurity is a fundamental domain for Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) as it impacts the country‘s national security, its economic growth and its international commitments and goals. Despite the importance of cyberspace for the country, BiH lacks a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity, having instead a jeopardised approach which hinders its cybersecurity efforts. The country‘s cybersecurity capabilities are underdeveloped, exposing governmental bodies, private companies and citizens to potential cyber threats and risks. Limited cybersecurity capabilities can undermine BiH‘s efforts to access the EU and NATO as these international organisations require states to respect and adopt specific cybersecurity standards and legislation. Hence, BiH needs to improve its cybersecurity architecture to achieve its international goals. In addition, the country must enhance its cybersecurity to accomplish international obligations deriving from the country‘s membership of international organisations and its ratification of the Budapest Convention. Although the country presents embryonic cybersecurity capabilities, BiH public institutions are improving their cybersecurity awareness by providing public employees with workshops, seminars, and training courses on cybersecurity. As of this, international and domestic cooperation represents a pivotal opportunity for BiH to build and enhance its cyber capabilities; intergovernmental organisations, research centres and partner counties are providing BiH public institutions with funds and training opportunities in the field of cybersecurity.

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Pametni telefoni kao oružje: ruska agresija na Ukrajinu kao paradigma

Author(s): Dean Džebić / Language(s): Bosnian

When Heidi and Alvin Toffler predicted in the 1990s that the modern soldier of the future would be equipped with a backpack in which to carry a laptop - they caused derision from most hawks of the military-industrial complex. Today, while the year of Russian aggression is behind us, the outlines of that futuristic soldier Heidi and Alvin Toffler talked about have never been clearer. Every second Ukrainian fighter is equipped with either a tablet or a personal mobile phone with the help of which he: controls a commercial drone, monitors the line of fire without exposing himself to danger, delivers mortar shells by controlling the drone; while in the background, at the strategic level, specialized IT teams scan the area, locating the enemy's concentration precisely with the help of signals emitted by the smartphones of Russian soldiers.

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The Return of the Foreign Fighters and their Families to their Homeland: Existing Practices and Considerations Regarding Security and Human Rights

Author(s): Katerina Christoforaki / Language(s): English

The creation of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has attracted an unprecedented flow of thousands of people from more than 100 countries all over the world to join their cause. After the fall of the so-called caliphate, the countries involved have to deal with the aftermath of the conflict and the future threat of the resurgence of ISIS or other terrorist groups. The people who volunteered and joined ISIS might pose a security threat in the future. This paper aims to examine the different approaches that countries have taken regarding the return of foreign fighters (FFs) and their families who joined ISIS to their homeland. This is a multidimensional and complex matter since it has legal, moral, and political implications, and therefore the decisions in this regard are never unanimous, nor do they come without criticism and opposition.

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Informativni članak - Spyware: moderni problem cyber sigurnosti

Author(s): Arif Šabanović / Language(s): Bosnian

Spyware is malicious software that hides in our devices and collects information that it sends to third parties without our consent. Spyware has become the most widespread type of malware, because its target is personal information about the user and his online habits. There is a very wide range of information that can be stolen or compromised. Some of the information that is a frequent target of hackers are: information about bank accounts, search history, complete email content and personal information about the user. In addition to the information already stored on the devices, modern spyware can also take control of the microphone and camera and use them to record unauthorized images/videos/conversations, which are then sent to third parties. Spyware is so prevalent that it is estimated that over 80% of internet users have some type on their device. This is a worrying fact that says that almost all information used and stored on devices is in constant danger of misuse. Attention when downloading applications from unknown sources, as well as regular updates of the operating system and software, are one of the proven methods of preventing spyware infection of the device.

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“Body-worn” kamere policijskih službenika: Šta trebamo znati?

Author(s): Damir Tandara / Language(s): Bosnian

Transparentniji rad policije je jedan od ključnih zahtjeva javnosti kroz historiju. On je intenziviran razvojem modernih tehnologija koje omogućavaju bliži uvid u rad policije kao službe javne uprave kojoj je povjereno čuvanje javnog reda i poretka, te zaštita temeljnih ustavnih prava i sloboda građana i svih vrijednosti zaštićenih ustavom. S druge strane i policijski službenici imaju potrebu za određenim vidom zaštite, a moderne tehnologije pružaju rješenja ove vrste. One policijske službenike mogu zaštititi prilIkom obavljanja njihovog posla, primarno u slučajevima lažnih i neutemeljenih prijava povrede službene dužnosti i zloupotrebe ovlaštenja od strane policijskih službenika. Primjena tehnoloških naprava u radu policije može znatno olakšati radnje dokazivanja, što se reflektuje na olakšano vođenje krivičnog postupka te se korist ovakvih naprava prožima izvan domena striktno policijske djelatnosti. Pored višestruke koristi koju moderne tehnologije pružaju prilikom obavljanja policijskih poslova, postoje određene stavke koje izazivaju zabrinutost javnosti i građana u odnosu na ovu temu. Prevashodno je to zaštita ljudskih prava, odnosno iznalaženje adekvatnih načina zaštite ljudskih prava usljed korištenja modernih tehnologija od strane policijskih službenika prilikom obavljanja policijskih dužnosti, a posebno uređaja za audio i video snimanje. Nedoumica je prisutna i kod službeničkog i rukovodstvenog kadra policije. Naime, najveću brigu službenicima zadaje pitanje da li će morati snimati kompletnu smjenu ili samo interakcije sa građanima, dok rukovodioce brine kontrola nad primjenom ovog sistema od strane samih službenika. Za njih je neophodno da iznađu najefikasnije rješenje kojim će regulisati pomenuto pitanje i na najbolji mogući način zaštititi prava građana od svih zloupotreba do kojih može doći korištenjem „body – worn“ kamera.

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KA TRAJNOM REŠAVANJU OTVORENIH PITANJA SRBIJE SA SUSEDIMA

Author(s): Milan Igrutinović,Miloš Paunović / Language(s): Serbian

Since the end of 2016, the Center for Applied European Studies has analyzed Serbia's bilateral relations with neighboring countries, focusing on existing open, problematic areas in bilateral relations and ways to overcome them, as part of the project Towards a Strategy for Serbia's Foreign Policy: relations with the countries. During the work on the project, a significant difference was quickly noticed in the nature and dynamics of the relations between Serbia and the countries that formed on the territory of Yugoslavia in contrast to the relations of Serbia with its "old" neighbors - Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. The analyzes came to the conclusion that the relations of the countries in the post-Yugoslav space are specific and complex enough to have to be followed over a long period of time, and the thematic framework of the new project is dedicated to the analysis of the relations of Serbia with Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia.

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Protection of Whistleblowers by making Public Disclosures (Alerting the Public)

Author(s): Sofija Mandić / Language(s): English

Public disclosures may be made, without prior notice to the employer or authorised agency, in case of imminent peril against life, public health, security, environment, large-scale damage, i.e. imminent peril of evidence destruction. Albeit there are understandably tightened requirements for direct public address, the law noticeably places the bar for peril requirements too high – it is not sufficient to have a peril at hand (against life, public health, security, environment, large-scale damage, evidence destruction), but it must also be imminent. The term ‘imminent’ relates to a precisely specific moment when the specific peril occurs and becomes certain. Only then is a whistle-blower entitled to address the public without repercussions and with hopes of court protection.

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The Costs and Benefits of Bosnia and Herzegovina joining NATO Alliance

Author(s): Denis Hadžović / Language(s): English

As for the reasons that BiH officials have expressed aiming to the NATO membership, it is undoubted that the dominant role was played by the political and military interests. Considering the political consequences of decisions, especially of those that are reaching into the sphere of national interests, it is necessary to guide ourselves with the comprehensive and economic principle overall. This is especially referred to countries with modest economic abilities, in which category BiH can be placed too. The existing budget limitations, as well as global financial crisis are definitely causing public to consider economic aspects of BiH membership in this military-political alliance. Neglecting this form of public debate was most probably caused by the lack of expert analysis and complexity of clear identification of economic factors on benefits and flaws of such a process. Still, the present stage of progress in BiH in its joining the Alliance imposes the need to actualize these issues and consider impartially the financial indicators related to such an important decision on future of BiH citizens. Hence, the aim of this research is to contribute to the quality of discussion that should take place in the public discourse of joining NATO and by perception of objective economic indicators it should enable officials to make their political decisions in the best interest of citizens. At the same time, the support of public opinion in the process of creating public policies is very important; hence it requires authorities to pay special attention to the activities of timely and good quality information provided to citizens on these processes.

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