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Ksenofanes z Kolofonu i greckie źródła problemu poznania

Author(s): Dariusz Kubok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

Criticism is nowadays broadly defined firstly, as a cognitive attitude consisting in investigation of rightness of one’s beliefs and considering true only those statements which are substantiated. Secondly, it is a cognitive attitude opposed to dogmatism (e.g. skepticism understood not as negative dogmatism but as zeteticism and ephecticism), which allows the possibility of changing one’s opinion as a result of occurrence of new facts or theories. Cosmological-ontological interpretation of early Greek philosophy, which is currently dominant, may be complemented (or even overcome) by a critical one. The article presents elements of Xenophanes’ philosophy (especially Xenophanes’ theological fragments) in the light of the problem concerning the historical origins of philosophical criticism. In this paper I try to recognize Xenophanes’ theological fragments not as a positive theology, but rather as an attempt to construct a dialectical metaphor (like in case of Gadder’s interpretations of Plato’s polis), which has emphasized the epistemological assumptions of his philosophy.

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Metoda dialektyczna a funkcje chôrismos w metafizyce Plotyna

Author(s): Rafał Oleś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

The subject of this article is the role of chôrismos (separation) in the philosophy of Plotinus. Its primary aim is to explore relationships between chôrismos, dialectical method and noetic knowledge. The first part of this article demonstrate metaphysicaland methodological function of chôrismos, the essence of which is to establish thesubject matter of metaphysics (i.e. ontos on). The second part contains an analysisof the anagogic way of a soul to self-knowledge in the context of chôrismos andPlotinus’ aretology. The third part sums up our investigations. It develops relationships,extracted in previous sections, especially connections between dialectic andfunctions of chôrismos.

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Dwie (anty)filozoficzne „gramatyki” Ludwiga Wittgensteina

Author(s): Ewa Czesna,Adam Nowaczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

Wittgenstein is the author of two conceptions of “grammar”, that were meant to betools of reaching the same goal: discrediting of the traditional, i.e. “metaphysical” questions of philosophy. His early conception concerns logical grammar being thelanguage of logic notation, which is devoid of logical constants. This idea was supportedby the ontological thesis that there are no logical objects. In fact, it was notindispensable for achieving the intended purpose, since the elimination of philosophicalproblems was provided by the semantic argument that the only sensiblestatements are those of the natural sciences.The second concept of grammar, presented in the writings of the later Wittgenstein,seems more ambiguous. Grammar is a set of rules of the language game,having a status of grammatical statements. Examples of such statements are diverse,and desirable, according to the authors, reformulation of them all into concrete ordersor prohibitions seems problematic. In the Investigations Wittgenstein distinguishes between deep and surface grammar, which serves to determine the proper task ofphilosophy as description of the deep grammar (especially the grammar of philosophically relevant words). In this sense New Philosophy is a kind of philosophicalgrammar. Wittgensteinian grammar is also anti-philosophical, as it aims at theelimination of erroneous (pseudo)metaphysical claims derived from misleadingforms of surface grammar. Despite the differences in the concepts of language andgrammar in the early and late Wittgenstein, he has not changed his critical approachto the traditional philosophical questions.

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