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A Polish minister presents his views on the EU crisis and potential ways of dealing with the current problems.
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Sovereign Bealurus is a important factor of Polish Foreign Policy. Potential unification of this country with Russia is a horrible worsening of Polish Political situation.
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Celem artykułu jest omówienie znamion przestępstwa czynnej napaści na funkcjonariusza publicznego, które zostało określone w art. 223 k.k. Przepis ten stanowi wyraz ochrony prawnokarnej funkcjonariuszy publicznych w Polsce rozumianej jako ogół przepisów prawnych określających sankcje karne oraz zasady ich stosowania wobec sprawców czynów zabronionych pod groźbą tych sankcji, służących ochronie funkcjonariuszy publicznych przed takimi czynami. Artykuł 223 k.k. określa czynną napaść na funkcjonariusza publicznego w typie podstawowym (art. 223 § 1) oraz kwalifikowanym (art. 223 § 2). Na gruncie znamion omawianego przestępstwa istnieje wiele zagadnień budzących wątpliwości zarówno teoretyków, jak i praktyków prawa. Należy do nich zaliczyć w szczególności kwestię zakwalifikowania samochodu do kategorii przedmiotów podobnie niebezpiecznych jak broń palna lub nóż oraz zasadność ustalania stopnia niebezpieczeństwa użytego przez sprawcę środka obezwładniającego. W tekście zwrócono również uwagę, że penalizacja czynnej napaści na funkcjonariusza publicznego nie wynika ze wzmożonej ochrony dóbr funkcjonariuszy publicznych, ale z konieczności zapewnienia przez ustawodawcę prawidłowego funkcjonowania mechanizmów państwa.
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Artykuł przedstawia działania antykorupcyjne w Polsce podejmowane w stosunku do zachowań o charakterze korupcyjnym, oraz wybrane zagadnienia związane z podejmowanymi przez państwo działaniami zmierzającymi do ich ograniczania i przeciwdziałania w ramach Systemu zwalczania przestępczości korupcyjnej. W tekście zaprezentowano podmioty państwowe powołane do tego celu oraz przedstawiono najważniejsze elementy, które są niezbędnymi składnikami prowadzenia skutecznych działań zapobiegawczych oraz wykrywczych przeciwko takim zachowaniom. W artykule wskazano, jakie zadania realizuje m.in. Policja w systemie zwalczania korupcji i jakie wymagania stawiane są organom ścigania w tym zakresie. Zwrócono również uwagę na konieczność wzmocnienia możliwości współpracy pomiędzy poszczególnymi służbami w celu zwiększenia skuteczności przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku.
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Once the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 occurred, the Tax Code underwent a series of important changes, among them the microenterprises income taxation regime being also aimed. In order to emphasize the changes occurred since 1 January 2023, this article aims to present a series of theoretical and practical situations that may take place during the tax year regarding the exit from the microenterprises income taxation system.
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On the territory of the Republic of Poland, there are currently 14 companies managing special economic zones, subordinated to the minister responsible for economy. Each of them operates in a specific area of Poland. Pursuant to the Act of 10 May 2018 on supporting new investments, each special economic zone appoints an economic area development council. It performs a consultative and advisory function and is composed of representatives of entrepreneurs, local government units located within the area managed by the zone, and representatives of voivodship councils for social dialogue. The aim of the article is to discuss the functioning of economic area development councils in the legal and practical aspects and to attempt to formulate proposals for necessary changes in this area. This task is carried out through the analysis of the current activity of economic area development councils based on information obtained from entities managing special economic zones as part of access to public information.
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The article illustrates the relationship between the perception of the law and its practical application. For this purpose, a case was used in which controversies arose concerning the application of the Act on shaping the agricultural system. Those controversies boiled down to the question of whether the regulations contained in this Act and concerning the acquisi- tion of agricultural real estate should also apply in the case of the transformation of a limited liability company into a limited partnership. The deliberations performed showed that the legal assessment of the same issue may differ depending on whether the person making the assessment adheres to a positivist or natural law perception. The former tends to lead the interpreter to rely mainly on a literal interpretation, while the latter tends to rely on other methods of interpretation, including a functional-objective interpretation. The latter even implies the need to verify positive law and to concretise legal norms in atypical cases. Such an approach allows to avoid legal assessments that lead to consequences that are, on the one hand, in line with the literal reading of the rules and, on the other hand, irrational and therefore unjust and wrong.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate how the environmental authority proceeds when they receive a freedom of information request and when such a request pertains to a waste collection licence. This objective is closely accompanied by the research problem worded as follows: 1) Is an authority allowed to share information about a waste collection licence as requested under the freedom of information principle even though it is information about the environment and its protection? 2) Which pieces of information included in a waste collection licence are shared as public information and which as information about the environment and its protection? The achievement of the research objective and solving the scientific problem served to put forward a research hypothesis that information on a waste collection licence is shared under the Environmental Law. Nevertheless, certain elements of information in waste collection licences are public information. The method of interpretation of the law in force was employed in this paper to achieve the above-mentioned scientific outputs.
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The article discusses the legal status of nature and its selected elements. The author confronts the achievements of legal thought with the postulates of strengthening nature protection by empowering some of its resources. The author discusses whether the current legal order, which undoubtedly treats nature and the environment as objects of legal protection, allows for treating nature (environment) and its elements as subjects of law. The foundations of the legal protection of the environment, including nature, are presented in the Environmental Protection Act of 2001 and the Nature Conservation Act of 2004. These acts formulate legal definitions of the environment, natural environment and nature protection, while at the same time indicating elements of nature or natural resources. On the one hand, it is possible to discuss comprehensive nature protection, and on the other hand, the protection of individual natural resources (environment). The legal status of individual natural resources is rather diverse. The legislator does not diversify the legal protection granted to individual natural resources. In this case, one may ask why only some natural elements should be entitled to subjectivity since even natural scientists refuse to differentiate the rank and significance of natural elements. The author puts forward the thesis that the ideas of giving specific natural resources subjectivity and even legal personality, which is supposed to promote their better protection, are not correlated with the applicable legal regulations. In addition, they express skepticism as to more effective protection through further organizational and legal forms.
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W dniu 28 lipca 2005 roku została uchwalona ustawa o partnerstwie publiczno – prywatnym. Powinna ona rozwiązać problem współpracy na linii samorząd – pod- miot prywatny. Jednak ostatnie wydarzenia (z poprzedniej kadencji samorządu), tzn. oskarżenie Prezydenta Miasta Poznania – Ryszarda Grobelnego o zaniżenie ceny sprzedaży gruntu wymagają dodatkowej analizy.Autor prezentuje zalety i wady ustawy o partnerstwie publiczno – prywatnym1. Następnie omawia klauzulę earn out, czyli uzupełnienie ceny przedsiębiorstwa w późniejszym czasie. W podsumowaniu zostanie przeprowadzona analiza możliwości adaptacji klauzuli earn out na bazie ustawy o partnerstwie publiczno – prywatnym w celu uniknięcia niepotrzebnych oskarżeń władz samorządowych o nadużycia.
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The article discusses the legal nature of concession contracts for works or services. It draws attention to the fact that such contracts can be simultaneously described as both civil law and public law contracts, assuming that appropriate provisions are applied and the right basis is determined — a normative one or that of the science of administrative law and public economic law. These conclusions are justified by the fact of the interpenetration and mutual interaction, in the legal regulation of concession contracts, of the dominant principles of public law (equal treatment, order to protect competition) and the principles of private law (limited, but not excluded freedom of contract).
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Public procurement can play an important role in stimulating economic development. Apart from the simple creation of demand, it is now also important to use it to modernize the economy. However, the increase of innovativeness in public procurement depends on many factors. In the first place, organizational instruments are indicated, especially those related to the planning and procurement policy of the state and local government, as well as the professionalization of servicing contracts concluded to meet public needs. What counts in the background is the use of pro-innovative procedural solutions, an appropriately targeted description of the subject of the contract supported by the results of market research and pre-commercial procurement, greater use of negotiation and tender procedures and competitions, as well as the recently available innovative partnership. Moreover, the following factors are important: rationalization of the conditions required from contractors, wider use of qualitative criteria for the evaluation of tenders, and ensuring effective supervision over the implementation of public procurement contracts.
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The matter and significance of the issue of the rights of national minorities belongs not only to the traditional subject matter of legal and socio-political sciences, but due to its legislative anchoring and actual implementation, it is included among topics that are often problematic, or have a controversial interpretation, which is manifested in plurality, or rather in the difference of opinion on their essence and meaning. However, lawyers, political scientists, sociologists, and also politicians agree on one thing – the rights of national minorities and ethnic groups are subject to constitutional regulation in the domestic environment, they are part of the constitution as the basic law of a democratic state. In this indicated sense, the concept of their constitutional adjustment can be understood in two directions. In general sense – when the status of national minorities and ethnic groups can be characterized as part of the constitutional principles of fundamental rights and freedoms; and in the specific sense – when constitutions grant national minorities and ethnic groups certain specific rights linked to their nationality, or ethnicity (Fridrich, 2013).
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The article deals with several aspects of the organization and activities of local government authorities in the system of public authorities. The basic concepts of local government theories, which influenced the formation of legislation on local government authorities in Poland and Russia, are discussed. Polish and Russian practical experiences regarding the legal forms of public law entities in the field of state and municipal administration are presented in a comparative manner, taking into consideration Tadeusz Bigo’s scientific views. The article presents the constitutional amendments on the unity of the system of public authorities, introduced into the Russian Constitution recently. On the basis of comparative analogies regarding organization and interactions between the state and municipal levels of public authority in Poland and Russia, the most significant directions and forms of their legal regulation are outlined.
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The purpose of this study is to attempt to discover the relationship between the right to freedom of speech and national security, using a comparative analysis. For this purpose, reference was made to the comparison of the legal system of the Republic of Poland with the law of the Russian Federation. The legal issues of freedom of speech in Poland were examined, and then the legal system of the Russian Federation was analyzed, in which both national acts, such as the constitution and legal regulations regarding the operation of the media and freedom of expression, do not differ significantly from those found in other democratic countries. In addition, the Russian Federation is a signatory to most supranational agreements, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, the problem lies in the actual application and enforcement of these rights and freedoms in practice.The conclusions drawn from this analysis are unequivocal. As long as there are no alternative credible information distribution channels, the existing political system in the Russian Federation will certainly be maintained, because the lack of an alternative perpetuates the monopolization of the media market. However, tightening the information transfer to government propaganda, limiting freedom of speech, will not be conducive to the internal stability of this country in the long run.
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The study proposes that the current war in Ukraine represents a “Global Cold Security War”, which goes beyond the conceptual and geographical boundaries of the conflict itself. The security of the European Union is directly influenced by this conflict, as the EU relies on regional stability and security to maintain its own security. The concept of a “Global War on Cold Security” is an attempt to recognise the complexity of the current conflict in Ukraine and the interdependence of international actors. This concept suggests that the problem is not limited to Ukraine, but also involves other states and international organisations such as the UN and the EU. This concept can help understand the global dimensions of the conflict and identify more comprehensive solutions to address international security challenges.
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Digitalization of public services is a global trend throughout the civilized world. Progressive governments of developed countries are actively implementing initiatives that have been given a very young acronym – GovTech. These are the latest digital technology solutions that make the work of the state more efficient and the lives of citizens easier. Implementation of the GovTech policy is a priority for many international projects and programs: Lisbon Council, Digi- tal Europe, European Blockchain Partnership (EBP), International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), DT4UA. The purpose of the article is to form a general vision of the current trend of GovTech policy implementation, using Ukraine as an example for the period of 2020-2023. In order to achieve the goal and formulate reasonable results, the study was struc- tured in three sections: 1) Digitalization of Ukraine: introduction of modern digital technologies; 2) Ukraine’s participation in international digital projects; 3) Sharing Ukraine’s digitalization experience with other countries. The study has led to a number of conclusions. The ideology of GovTech is a two-vector message to humanity about the future: where instead of analog officials and certificates, “PaperLess” will work, and instead of cash currency “CashLess” – CBDC / cryp- tocurrency in a smartphone. Digital public services in a smartphone, and even a citizen’s passport, are already GovTech realities confirmed by the Ukrainian digital project “DIJA”. Ukraine’s success- ful experience in forming a GovTech e-state has begun to spread actively in other European Union countries (code name: “DIJA”). This shows a trend towards the development and formation of a precedent for the international GovTech format, in the form of a certain future standard (we are sure that this will be developed and researched). However, this study has shown that there are legal difficulties on the way to creating a precedent for the formation of the international GovTech format in Ukraine. The introduction of the intergovernmental GovTech format requires separate legal regulation and consideration of the issue of a fair balance of bilateral state agreements when it is introduced, which also lack relevant legal developments.
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The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the world economy, forcing individual countries to seek completely new solutions and non-standard measures to preserve the security of public finances, but also the continuity of economies and minimize the losses incurred. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the legal and economic determinants of public debt and budget deficit in European Union countries. It also focuses on examining the causes of public debt and assessing its level and effects on the economy.
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The issue of citizenship has been one of the main topics of political thinking since antiquity, when its origins were significantly shaped by classical philosophers, whose ideas are also important for modern thinking. Gradually, with the intensification of globalization many new conceptualizations of the classical concept of citizenship were formulated to address global challenges. These shift away from the basic view of the interconnec- tedness of citizenship with a specific territory and give humans a wider, global identity with an associated appeal to global responsibility. One such concept is environmental citizenship. This article is aimed at examining the historical development of citizenship, particularly in its republican and liberal versions, and its conceptualisation in the context of environmental problems that overcome national borders. The demands on citizens must be adapted to this reality. This article highlights the growing potential of environmental citizenship as one of the possible key factors for achieving a more sustainable world, which however requires the active involvement of nation-states.
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