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Ryle and Marx on Absurdities

Author(s): Juraj Halas / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The aim of this paper is to show that Karl Marx’s critique of political economy can be interpreted as a critique of what philosophers have termed “category-mistakes”. Therefore, I first turn to the origins of this term in Gilbert Ryle’s “Categories”, to further developments in “Philosophical Arguments” and in P. F. Strawson, as well as to W. H. Walsh’s approach to categories, to establish a workable meaning of the term “category-mistake”. In the second part, I briefly discuss some of the previous uses of this term in exegeses of Marx. Based on Marx’s writings and D. Sayer’s work on Marx’s methodology, I then explicate the meaning of Marx’s term “economic category”. Finally, I arrive at an interpretation of Marx’s critique of economic theories as an analysis concerned with the improper use of theoretical concepts. By way of conclusion, I offer some general remarks on one important aspect of critique in Marx and in social science in general.

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Teológia a falzifikácia

Author(s): Antony Flew / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/1999

Začnime parabolou. Je to parabola odvodená od príbehu, ktorý rozpráva John Wisdom vo svojom vyhľadávanom a priekopníckom článku s názvom Bohovia. Stretnú sa dvaja cestovatelia na rúbanisku v džungli.

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Opisy

Author(s): Bertrand Russell / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/1995

V predošlej kapitole sme sa zapodievali slovami všetci a niektorý, v tejto kapitole budeme uvažovať o určitom člene the v jednotnom čísle a v nasledujúcej o určitom člene the v množnom čísle.

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Wyobrażeniowy opór

Author(s): Piotr Biłgorajski / Language(s): English Issue: 67/2024

The phenomenon of imaginative resistance occurs when the reader of fiction is invited to imagine as morally right a situation that the reader finds morally repugnant (e.g., that murder is morally good). The problem of imaginative resistance boils down to the question of how it is possible that we can imagine situations that are inconsistent with our knowledge of the facts (magic, teleportation, spaceships moving faster than light), while we have difficulty imagining situations that are inconsistent with our moral knowledge. The purpose of this article is to present two popular concepts that explain the phenomenon of imaginative resistance, the so-called cantian response and the wontian response, and to propose an original solution. The first hypothesis states that imaginative resistance is a response to conceptual impossibility. In this conception, resistance to imagining a particular object or situation comes from the fact that such objects or situations are contradictory and therefore impossible to imagine. The second hypothesis states that imaginative resistance occurs when the recipient does not want to imagine a certain state of affairs. In the last part of the article, I try to show that the source of imaginative resistance can be the inability to imagine oneself as someone with different moral beliefs.

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„Poslední mág starověku“ na prahu 18. století – úskalí intelektuálních dějin

Author(s): Daniela Tinková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2013

Review of Štěpánová, Irena. Newton - poslední mág starověku. Edition. 1. Praha: Karolinum, 2012. 191 p. ISBN 978-80-246-2061-9.

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Eschatologie Pana Cogito

Author(s): Przemysław Michalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 377/2023

The article aims to offer an analysis of Zbigniew Herbert’s eschatological poems. The author divides them up into two distinct groups: the first cluster of poems consists of eschatological poems in the narrow sense of the term. These poems grapple with the mystery of death and life beyond the grave; they also conjure up poetic visions of the hereafter. The other group comprises poems that merely employ eschatological categories and images to engage with earthly problems.

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Kierkegaard a Wittgenstein: harmonie víry s paradoxy současné epistemologie

Author(s): Jiří Kučera / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the article is, with reference to the still current and discussed problem of the relationship between reason and religious faith, to point out the surprising harmony of the philosophical positions of Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein, emphasizing the a-rationality of belief in an infinite God and in his ‚absurd‘ incarnation into the ‚finite‘, with experimentally proven ‚irrational‘ conclusions of modern quantum philosophy, focusing on ironic ´irrationality´ of modern science. Kierkegaard‘s emphasis on the subjectivity of belief in the ‚absolute paradox‘ is in strong congruence with Wittgenstein‘s ‚necessary silence‘ before the the ´Ineffable´, mystical and transcendent ‚Point beyond the world‘, God, who reveals himself through the miraculously created universe. The common denominator of both philosophical positions is the mandatory prioritization of orthopraxis over orthodoxy in matters of subjective faith and over objective rational ‚proofs‘ of divine existence.

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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus la 100 de ani (II)

Author(s): Iulian GRIGORIU / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2022

In the first part of this article, I highlighted the most important moments and events related to the appearance of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, facts of a subjective and objective nature related to Wittgenstein's biography that contributed to or opposed the appearance of the famous op. Next, I intend to review the most important lines of reception and reading models of the Tractatus and to frame the exegesis according to the philosophical valences with different stakes that have appeared over 100 years of reception.

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Fârâbî’nin Çokdilliliği ve Kopula

Author(s): Fatma Dore / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 54/2024

The copula is a linguistic unit that means bond, conjunction, relation, connector of the predicate to the subject in a proposition, and in logic expresssing judgement. In most Indo-European languages the main copula is a verb meaning to be such as to be in English or être in French. In ancient Greek, the language of Aristotle, the word είναι (einai), is the infinitive of the verb εἰμί (eimi), which has the third person singular ἐστί (esti) and is -dir in Turkish. Originally from what is now Kazakhstan, al-Fārābī drew on the work of Aristotle in his own work on logic, which he wrote in Arabic in accordance with the scientific understanding of the period. Although the Arabic, which belongs to the Semitic family of languages, is perfectly capable of combining words, it lacks an explicit copula. However, it was necessary to create one in order to translate Aristotle accurately, so earlier Arabic translators of his work had already proposed the terms هو (huwa) or الموجود (mawjūd) which were used in the form of يوجَد (yūjad), both derived from الوجود (wujūd), meaning “being, existing”, for an explicit copula. Similarly influenced by Aristotle to feel that to use of copula is necessary for the exposition of logic, there is a need for a use of a copula, al-Fārābī is clearly drawn to yūjad. What brings him to this position is his mutliligualism and his ethnicity. For in addition to his native Turkish language and the Arabic, his knowledge of the Indo-European languages of Sogdian and Fārsī gives him with an understanding of a verb meaning to be that is بودن (būdan) in Fārsī and which is cognate with Aristotle’s είναι (einai). The same sense is carried in Turkic languages, not through a verb as such, but rather through a predicate adjective, which in modern Turkish is var, but which also carries a meaning of to be present. With al-Fārābī’s ethnic Turkic background, as it is the similarities between “yujad” and the Turkic term “var” that make it so attractive to him.

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DINCOLO DE IDENTITATE: DE LA REVELAREA FIINȚEI LA SINGULARITATEA PERSOANEI

Author(s): Marcel Hosu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The article compares two different critiques of the concept of identity: the Heideggerian phenomenological destruction of metaphysical and logical identity and the Lacanian critique of an identity based on particularity, as opposed to the non-identitarian singularity of a person. The first endeavor of the article will be to take the poem of Parmenides as a primary example, where tautological identity can be brought to its most radical conclusions and thus shattered within a linguistic framework that takes speech into account. This will be articulated in the Heideggerian logic of the disclosure of being. The second and parallel endeavor is to show the similarity between Heidegger’s position and Lacan’s analysis of another tautology: not that of being, but that of the naming of a person. This is done with reference to God’s refusal to pronounce his name in front of Moses in Exodus, saying only "I am what I am", ’ehye ’ăšer ’ehye, and through Lacan’s close reading of the tragedy of Antigone, where the naming of her brother brings us close to the same impossibilities that can be found in the naming of being.

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Terapeutyczna rola zwierząt na przykładzie koni

Author(s): Agnieszka Bołdak,Agata Stefanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2024

The aim of the study is to review the therapeutic effects of animals on human physical health and mental well-being, using the example of horses. The article discusses the phenomenon of zootherapy and cites the results of selected empirical research on therapy with horses. The presented results confirm the positive impact of horseassisted therapy on the health of patients, regardless of age and type of ailments. In the physical sphere, the improvement mainly concerns general condition, muscle tone and balance, and motor skills. In the emotional and motivational area, the benefits include strengthening the sense of agency, increasing self-esteem and emotional regulation. In the cognitive sphere, improvements in attention, memory, speech and sensory perception are noted. In the social aspect, it develops the ability to cooperate and build close relationships. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis of the discussed studies due to their diversity in terms of objectives, procedures and selection of research groups.

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Prožívání světa a přirozený jazyk (K celostnímu pojetí jazyka a jazykovědy v díle Jana Kořenského)

Author(s): Miloslav Vondráček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

Kořenský’s linguistic work makes references to philosophy, logic, mathematics and their methodology. Here is an attempt to look at this work from the perspective of leading philosophers. The text presents a comparison of their ways of seeing the world, their correspondences and differences.

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Embedded Metaphor and Perspective Shifting

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Embedded Metaphor and Perspective Shifting

Author(s): Gong Chen,GRAHAM STEVENS / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2024

Non-cognitivism is an approach to metaphor that denies the existence of any metaphorical meanings. A metaphor’s only meaning is its literal meaning. The interpretation of metaphor, on this approach, does not consist in metaphorical contents being communicated by being either semantically encoded or pragmatically communicated. Rather, metaphor operates in an entirely non-linguistic way that does not require the postulation of such meanings. Metaphors cause people to see connections, even to grasp new thoughts, but they do not do so by meaning those thoughts or connections. Non-cognitivism faces a stern challenge from the problem of embedding: metaphors embedded in propositional attitude reports seem to require metaphorical meanings in their truth conditions. In this paper, we argue that existing attempts to solve this problem for non-cognitivism have been unsuccessful. We then offer a new solution that differentiates two scope readings of embedded metaphors and explains each in turn. The paper thus suggests that non-cognitivism has enough rescores to account for embedded metaphors.

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Concepts are Containers

Author(s): Robert O’Shaughnessy,Mark Sprevak / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2024

In this paper, we propose and defend a theory of concepts. According to Machery (2009), psychologists and philosophers mean different things by ‘concept’. Psychologists mean bodies of knowledge used to categorise and infer; philosophers mean constituent of propositional thought. Machery’s conclusion would drive a wedge between contributions by psychologists and philosophers on concepts. Theories about the former would have no clear role to play in, and cast no light on, the latter, and vice versa. We argue that, on the contrary, ‘concept’ has a single core meaning: a container of stored knowledge pertaining to a single category. This single meaning satisfies both the theories of psychologists and philosophers. The divergence in use of the term ‘concept’ on which Machery focuses arises because words for containers are often used to refer to (a) what is contained by the container and (b) the label of a container. Our account explains what a concept is, and how one might be misled by Machery’s challenge.

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Transcendentalne dinamičke sheme vremenskog poretka u svjetlu Zenonove aporije »leteća strijela«

Author(s): Goran Ružić,Strahinja Đorđević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

In Zeno’s “proof” of the immobility of the flying arrow, something that many centuries later Kant will call the dynamic transcendental scheme of the time order is omitted. We will investigate the connection of the time order scheme with the categories of relations and analogies of experience. The problems produced by Zeno’s kinematic paradox are being reformulated and accordingly solved in a particular way. The error in Zeno’s conclusion is that one dynamic phenomenon (i. e., flying arrow) that is subsumed under the transcendental scheme of time sequence is viewed as being subordinate only to the mathematical schemes of time series and time content.

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The Rabin-Keisler theorem and the sizes of ultrapowers

Author(s): Radek Honzík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Recall the Rabin-Keisler theorem which gives a lower bound κω for the size of proper elementary extensions of complete structures of size κ, provided that κ is an infinite cardinal below the first measurable cardinal. We survey – and at places clarify and extend – some facts which connect the Rabin-Keisler theorem, sizes of ultrapowers, combinatorial properties of ultrafilters, and large cardinals.

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Some notes on embeddings, projections, and Easton’s lemma

Author(s): Šárka Stejskalová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

We survey some lesser-known facts concerning properties of embeddings and projections between forcing notions. We will also state some generalizations of Easton’s lemma. To our knowledge, many of these facts have not been published, so we include their proofs for the benefit of the reader.

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A note on generalized generalization

Author(s): Vítězslav Švejdar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The generalization rules of sequent calculi allow, under some restrictions, to derive a formula ∃χφ or ∀χφ from a formula φχ (γ), i.e. from the formula obtained by substituting a variable γ for all free occurrences of χ in φ. We introduce modified generalization rules that make it possible to derive ∃χφ or ∀χφ from φχ (t) even in some cases where t is a complex term. These modified rules were invented in connection with attempts to prove the interpolation theorem for classical predicate logic without equality but with function symbols. This theorem seems (and remains) to be an unresolved case in the literature.

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Private Language in Philosophical Investigations: The Viability of Hintikkas’ Interpretation

Author(s): Jure Zovko,Mate Penava / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this paper, we analyze Jaakko and Merrill Hintikka’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s arguments against epistemic privacy. The main focus of the paper is to explore their views on this issue and examine the connections between their argumentation and that of Saul Kripke to see to what extent these views coincide. The reason for comparing the said authors is that they all oppose the received view of the argument against private language, which claims that the discussion of private language begins with PI 243. In fact, these philosophers claim that Wittgenstein already discussed the issue of the impossibility of a private language in his rule–following reflections, especially in PI 201 and 202. We will also explore some drawbacks of the interpretation of Wittgenstein offered by the Hintikkas and attempt to provide an overall perspective of the viability of their position in relation to Wittgenstein’s argument against epistemic privacy.

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HISTORY OF FORMALISM: FROM ARISTOTLE TO GÖDEL

Author(s): Robert Djidjian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Using formal means for developing scientific theories became a tradition from the times of Aristotle’s Analytics. Ernst Schröder built the complete algebraic theory of inferences by the end of the 19th century. The idea of a complete formalization emerged as a way for eliminating paradoxes in foundations of mathematics that Bertrand Russell has revealed at the very start of the 20th century. Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead developed the first completely formalized theory in the three volumes of Principia Mathematica (1910 - 1913). David Hilbert enhanced the formation of metatheoretical approach to axiomatic theories by his call for proving the consistency of mathematics by using only finitary means. All of a sudden, in this atmosphere of steady axiomatic studies, a young mathematical genius Kurt Gödel published his famous theorem, which proved the incompleteness of a formal arithmetic system. Gödel’s theorem raised a huge wave of metatheoretical studies of formal systems. His main instrument, called Gödel’s numbering, was a special type of self-referential expressions that caused paradoxes just in foundations of mathematics. An aspect of Gödel's approach, that may raise discussions, is the formalization of metalogic itself, which actually may eliminate the idea of metatheory.

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