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U proteklim decenijama razvila su se shvatanja prema kojima postojanje prinude (sile odnosno prijetnje da će se napasti na život ili tijelo žrtve ili njoj bliske osobe) nije neophodno u kvalifikovanju nekog djela kao silovanja s obzirom na to da se odsustvo pristanka žrtve može dokazivati i postojanjem nekih drugih činjeničnih okolnosti. Ovakvo shvatanje nedvosmisleno je izraženo u Konvenciji Vijeća Evrope o sprečavanja i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u porodici (Istanbulska konvencija), koju je Bosna i Hercegovina ratificirala 2013. godine. Upravo na liniji zahtjeva postavljenih Istanbulskom konvencijom 2015. godine uslijedile su izmjene Krivičnog zakona Bosne i Hercegovine (u daljem tekstu: KZ BiH) u kvalifikacijama zločina protiv čovječnosti (član 172) i ratnih zločina protiv civilnog stanovništva (član 173) na način da konstitutivni element zločina seksualnog nasilja za vrijeme oružanog sukoba više nije nužno upotreba sile ili prijetnje izravnim napadom na život ili tijelo žrtve, odnosno život ili tijelo njoj bliske osobe. U skladu s navedenim, nepostojanje pristanka žrtve može se dokazivati i postojanjem nekih drugih odlučnih činjenica.
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Over the past decades, interpretations of what constitutes the criminal offence of rape have developed, and the existence of coercion (force or threat against the life or body of the victim or a person close to them) is no longer seen as necessary for qualification of this offence, given that the absence of consent can be proved through other factual circumstances. This interpretation is unequivocally enshrined in the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (the Istanbul Convention), which was ratified by BiH in 2013. In line with requirements set out in the Istanbul Convention, the Criminal Code of BiH (CC BiH) was amended in 2015 and the qualifications of crimes against humanity (Article 172) and war crimes against the civilian population (Article 173) were changed, so that the use of force or the threat of direct attack against the life or limb of the victim or a person close to them is not necessarily a constituent element of sexual violence crimes during armed conflict. Accordingly, the lack of consent by a victim can be proved through the existence of other decisive facts.
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Preparations for this research included a focus on identifying problems that arise in the context of sentencing decisions for the offence of rape and other related crimes, especially when it comes to the evaluation of mitigating and aggravating factors. These factors have been observed to contribute directly to inadequate sentencing for rape and related offences, and therefore, this research examined the mitigating and aggravating factors applied by courts when deciding the type and severity of sanctions. A total of 34 convictions were analysed, among which 4 judgements were for the continued criminal offence of rape (including cases where a continued rape crime was perpetrated in concurrence with other crimes), 27 were for rape crimes (including cases where a rape crime was perpetrated in concurrence with other crimes), 2 were for the criminal offense of sexual intercourse with a child (in one of these cases, this offence was perpetrated in concurrence with the criminal offence of abuse of a child or juvenile for pornography, referred to in Article 211(1) of the CC FBiH), and 1 judgement for lechery. The parts of the country, subject matter, and jurisdictions encompassed by these judgements distributed cases across the following courts: the Supreme Court of FBiH; the Appellate Court of BDBiH; the District Courts in Doboj and Bijeljina; the Cantonal Courts in Bihać, Livno, Tuzla, and Zenica; the Municipal Courts in Livno, Travnik, Tuzla, Visoko, Velika Kladuša, and Živinice; and the Basic Courts in Trebinje, Bijeljina, Modriča, and the BDBiH.
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Gender bias affects our understanding and opinion of the world around us, particularly concerning social behavior. Specifically, gender bias refers to negative or positive judgements and/or behaviours associated with women, men, girls, and boys and extending from prevailing stereotypes in a given socio-cultural context. Gender bias can be explicit or implicit; and implicit bias develops automatically and unconsciously in a process we are all affected by, in which we assign a stereotype and/or associate a negative or positive attitude with a particular group, or with an individual associated with a group.
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Seksualno uznemiravanje je zabranjeno zakonima Bosne i Hercegovine. Danas se zbog radnji koje predstavljaju seksualno uznemiravanje može odgovarati krivično i građanski. U skladu sa postojećim zakonskim rješenjima, krivična odgovornost je predviđena Zakonom o ravnopravnosti spolova u BiH i Krivičnim zakonikom RS, dok je građanska odgovornost predviđena Zakonom o zabrani diskriminacije i nizom drugih zakona, a posebno onih koji uređuju radne odnose.
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Svrha krivičnopravne sankcije, između ostalog, jeste zaštita i satisfakcija žrtve krivičnog djela.
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Cilj naknade štete je satisfakcija za žrtvu seksualnog uznemiravanja.
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Prekršajna odgovornost poslodavca/pravnog lica za nepreduzimanje odgovarajućih mjera i efikasnih mehanizama zaštite za sprečavanje seksualnog uznemiravanja na radnom mjestu
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Na pomen veće regulacije u oblastu prava intelektualnog vlasništva i njenog značaja za obične građane i građanke Crne Gore, često se misli samo na kraj besplatnog preuzimanja raznih licenciranih softvera, muzike, filmova, knjiga i dr. za što će biti predviđene stroge kazne i efektivan monitoring. Međutim, unaprijeđenje zakonskog okvira i prakse u ovoj oblasti, značiće i zaštitu interesa crnogorskih potrošača. To znači i smanjenu mogućnost da kupljeni proizvodi zaista ne potiču od proizvođača čiju etiketu nose, odnosno zaštitu potrošača od plaćanja visokih cijena za krivotvorenu robu.
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The chapter presents a comparative analysis of the legal aspects regarding the rights and guarantees offered to government officials both by the legislation of international institutions and of some reference countries. Particular emphasis has been placed on the protection by legal-criminal instruments of civil servants against pressure from third parties, which, by most laws, are considered crimes. The paper focuses on the persons placed under the protection of the law, the main sanctions, and the circumstances of committing the offences.
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The problems raised by the general theme: "Law and global crises." Legal implications of the health crisis", proposed for scientific debate by the "Andrei Rădulescu" Legal Research Institute of the Romanian Academy, for the annual scientific session this year, are numerous, important for practice and interesting for the science of law. As far as we are concerned, our answer can only be negative, but not because of any goal, but because of the absence of solid and serious justifications, an absence that reveals an obviously contemptuous behavior, of adversity towards social relations regarding the family, (that of qualified guilt - special guilt), and, on the other hand, by the general provisions regulating criminal guilt, relevant from a criminal point of view.
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The countries that are addressing today's societies, whether caused by crises such as the multi-dimensional health crisis that erupted at the end of 2019 or caused by other events, have become a real concern. The reseminence of communities to any kind of aggression depends largely on the rules they are guided by, but also on their ability to adapt each field of activity to new realities. Each subsystem of the social system, such as the medical system, the education system or the economic system, is governed by the law system, which incorporates the general rules governing each of them. The legal system in general and criminal law, together with criminal sciences, must provide the conditions for respect for the main social values even in times of crisis. The clearer the rule of law system and the clearer it has the capacity to quickly and after unsound procedures to create fair and predictable laws that respond to crises, the more social system in general will gain greater societal resilience. Societal resilience is one of the main attributes of society that can make it more resilient and adaptable to any threats. This can best protect it from a potential increase in crime in crisis situations, provided that clear, predictable and fair laws are generated.
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This paper deals with relevant issues related to the establishment and operation of the ICTY and ICTR. The start in premise is the principle of sovereignty in international law and its external form, i.e. suprema potestas. In this sense, the principle implies Independence within the norms of international law, as a counterpoint to absolute sovereignty. As far as the establishment of the ICTY and ICTR is concerned, both were established according to the same pattern, resolutions of the UN Security Council.As the ratio of the establishment, the relevant resolutions state the punishment of the persons responsible for the committed crimes, on the one hand, and the establishment and maintenance of peace, on the other. Differences exist, however, in the jurisdiction of the tribunal ratione materie. According to Resolution 827 of 1993, the competence of the ICTY is limited to serious violations of international humanitarian law, and the competence of the ICTR includes the crime of genocide. Furthermore, the author examines the issue of the legal effect of the Law on Cooperation with the ICTY, which was adopted by the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2002 and 2003. The author finds that the effects of the Law are limited in terms of the recognition of the Tribunal in foro interno, as a legal basis for the cooperation of competent internal authorities with the Tribunal, without implying the recognition of the Tribunal in foro externo. Based on the provisions of the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, the author finds that, in the light of the provisions of general international law, the establishment of the ICTY and ICTR is, by its very nature, an unprovided form of international intervention in the context of peace-building. The author pays special attention to the question of the authority of the Security Council to establish judicial bodies within the measures provided for in Articles 41 and 42 of the UN Charter, the establishment of the Tribunal and the principle of the rule of law, and the jurisdiction of the Tribunal and the principle of competence de la competence. In the second part, this paper deals with the relationship between principle of sovereignty and the rules of international criminal law applies+d by the Tribunals.
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Fraud is closely monitored by insurance companies as well as by state bodies set up to enforce the law and take measures to prevent antisocial acts. If in other countries the fight against insurance fraud is regulated by specific laws, in Romania there are still incipient phases because people are not aware of the size of the phenomenon and the consequences. As regards the way in which insurance fraud is regulated, it differs depending on the need to introduce regulations in this area. We found the existence of uneven criminal provisions and sanctions, which differ from country to country. The purpose of this article is to compare the laws in the field of combating insurance fraud.
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This article has the aim to describe a real forensics investigation case. An employee is accused of revealing confidential company information related to a project he was working on using a company computer registered to the company domain. The accused defends himself, insinuating the doubt that it could have been anyone because his office is always open. After the seizure and acquisition of a company hard drive, the investigators want to find some evidences related the Windows system registry. In particular, the analysis will be aimed at identifying what were the energy and standby settings at the time of the seizure and if upon reactivation of the screen, the password was requested and needed to access the system.
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Godinama se razumevanju porodičnog nasilja kao oblika rodno zasnovanog nasilja pridaje velika pažnja, jer snažan uticaj patrijarhalne ideologije i rodni stereotipi o ulogama u porodici otežavaju shvatanje i prihvatanje činjenice da je reč o kršenju ljudskih prava i krivičnom delu. Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu je odnos studentkinja i studenata osnovnih i master studija Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu prema porodičnom nasilju i Zakonu o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici. U istraživanju su primenjeni normativni metod, metod analize sadržaja te komparativni metod. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi da li i na koji način rodni stereotipi i tradicionalne rodne uloge utiču na profesionalce i buduće profesionalce u razumevanju porodičnog nasilja, jer smatramo izuzetno važnim da oni koji se nalaze na prvoj liniji u borbi protiv nasilja u porodici, ali i oni koji će sutra na njoj biti, imaju izgrađen odnos “nulte tolerancije” prema ovom fenomenu. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da profesionalci i budući profesionalci pod uticajem tradicionalnih vrednosti i rodnih stereotipa porodično nasilje relativizuju, za nasilnika iznalaze opravdanja, a Zakon o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici osporavaju. Navedeni rezultati ukazuju da je neophodno uvesti pravnu teoriju roda koja bi omogućila puno razumevanje porodičnog nasilja jer isključuje rodne stereotipe i pruža uvid u rodne odnose.
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Seksualno uznemiravanje je negativna društvena pojava koja predstavlja jedan od oblika ugrožavanja dostojanstva ličnosti, nasilje na osnovu spola, uznemiravanja, mobinga, segregacije i drugih sličnih ponašanja i postupanja. Seksualno uznemiravanje je relativno česta pojava u društvu, a zabranjeno je po brojnim dokumentima međunarodnog i domaćeg zakonodavstva. Uz izvjesne probleme u vezi s definiranjem seksualnog uznemiravanja, postoje i određene terminološke nejasnoće koje se vežu za sam izraz “seksualno uznemiravanje”, pa neki teoretičari i pojedina nacionalna zakonodavstva upotrebljavaju izraz “seksualno”, a drugi “spolno” uznemiravanje za označavanje iste pojave, što nije sasvim opravdano. U uskoj vezi sa spomenutom terminološkom dilemom je i pitanje definiranja pojma “seksualno uznemiravanje” koje bi trebalo postaviti znatno šire nego što je to slučaj s većim brojem definicija koje susrećemo u naučnoj i stručnoj literaturi i zakonodavstvima.
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The review of the judicial practice under Art. 285 of the Criminal Code determines a conclusion of limited applicability of the provision regulating the allowance as a malfeasance, the latter regulated in Section II of Chapter VIII, Special Part of the Criminal Code. The difficulties in interpretation and application of Art. 285 of the Criminal Code are explained by the specific object of the crime, the peculiarities of the official capacity of the allower (an official under Art. 93(1a) of the Criminal Code, to whom officials and non-officials are subordinate), the characteristic connection of the committed crime with the service or work of an allowee, the absence of requirements regarding the allowee to possess an official capacity, the nature of subordination and the complexity of the ideas formed in the mind of the allower. Upon examination of the legal rule, the development of the regulation of the allowance has been traced since the establishment of its composition by the provision of Art. 441 of the Criminal Code (1896) to the current version of Art. 285 of the Criminal Code (1968). Conclusions regarding the need for the existence and improvement of the legal framework have been formulated and argued.
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The article examines in parallel some issues of signal and preventive function in the criminal procedure and their interconnectedness. The presentation analyses this relationship with a view to resolving a number of criminological aspects in criminal proceedings. Attention is drawn to a number of circumstances that create favorable conditions for the preparation and commission of socially dangerous acts, and emphasis should be analyzed (summarized, systematized and studied), as a result of which measures to ignore them should be identified in order to prevent crime.
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