"Smo mel cel popoldan fraj - da ti to kot delavcu vzamejo ..."

spomin na prosti čas in delo žensk v obdobju socialistične Slovenije

Author(s): Polona Sitar / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2015

In her contribution the author focuses on understanding the interconnection of work and leisure time in the period of the socialist Slovenia/Yugoslavia (1945-1991). She is interested in the meaning that women ascribed to their leisure time (understood as a reward for the workers during socialism) in comparison with gainful employment. She also pays special attention to the issue of how women experienced their leisure time in comparison with unpaid housekeeping and through the perspective of the so-called »double burden« in socialism, and how they experience it today, in the context of the capitalist market economy. The contribution is based on the fieldwork analysis, focused on the interviews with retired women, revealing their everyday life on the micro level. The goal of the »oral history« approach, used in the contribution, is not to reconstruct the socialist past and record it chronologically, but to present the perspective based on the women’s experience and their everyday practices, contributing an additional perspective to the existing official political and economic history descriptions.

(Post)socialističtí ekonomové jako objekt historického zkoumání

Současný stav bádání a perspektivy

Author(s): Václav Rameš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2017

The article examines the current state of research in the field of the history of economic sciences and activities of Czechoslovak economists in the era of socialism. It provides an overview of basic contributions, both domestic and foreign, on this topic since the 1990s, examining works of Johanna Bockman, Jiří Suk and Gil Eyal in a greater detail. It also mentions the latest research projects concerning this topic. In the end, the author offers a list of available sources (archival documents and published memoirs) which can be used in future research.

1989: Szempontok a rendszerváltás globális politikai gazdaságtanához

Author(s): Márk Áron Éber,Ágnes Gagyi,Tamás Gerocs,Csaba Jelinek,András Pinkasz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 21/2014

This article rethinks 1989 – the year commonly treated as a milestone of regime change. As contrary to this narrow view, and with the aim of laying out the conceptual foundations of possible future research projects, we give a short overview of the way Hungary became incorporated into the capitalist world system and of the key global, economic, and geopolitical factors that influenced its dependent development. For this we present a historically sensitive, global political economic narrative within which we pay special attention to the way public debt had been accumulated and how this, in turn, shaped Hungary’s position within the world system. After our analysis of the regime change we continue with an overview of the main structural dynamics of the last two decades. Finally, through two short case studies, we show how our perspective can throw new light on the political ideologies and economic policies of the era. The accumulation of state debt was not a Hungarian specificity: instead, we argue that it was rather a result of the global restructuring process and of its concomitant effect of decreasing national state-sovereignty. In the following manner, we also argue that the emergence of debates (which were central in evaluating the regime change, revolving around issues like „democracy” vs. „dictatorship” or „planning” vs. „market”) can be better understood within our global, historical, and political economic analytical framework. In the long run we identify two economic development strategies – namely, the strategy of liberalization and the strategy of protectionism – both structured around the, nonetheless entirely unfulfilled, hope of overcoming Hungary’s semi-peripheral position by „catching up” to its Western neighbors. These strategies then can be analyzed on the base of how they relate to global cycles of accumulation; how their shifts were influenced by changes in the world system; and, in turn, how these strategies organized both various elite projects shaped by global cyclical dynamics and the interpretations about our historically unfolding dependent position.

A COMMUNIST PEDAGOGY OF BECOMING: CENTERING MARX’S ‘GENERAL LAW OF CAPITALIST ACCUMULATION’

Author(s): CURRY MALOTT / Language(s): English / Issue: 06/2016

The following essay seeks to contribute to Marxist educational theory by offering a systematic analysis of Marx’s (1867/1967) ‘General law of capitalist accumulation’ as outlined in Chapter 25 of the first volume of Capital. Underscoring this analysis is the beginning of a systematic examination of the second volume of Capital, which takes the circuit of capital as a whole as its object of examination. This unique focus pushes the Marxist revolutionary pedagogy advanced here, as we will see, toward the controversial concept of the planned economy. The form such a Marxist pedagogy takes is necessarily the Party, a conclusion, which follows the work of Derek Ford (2013; 2015).

A digitalis térbeli kiigazítás

Author(s): Daniel Greene,Daniel Joseph / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 23/2018

This article brings distinct strands of the political economy of communication and economic geography together in order to theorise the role digital technologies play in Marxian crisis theory. Capitalist advances into digital spaces do not make the law of value obsolete, but these spaces do offer new methods for displacing overaccumulated capital, increasing consumption, or accumulating new, cheaper labour. We build on David Harvey’s theory of the spatial fix to describe three digital spatial fixes, fixed capital projects that use the specific properties of digital spaces to increase the rate of prof- it, before themselves becoming obstacles to the addictive cycle of accumulation: the primitive accumulation of time in the social Web, the annihilation of time by space in highfrequency trading, and affect rent in virtual worlds. We conclude by reflecting on how these digital spatial fixes also fix the tempo of accumulation and adjust the time-scale of Marxian crisis theory.

A 'jóléti' világgazdaság

Author(s): László Andor / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/1989

A jövedelemegyenlőtlenség mint a gazdasági válság eredete

Author(s): András Pinkasz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 17/2012

Although the prevailing crisis is directly connected to subprime lending, indirectly institutional and real economic causes lie in its background. In particular, income concentration is one of its most significant reasons. Although there was also significant economic inequality in the United States prior to the Great Depression of 1929, this economic phenomenon as an explanation for the crisis has emerged only in the very recent years. Nevertheless, there has been no agreement in the literature so far about what the real causes of the prevailing turbulent processes and the growing inequality could be. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into these controversies in order to make more understandable the hints and the conflicts in the literature. These controversies are placed in a framework of the creation and the dismantling of the New Deal.

A munka kettős jellege és az árutermelő munka kettős jellege

Author(s): Zsigmond Tasy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/1987

A NEP mint történelmi korszak

Author(s): Zoltán Both / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/1989

A parasztok maguk csinálják történelmüket, de nem szabadon

Author(s): Philip McMichael / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 25/2019

This essay employs contemporary peasant mobilizing discourses and practices to evaluate the terms in which we understand agrarian movements today, through an exercise of historical specification. First, it considers why the terms of the original agrarian question no longer apply to agrarian change today. The shift in the terms corresponds to the movement from the late‐nineteenth century and twentieth century, when states were the organizing principle of political‐economy, to the twenty‐first century, when capital has become the organizing principle. Second, and related, agrarian mobilizations are viewed here as barometers of contemporary political‐economic relations. In politicizing the socio‐ecological crisis of neoliberalism, they problematize extant categories of political and sociological analysis, re‐centring agriculture and food as key to democratic and sustainable relations of social production.

A szén-dioxid mint értékmérő. Hogyan teremt értéket és pénzt a klímaváltozás?

Author(s): Steffen Dalsgaard / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 25/2019

The introduction of the Kyoto Protocol is an attempt to save the climate through a number of schemes, or mechanisms, that commodify carbon. Among other things, these schemes create monetary incentives to reduce carbon emissions through the trade of permits and credits, and they make carbon an object of financial speculation. Most controversial is apparently the potential of carbon thus to be a universal yardstick for value by commensurating moral spheres of human action (the environment, the economy, development, etc.) that some people regard as distinct. This paper explores the consequences of the speculative aspects of carbon as a standard of value and as potential currency.on

A szülés és a reproduktív technológiák értékelméleti megközelítése

Author(s): Kathryn Russell / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 24/2018

Social and technical changes in reproduction are drawing childbirth into the marketplace. People are creating new relations that separate genetic, gestational and social parentage. Reproductive engineering makes options of in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, surrogacy, and fetal tissue transplants. This paper explores an analogy between childbearing and social labor, arguing that the labor theory of value gives insight into the social functions of childbirth under capitalism. The valorization of childbearing is consistent with other ways of socializing the reproduction of labor power despite the capitalists need for an autonomously functioning private household sector. A value-theoretic approach is necessary to reveal how childbearing is being placed in material relation with other forms of labor under capitalism. Neither reproductive engineering nor biological difference are themselves sources of oppression for women, but when found in a historical context where value can be extracted, childbearing can become a form of alienated labor.

A theory of economic cycles

Author(s): Imre Dobos,István Ábel / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The theory of economic motion was András Bródy’s main interest. This paper presents a simplifi ed framework of Bródy’s economics. His multi-sector production and price theory is based on the Marxian theory of value reinterpreted by using measurement considerations. Economic motion in this framework is driven by technology represented by the internal proportions of production, not by external shocks. Prices and proportions jointly determine the economic structure and its motion (duality of prices and volumes). We derive the laws of motion of production and use of goods (consumption and accumulation) based on technological accounting balances. These laws determine a cyclical pattern. Using numerical examples we demonstrate how external changes in technology and valuations are propagated in changing the cyclical pattern of motion

Academic Interaction between Economists of Central and Eastern Europe and China (1978–1989)

Author(s): Bao Hongzheng / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2015

When starting economic reform in 1978, China had the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (SCCEE) as an alternative model. From 1978 to 1985 there were frequent contacts between Chinese economists and those with SCCEE background, who were introduced by Chinese economists of old generation (born in 1900s-1920s). The Chinese economists of middle generation (born in 1930s) led the criticism of the SCCEE economic reform in late 1980s, participated by their young assistants (born in 1940s-1950s). After 1989 China lost its interest in SCCEE economic reform, but the economists of middle and young generations who were familiar with SCCEE economic history became the principal consultants of policy-making in 1990s and even policy-makers in 2000s and 2010s. They were trained just in the studies of SCCEE economic theories and practice.

Agrarne początki kapitalizmu

Author(s): Ellen Meiksins Wood / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 26/2017

This article presents the underlying assumptions and main arguments of "political Marxism." The author shows how and why the beginning of capitalism should be primarily associated with the countryside and agriculture, and secondarily with the city and trade. The subordination of food production processes to the imperatives of capitalism determines capitalism’s revolutionary character. The main reason for that lies in the transformation of the processes responsible for the reproduction of the whole society and not only for the distribution or redistribution of surpluses.

Avrupa Birliği’nde Neo-Liberal Hegemonya, Otoriter Neo-Liberalizm ve Neo-Gramsciyen Uluslararası Politik İktisat Teorisi

Author(s): Alpaslan Akçoraoglu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2017

Although neo-liberalism has not been able to offer any lasting solution to the profound economic crisis and long-run stagnation of the European Union (EU), its ideological supremacy (non-hegemonic in Gramscian terms) has still proceeded in the EU. This article reviews the historical evolution of neo-liberal restructuring in the European integration from the perspective of neo-Gramscian International Political Economy (IPE) literature. The majority of the recent critical IPE studies in the political economy of European integration is based on Robert Cox’s “World Order” theory with neo-Gramscian foundations. Neo-Gramscian IPE emphasizes the significance of transnational relations from a historical materialist perspective and perceives that European integration process is the outcome of a struggle between transnational social forces. In addition, this article analyzes the crisis of neo-liberal hegemony in the EU, the changes in the political economy of the EU after the euro crisis, and the model of authoritarian neo-liberalism from a neo-Gramscian perspective.

Az áttörés struktúrája

Author(s): László Andor / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/1989

Beszélgetés Jan Drahokoupillal

Author(s): Jan Drahokoupil,Zoltán Sidó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 23/2018

Jan Drahokoupil a posztszocialista térség politikai gazdaságtanának szakértője. 2007-ben szerzett doktori fokozatot a budapesti Közép-európai Egyetemen (CEU), jelenleg az Európai Szakszervezeti Intézet (ETUI) szenior kutatója. Az intézetnél ő a digitalizációval és a munka jövőjével kapcsolatos kutatások koordinátora, 2017-ben pedig társszerkesztője volt a Transfer című folyóirat két, a digitalizáció munkaerőpiaci hatásait vizsgáló számának. Ennek apropóján beszélgettünk vele a digitalizáció és a munka kapcsolatáról általában, valamint arról, hogy mindez hogyan érinti a kelet-európai régiót.

Bevezető a Fordulat 23. számához

Author(s): Zoltán Sidó,Natasa Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 23/2018

A Fordulat aktuális a digitális forradalom tágabb kontextusát vizsgálja. Az itt megjelenő szövegek megpróbálják bemutatni, miként változtak a számítástechnikát és az internetet övező ideológiák a hidegháború kezdetétől napjainkig, valamint hogy az elmúlt két-három évtizedben milyen gazdasági-politikai folyamatokba ágyazódott az internet és a digitális ipar robbanásszerű terjedése.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL BUSINESS IN LATVIA

Author(s): Yuri Kochetkov,Elena Sventitskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

In developed countries, particular attention was devoted to small businesses. This was demonstrated by special conferences organized by the White House of the United States on the issues of small businesses in 1980 and 1986, thanks to which the Congress amended the law to facilitate the development of small businesses. Small and micro businesses are one of the leading sectors defining the rate of economic growth, the state of employment, structure and quality of the gross national product and, as a consequence, economic independence and security of the country. According to Eurostat data, about 99 % of the enterprises of the European Union are referred to the category of micro and small businesses, which provide two-thirds of jobs in the private sector. Small and micro companies make up 98–99 % of all enterprises in Latvia. The objectives of the article are to identify and specify the main features of the development of small business in Latvia. The novelty of the article is that the features of the functioning of micro and small enterprises in Latvia’s economy have been investigated for the first time under the conditions of the global financial crisis and its aftermath. The goal of the research is to analyze the functioning of small and micro businesses in Latvia, determine their impact on the main macroeconomic indicators of the national economy and develop recommendations for improving the business conditions of small companies. Methods of research: analysis of statistical data, mathematical modelling, correlation and regression analysis. The comparison of the main statistical indicators of small business functioning in Latvia with that of the EU developed countries indicates that small business is not given due attention in Latvia and this causes it to lag. To accelerate the pace of economic development, eliminate the imbalance in the development of territories, implement innovations and fight against poverty, it is necessary to stimulate the establishment of new small enterprises.