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Drvo kao gorivo

Author(s): Bojan Crnogaća / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 11/2014

The man has been around since ancient times, using wood for heat, and more recently with the development of technology, and electricity. Wood as a fuel is there an advantage to some other fuels primarily as a renewable resource saver, and there are some advantages of view and from an ecological point. Wood combustion can be divided into three stages: drying, pyrolysis and fractionation and combustion. The paper describes this phase. Also shown are the different types of wood products (torn and feet of garden wood, stacked wood (firewood and torn), wood residues from wood processing, wood chips (biomass), wood pellets, wood briquettes) to be used as fuel for heat and electricity.

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The Bio-Economy Model in Future Sustainable Development

Author(s): Nicolae Ipate,Katalin Gabriela David,Iudith Ipate,Alexandru Bogdan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The future of sustainable development is the bio-economy with the »global« solution; both global and local action for developed the renewable energy generation. When local solutions are implemented is being laid for global solutions are positive affect the national economy. The implementation of the bio-economy strategy used by society to prevent urgent problems, such as increasing competition for nat-ural resources, climate change, rural sustainable development. The bio-economy is a new economic and social order and promotes systemic change from using non-renewable resources to renewables. Bio-economy reveals that production, which involves the transformation of a limited stock of matter and energy, but respecting the same laws that govern entropy closed systems, the entropy or unavail-able matter and energy in the forms tend to increase continuously. Economic growth not only increas-es the apparent output per unit of inputs, which is performed using finite stock of matter and energy in the world. The current economy is based on fossil fuels and other material inputs suffering entropic degradation, both in the raw material extraction and pollution. The production, even if technical pro-gress leads to lower overall yields. The idea of a steady state as the final economic growth that perpet-uated indefinitely pendulum model is an impossibility.

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Mathematical Models Issues of Environmental Management

Author(s): Viorel Pop / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Today the world is facing, more and more, different sources of pollution, the most affected areas being the proximity of big industrial centers (e.g.: chemistry, mining and metallurgy, machinery building etc.). Baia Mare industrial area is a typical one for such a situation. To maintain a clean and healthy environ-ment in Baia Mare city and in the surrounding areas, important costs are needed. The usefulness of the mathematical models consists in the possibility of mathematical processing of industrial parameters evolutions, with relevant interpretations on various influences and their correction for achieving the set goals (maximizing financial efficiency, environmental protection with the compliance of legal re-quirements etc.).

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THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN CREATING GREEN ECONOMY

Author(s): Paulina Szyja / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Since the crisis of the real economy in 2008, an intense discussion about the need for changes in the economy, supported by a number of declarations on the global scale, has been developed. The analysis of the causes and effects of the economic downturn and the challenges of the future have had a huge impact on this state of affairs. As a result, some states have taken action to remedy the situation. Many of them were aimed at structural changes in production, consumption and environmentally friendly investment. At the same time, the concept of "low carbon economy" and "green economy" gained importance. The aim of this paper is to present the role of the state in the economy in terms of creating conditions for a green economy. The thesis of the publication is: implementation of structural changes related with creating a green economy requires involvement of the state.

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A wide-ranging Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap: from findings to recommendations

Author(s): Marc Deffrennes / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

Nuclear Energy has fundamental advantages in terms of reducing GHG emissions, competitiveness of electricity production and security of supply. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) jointly issued their Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap in 2015. By identifying major barriers and recommendations on how they can be overcome, the Roadmap aims to assist interested stakeholders – governments, research organizations, industry, financing institutions – in maintaining or developing nuclear energy technologies. As a follow-up to this roadmap, the NEA launched a broad Initiative called NI2050 – Nuclear Innovation 2050 – with the central objective of identifying R&D strategies and associated priorities so as to achieve the commercial readiness of innovative sustainable nuclear technologies in a timely and cost effective manner, in particular through cooperation to pool resources. Towards the end of 2017, the work will result in the first set of large R&D projects, possibly including any necessary large R&D infrastructures. A number of stakeholders may be willing to cooperate on this to foster their effective implementation.

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Prawno – organizacyjne ramy wsparcia i promocji wykorzystywania odnawialnych źródeł energii w Polsce, w świetle Polityki energetycznej Polski do 2030 r. oraz Krajowego planu działania w zakresie. energii odnawialnej

Author(s): Marta Wójcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Energy security is one of the basic elements of the national security of each country and international organizations such as European Union. To achieve energy security it is necessary to ensure constant energy supplies for all customers, at prices available to them, and relatively stable, with respecting for the environmental protection. Nowadays, in the decade of ever-increasing energy demand, import dependency of electricity and fuels from beyond EU`s area and irreversible climate changes, it is necessary to take action for the promotion of renewable energy sources (RES). In order to fulfil Polands` obligations towards the EU, known colloquially as the 3x20 goals, but also to achieve national energy security, the Polish government has developed strategies focused on energy policy and action plan for renewable energy. The first document - Energy Policy of Poland until 2030 - provides basic directions in several key areas of the energy sector, including provisions on renewable energy and biofuels`s development. The second document, studied in this article, is the National renewable energy action plan. It contains catalog of measures, legal and administrative instruments to promote the production and consumption of RES.

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Threshold Effects of Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Turkey

Author(s): AYDIN Celil,Ömer Esen / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (15)/2016

In this study3, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, and the effect of energyintensity level on this relationship are investigated for the period 1975-2013 for Turkey using recently developedThreshold Autoregressive (TAR) Models that provide appropriate procedures for estimation and inference. Although themajority of studies in the relevant literature support the view that energy consumption may promote economic growth, theempirical findings, based on the estimation of the threshold model, reveal evidence of threshold effects related to theenergy consumption in Turkey. According to the analysis results, estimated value of the threshold is 0.191 for energyintensity level. The findings indicate that an energy consumption rate above the threshold energy density level adverselyaffects economic growth, and a consumption rate below the threshold level positively affects economic growth. Theseresults show that when the optimal levels of energy density, which is one of the important indicators of energy efficiency,are exceeded, energy consumption considerably hinders economic growth. In this regard, political authorities anddecision-makers should not ignore threshold levels within the context of energy density while determining energy policies.This is because this condition has a fundamental role in both increasing the effectiveness of implemented economicpolicies and realizing sustainable economic growth which has a significant place in stability.

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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENTERPRISES. A PORTER’S DIAMOND ANALYSIS

Author(s): LIARGOVAS Panagiotis,APOSTOLOPOULOS Nikos / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2014

The purpose of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to highlight the significant role of regional parameters when analyzing the competitive advantage of renewable energy enterprises in Greece by applying Porter’s diamond model, and at the same time to implement the aforementioned model in the case of solar energy enterprises. The paper suggests that analysis should be spread to lower levels than the national one, because renewable energy production companies, either at the stage of installation or at the stage of operation, are fully affected by local conditions. Measuring or analyzing competiveness of this kind of enterprises is not always easy because there are essential differences in comparison with other types of industrial activity. In this paper, specific regional data are also incorporated in the analysis of the diamond model conditions, which affect competitiveness.

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HOW BIG ARE THE EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF MICROLOANS? EVIDENCE FROM A CASE STUDY IN LATVIA

Author(s): Guido Baldi,ŠIPILOVA Viktorija / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2014

Microloans to small and medium-sized enterprises have become popular in many countries. However,evidence on the economic and social impact of microfinance is scarce. In an attempt to partly fill this gap, thispaper looks at a case study and analyzes the economic impacts of the microloan programme of the Latviandevelopment bank Hipoteku Banka. In our analysis, we focus on the following questions: Did the microloanprogramme increase employment within the supported firms? And was it able to contribute to the economicdevelopment of rural areas and the decrease of economic inequalities across regions? We find that the firms thatwere granted a loan from Hipoteku Banka on average considerably increased their employment during the loanperiod, as well as the microloan programme made a successful contribution to the economic development ofrural regions in Latvia

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Study on Pre-Assessment and Evaluation System Indicators Energo - Mining Complex in Basin of Olten

Author(s): Elena Bică / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2014

General behavior of the company's mining and energy is superstate, pursuit function entity, independent of multiple relationships with the external environment.For a superstate behavior, mining company, energy internalcontrol circuit acts that manages to attract, to resolve the problems that arise in the functioning of the internalcapabilities of resourcefulness and initiative.Statement by offsetting adjustment takes place by opening the internal control circuit to apply the means of establishing equilibrium. In our assessment, the company mining / energy has double adjustment possibilities, butis really effective only when they occur in the system superstate.Intervention-compensation adjustment isnecessary in some periods, precisely because of the place it has mining company / energy in general economic system.The Company has analyzed the precise functions and features specific means, but was only able to takeover certain disturbances.

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Friedman, Monetarism and Quantitative Easing

Author(s): Romero Victor Olivo / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2016

This paper argues that the theoretical origin of Quantitative Easing (QE) programs, as a general concept, clearly linksto Friedman’s (and monetarist) ideas, but that the specific implementation of QE operations to cope with the 2008 financialcrisis does not comply with key principles developed by Friedman. Based on Friedman’s work during the sixties, I contendthat his monetary framework links to QE through what he (and Anna Schwartz) called the “monetary” effects of monetarypolicy and not the portfolio balance effect highlighted by Nelson (2011) and Bernanke (2012). The combination of the“monetary” effects and the stabilizing role of monetary policy should produce QE programs with a path of the monetary base(central bank assets) and M2 that differs dramatically from what transpired under the 2008-2014 QE arrangements based onthe portfolio balance effect.

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ENERGETYKA JĄDROWA WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM ŚWIECIE – SZANSE ROZWOJU I ZAGROŻENIA

Author(s): Henryk Kowgier / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2/2014

Some remarks in article were introduced on present nuclear energetics. Its main theme is to show that the nuclear energetics is for present of world the threat. In article statistical analysis was showed relating of nuclear energetics.

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Methodology of Visual Pollution Assessment for Natural Landscapes

Author(s): Jūratė Kamičaityte-Virbašienė,Giedrė Godienė,Gintas Kavoliūnas / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

In 2014 the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania initiated creation of Methodology of the Assessment of Visual Pollution to Natural Landscape Complexes and Objetcs. In order to prepare the Methodology legal (international and national level) and theoretical framework (world-wide and Lithuanian experience in the field of visual impact assessment (VIA) and assessment of landscape visual-aethetic potential) was analysed and evaluated. Using the method of logical analogy and considering the results of analysis of legal and theoretical framework of VIA, and peculiarities of Lithuanian landscape, the concept of visual pollution and the main methodological stages of visual pollution assessment (VPA) for natural landscapes were proposed. The authors of the methodology state that the assessment of visual pollution should be based on: the establishment of the overall landscape character, visual character, visual capacity, and other aspects as the starting point for the evaluation of visual pollution; assessment of visibility of a pollution object; description of physical, visual and other characteristics of the pollution object; evaluation of negative visual impact (visual pollution) according the level of contrast of physical, visual and other characteristics of landscape and the pollution object.

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The effects of allelochemicals... and selected anthropogenic substances on the diatom Bacillaria paxillifera

Author(s): Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska,Zuzanna Sylwestrzak,Jakub Maculewicz,Aleksandra Zgrundo,Adam Latała / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

In aquatic ecosystems, many different substances can degrade the environment and negatively affect the functioning of marine, brackish and freshwater organisms. The main aim of this work was to provide a short summary on the effects of allelochemicals versus herbicide Roundup®, ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl and copper chloride II on the Baltic diatom Bacillaria paxillifera. The influence of allelopathic compounds on the growth was investigated by addition of a cell-free filtrate of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena cultures grown under specific light, temperature and availability of nutrients. Significant changes in diatom abundance were observed in response to all analyzed allelochemicals and anthropogenic substances. A most negative effect of allelochemicals was observed after 7th day of cyanobacterial cell-free filtrate addition. Moreover, this study showed that after addition of copper(II) chloride, the growth of analyzed diatom was 40% lower in comparison to the control. This work showed that the tested allelopathic compounds and anthropogenic substances have negative impact on the analyzed diatom, but allelochemicals showed slightly weaker effect than the herbicide.

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Biofilm – an instrument for wastewater treatment technology

Author(s): Edyta Łaskawiec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The article discusses the detailed issues related to the formation of biofilms, a multi step process exploiting physical and chemical phenomena. The main components of the biofilm matrix are described with the functions they perform. The prevalence of this technology makes it valuable to make detailed investigations of the formation of biofilms. This is of particular relevance to wastewater treatment technologies, which are increasingly adopting these popular biological methods for sewage processing.

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Reaktywne formy tlenu w mechanizmach obronnych roślin

Author(s): Kamila Kulbat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2014

Could plants successfully defend themselves against bacteria, viruses and fungi attacking their cells? Have plants developed defense mechanisms against stress factors occurring in the environment during evolution? Once it was thought that plants do not posses specific defense systems against stress, however, currently it is known that, plants can successfully fend off the attack of microorganisms as well as minimize effects of environmental stress. One of the first plant cells defense response is an alternation in membrane permeability what results in flow of ions and cell membrane depolarization. Such changes lead to an increase in synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Rapid increase in the concentration of ROS in plant tissues occurring after contact of a plant with microorganisms or abiotic stress factors is commonly termed as respiratory burst In consequence the high concentration of ROS in plant tissues triggers chain of biochemical reactions leading to activation of systemic plant resistance. The increase in plant resistance is possible due to the activation of Hypersensitive Reaction and and biosynthesis of cell components of plant structural barriers.

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Co rośliny robią nocą?

Author(s): Łukasz Wojtyla,Małgorzata Adamiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

Life on Earth is dependent on several factors. One of them is the light and the reactions taking place with his participation. With the reactions of photosynthesis solar energy is converted into energy of chemical bonds and in this form is transmitted from autotrophic organisms (the producers) to all organisms. The reactions of photosynthesis also produce oxygen, which is necessary for most of the organisms and used in the reactions of cellular respiration. Since plants produce energy and oxygen during the day, whether in this case the night is needed at all. And if so, what are plants doing at night? This paper describes the major physiological and biochemical processes that occur in plants under no access to light, both natural conditions (night) and in the case of artificial darkness. The answer to the question posed in the title is in the description of such processes as photosynthesis, cellular respiration, tropisms, control of the stomata opening/closing and regulation of flowering.

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Reversing the Loss of Natural Resources and Support to Their Revitalization in the Western Balkans

Author(s): Vladimir Nedić,Dušan Cvetanović,Jovica Subotić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Using data from the World DataBank for the period 1990-2015, relating to Ensure environmental sustainability, and Target A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources within it, the paper presents comparative analysis of indicator values for the five countries of the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro) and the EU28 average. The results show that the Western Balkan countries significantly lag behind the countries of the European Union in all five monitored indicators in the context of stopping the loss of natural resources and their revitalization

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Ступінь рекреаційного навантаження та антропотолерантність лісових екосистем лісопаркової зони м. Вінниці

Author(s): Valentina Prokopchuk,Mykhailo Matusiak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 11/2016

Natural-climatic and soil-hydrological conditions of the region are quite favorable for the development of recreation. It has been determined, that forest plantations of forest green zone of Vinnytsia Forestry are characterized by a low degree of recreational digression, caused by their growing in favorable climatic and soil-hydrological conditions.In the course of research it has been determined that the class of tolerance in Vinnytsia forestry plantations ranges from 1 to 3, which indicates a high recreational load on the forests. As a result of research and study of scientific literature, the basic forms of the negative impact of recreation on forest plantations have been determined, the qualitative and quantitative impact of tourists on forests has been studied, the maximum permissible recreational loads (ARI) for the main forest-building timber types of forest conditions in the Vinnytsia forest area have been defined.

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Key Factors Affecting Water Consumption in the Black Sea Region

Author(s): Ralitsa Stefanova Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Water resources are a key component of the environment and a very valuable resource for the person and his business. Two main forms of water use on the farm are distinguished - water consumption and water use. By their nature, water consumption is disposable, successive and circulating. The main purpose of this article is to examine the factors that influence water consumption. The study uses methods of analysis and synthesis, surveys and statistical methods.

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