Energy: Can Greening Be Reconciled with Blacking?

Author(s): Lidia Puka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The EU’s new Member States have taken an active stance towards European energy-security mechanisms, such as the Regulation on the Security of Gas Supplies. On the overriding question of climate policy, however, they have often been reactive. In the opinion of many European environmentalists, Poland in 2012 “defied” European climate policy. It opposed the introduction of a binding obligation to raise the benchmark for average EU greenhouse gas emissions from 20% in 2020, to 30% by 2030 (as compared to the 1990 levels). And it refused to give political significance to the European Commission’s Communication “Energy Roadmap 2050,” which presented five strategies towards the low-carbon transition of European economies. This was viewed as indicative of Poland’s, and the new Members’, role as laggards. In reality, however, Poland’s actions were indicative of a broader split on the EU’s emerging energy policy.

Letter from Director, Internal Energy Market, Directorate-General for Energy, European Commission

Author(s): Klaus-Dieter Borchardt / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The V4 has been and still is an important player in regional cooperation and the energy security landscape of Central and Eastern Europe. The group of four was also the driver behind the North-South Gas Corridor, which was later included as a priority of EU energy-security and energy-infrastructure policies.

Przeciwdziałanie negatywnym skutkom gospodarczym pandemii koronawirusa. Analiza porównawcza działań wybranych państw

Author(s): Małgorzata Czajkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of the chapter is to assess the extent of actions taken by selected countries to reduce the negative economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the scale of resources used for these actions. Design/methodology/approach: Models of market economy are presented andanti-crisis measures taken by Poland, Germany, USA, China and Sweden are described. The amount of money spent on these measures is also presented. Findings: Germany was the country with the largest budget expenditure to counteract the negative economic effects of the pandemic. Contrary to assumptions, Poland was not the country with the lowest budget expenditure. Germany and Sweden introduced the largest number of instruments supporting entrepreneurs.Germany’s aid package offered more support on taxes, while Sweden’s package offered more support on employment. The United States offered the narrowest aid package, which is related to the economic model adopted in this way. Originality and value: The chapter contains an analysis of anti-crisis measures (aid packages) undertaken by Poland, Germany, the United States, China and Sweden and information on the scale of financial involvement of these countries in helping entrepreneurs. There are no studies in the literature that directly compare the forms of aid used and their volume between the countries. The chapter provides data to assess countries’ involvement in combating the economic impact of the pandemic depending on their economic model. The collected data also has theoretical implications.

Pandemia COVID-19 i nowe ryzyka a rynek ubezpieczeniowy

Author(s): Wanda Ronka-Chmielowiec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to present the phenomenon of COVID-19 pandemics, which appeared in 2019 in many countries of the world and generated new risks hitherto unrecognised or already known and insured, which occurred to an increased extent. An attempt was then made to identify new tasks for insurance companies and to modify their existing offers or prepare new ones. The paper ends with a review of data from the Polish insurance market for the year 2020. The paper is a preliminary attempt to assess how the pandemic has affected the insurance market and how the insurance market has reacted to the new phenomenon.

Пазарът на електрически автомобили – състояние, проблеми и тенденции

Author(s): Donka Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research aims to trace the dynamics in the development of the market share of electric cars and on this basis to localize the problems that accompany the entry and competitive promotion of these products in the automotive market, as well as to outline the main trends in its development. To achieve this goal, a research was made of current dimensions of the electric car market in the world, differentiated by countries and car brands, and at European level, sales data registered for the six countries with the largest market share were analyzed. On a national scale, the cars with electric power supply of three manufacturers, positioned on the Bulgarian market, are examined and their proposals in terms of engine power, battery warranty and price are compared.

Istorijat ekonomske i monetarne unije, mikroekonomija EU i makroekonomija EU - I

Author(s): Miroslav Prokopijević / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Po pitanju Evropske unije ne spadam ni u optimiste, ni u pesimiste, već u realiste. Evropska unija sama po sebi nije ni dobra ni loša ideja. Koliko je ona dobra ili loša, zavisi od toga kako se neke stvari rade. Krenućemo s analizom od nekih osnovnih stvari koje su važne za ekonomsko-finansijsku stranu Unije.

Istorijat ekonomske i monetarne unije, mikroekonomija EU i makroekonomija EU - II

Author(s): Miroslav Prokopijević / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

GDP Evropske unije je 11.500-12.000 milijardi dolara. Kad pogledate, vidite koliko ko vrijedi na tržištu. U apsolutnim iznosima BDP zemalja članica EU vidi se da je €12 zona 7.252 milijardi eura, da je €15 zona 9.296 milijardi eura. Iz ovih podataka može se zaključiti koliko malo doprinose svih 10 novih članica. Ukupni GDP novih članica malo je manji od holandskog, i tu se vidi koliko malo 10 novih članica ekonomski doprinose. To je samo nekih 5% od ukupnog BDP Unije. Kad bi se taj doprinos 10 novih članica u GDP-u gledao u paritetu kupovne vrijednosti, to ne bi bilo samo 5%, možda bi poraslo na nekih 9 ili 10%, koliko taj dohodak vrijedi u kupovnoj moći na tržištu tih 10 zemalja. Kako stoji dohodak EU prema američkom? EU25 ima približno isti dohodak izražen u eurima kao i SAD i ima otprilike tri puta veći od Japana, čiji dohodak prilično stagnira u posljednjih 20 godina. Japanski privredni model, nekada mnogo reklamiran, došao je u krizu koja traje skoro tri decenije. Vrijednost Nikeja - japanskog indeksa akcija - prije 25 god je bila oko 30.000, a sada je njegova vrijednost negdje oko 13-14.000. To je vrijednost prosjeka indeksa vodećih japanskih firmi, odnosno tržišna vrijednost tražnje njihovih akcija. U Americi je to Dau Džons (Dow Jones), indeks 30 najvećih američkih firmi, ili Futsi u Engleskoj, i nijedan nije toliko pao od 2000. godine kao što je pao japanski. Japan ima javni dug koji je u visini skoro dvostrukog nacionalnog dohotka. Da Japanci proizvode dvije godine kao što proizvode, da niko ne popije ni čašu vode, tek onda bi izmirili taj dug. Američki dohodak skoro je jednak sa EU, ali ovo je i vrlo nerealistična brojka iz baze podataka, jer je uračunat pad dolara. Ako podatke uzmete prema paritetu kupovne snage, onda ćete vidjeti da Amerikanci, ovakvi kakvi su, imaju dohodak bar nekih 25% veći od EU15. Brojka je varljiva zbog pada vrijednosti dolara.

Poglavlje 1: Slobodno kretanje roba

Author(s): Nemanja Tepavčević / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Jedna od zabluda vezanih za ovo poglavlje je da se zbog članstva u EU naša zemlja mora odreći svojih tradicionalnih brendova poput njeguškog pršuta ili raznih vrsta sireva koji se proizvode širom Crne Gore. Naprotiv: potpunim usklađivanjem crnogorskih proizvoda u oblasti standardizacije, nadzora tržišta i drugih oblasti vezanih za slobodno kretanje robe, podstiče se podizanje nivoa kvaliteta i bezbjednosti tih proizvoda. Od ovakvog pristupa koristi će imati i potrošači jer će im se dostavljati kvalitetna i sigurna roba, kao i proizvođači jer će svoje proizvode moći da plasiraju na EU tržište bez ikakvih prepreka i time promovišu i crnogorska dobra.

Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Industry – Opportunities and Challenges, Outlook and Sustainability

Author(s): Plamen Pouvkov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It has been years and decades since the Generic industry, and the Biosimilar industry later on, has started paving its way to become a substantial factor for the healthcare systems around the globe. The main drives for this important role of the industry are found in the enhancement of the reach and access to high quality but less expensive cost-effective therapies. Thus, the industry is making a significant and global impact on the health outcomes – through economic effects of reduced and more affordable costs to extend and in some cases allow the reach and access to existing therapies, and also allow for the respective savings to be allocated towards newly developed innovative therapies.

CENA A CENOVÉ STRATÉGIE V HOTELOCH V ČASE RECESIE

Author(s): Jana Piteková,Magdaléna Josková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The economic crisis affected also tourism and caused the decrease of demand for hotel services in Slovakia. Hoteliers should respond to this situation by adaptation of price and price strategies. From all the marketing tools, it is price that reacts the most sensitive to external and internal changes of conditions at the market. The objective of the article is to define possible approaches to the pricing in hotels during the recession; we come out from the microeconomics models of maximizing profit. We characterize the yield management and clarify the costs and demand orientated strategies, consumer value added, competition strategy, strategy of price discrimination, graduation pricing strategy and the strategy of two component prices. We suggest the use of appropriate models according to the specified conditions.

The Foreign Exchange Policy of China – Is the Country a “Currency Manipulator”?

Author(s): Paskal Zhelev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

China’s exchange rate policy has been one of the most contentious economic issues in present times. The large open economy with a state-led development model has been often accused of deliberately keeping its currency undervalued, thereby conferring unfair competitive advantagesto its exporters, and fuelling global imbalances. The experts’ opinions on that however are greatly divided. The paper’s main goal is to evaluate whether China has been manipulatingthe exchange rate of the RMB through its exchange rate policy over the last decade. Based on various indicators, the results show that there is no evidence of China engaging in currency manipulation to the detriment of its trading partners.

СВЕТОВНАТА ИКОНОМИКА – В ПРЕЛЮДИЯТА КЪМ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛНИ ПРОМЕНИ

Author(s): Dimitar M Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

МЕЖДУНАРОДНО ПРОИЗВОДСТВО И ТРАНСНАЦИОНАЛИЗАЦИЯ

Author(s): Diana Sabotinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The rapid growth of international production until about 2010 was driven by the underlying economics, the supportive policy environment, and enabling technological developments. Changes in direction in the same three factors caused the stagnation in international production in the 2010s. Looking ahead, the trio of technology, policy and economic considerations continues to be a helpful guide to structure the analysis of expected trends. Only the relative importance of the factors, their intensity and their detailed composition is likely to change. However, all three have arrived at critical inflection points that could fundamentally alter the configuration of international production over the next decade.

Extreme Tools of World Economy Management and Their Risks

Author(s): Rejnuš Oldřich / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the problems of contemporary development of world economy and the manner of its management. Its aim is to evaluate current development of the economy of the most important countries of the world and, subsequently, to analyze assets and risks of their macroeconomic management and to predict future development, with special respect to early identification of possible commencement of future crisis. Firstly, this is an analysis of contemporary economic development of the most important world economies, before all the US, China, Japan, the most important member states of the EU and further globally important countries, in context with specific manners of their management. In connection with this, pros and cons of tools of monetary and fiscal regulation, used by them, as well as further problems that might result in future world crisis, are specified. Furthermore, contemporary global economic development is analysed and its future course is predicted and the most important risks are specified, both current risks and those ones related to potential feasible introduction of further, newly considered extreme tools of macroeconomic management. In conclusion, prognosis made by German economist and politician Marcus Faber, published in 2015: “The collapse of contemporary system is unavoidable” has been confirmed.

Makroekonomik Dengelerdeki Değişim ve Havayolu Şirketlerinin Stratejisi Türk Hava Yolları (THY) Örneği

Author(s): Hasan Alpago / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

From a macroeconomic point of view, inputs such as capital, labor and land are at the forefront of the elements that make up any organization. Apart from these, the entrepreneurial spirit stands out as an important motivation. On the other hand, in the globalizing world, branding and commercial partnership are important for the competitiveness and sustainability of companies. This situation becomes increasingly important in terms of macroeconomic crises and competition. In this respect, the global dimension and success of brands necessitate brand mergers and alliances. In this context, brand management gains a corporate and global dimension. In addition, in the globalizing world, especially in developed and industrialized countries, brands tend to acquire the "super brand" feature by merging or forming alliances. An example of this is the merger of brands such as Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, WhatsApp, Oculus VR under the "Meta" brand in the social media field. In the aviation sector, on the other hand, the tendency to establish a "brand alliance" such as a "star alliance" gains importance instead of combining brands under the same company.

Euro and its Contribution to the European Integration

Author(s): Dilara Sülün / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The full monetary union by 2000 was considered as a huge advancement in the European political and economic integration. Despite big oppositions to the ratification of common currency and to the monetary union in some countries, the “single currency and the monetary union” was finally ratified and enforced on 1 November 1993.

General Information About the Malaysian Economy

Author(s): Fuat Çeliker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Zengin Malaysia, a developing and growing Asian country, has many economic dynamics. This study, which holds a general perspective on the Malaysian economy, has revealed the pros and cons of the Malaysian economy in many respects. In the study, the Malaysian economy was discussed over five questions. These questions are; Could You Give Information About Malaysia’s Macroeconomic Data?, Could You Specify Malaysia’s Sources of Income?, Could You Specify the Import and Export Structure of Malaysia?, How Does Malaysia’s Central Bank Operate?, and What is the Position Malaysia Holds in Global Economy?

Finansal Tabloların Dili: Oran Analizi Yöntemi ile Bist Şirketlerinde Covid-19 Döneminin Finansal Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Onur ÖZEVİN / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Şirketlerin finansal durumunun değerlendirilmesinde en kullanışlı araçlardan biri finansal oranlardır. Finansal tablolarda açıklanan veriler ile şirketlerin finansal durumu farklı parametrelerle analiz edilebilmekte, paydaşların ihtiyacı olan bilgiler sağlanabilmektedir. Finansal verilerin tekil olarak incelenmesi çoğu zaman yanlış yorumlamalara neden olabilir. Örneğin, kârı çok yüksek olan bir şirket yatırımcı için olumlu bir intiba verebilir ama kârlılık oranı çok düşük veya aşırı borçlu durumda ise karar durumu değişecektir. Bu risklerden korunmak ve sağlıklı finansal bilgi edinebilmek için çok yönlü bir analiz gerekir. Faaliyetlerin etkinliğini ve başarısını ölçmek, hedeflere ulaşma durumunu tespit etmek ve geleceğe dönük eylem planı hazırlamak için finansal tabloların analiz edilmesinde en kullanışlı araçlardan biri “oran (rasyo) analizi” tercih edilmektedir.

Makroekonomik Kuramlar ve Ekonomik Sistemler

Author(s): Hasan Alpago / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

In the globalizing world economy, a controlled free market mechanism dominates under the auspices of the state. This mechanism is based on an economic and political system in which property, commerce and industry are controlled by private owners rather than the state for profit. However, as seen during the COVID 19 pandemic process, the state needs to step in as a regulator in case the private sector loses its functions partially or completely due to economic, health, legal and security-related problems. On the other hand, macroeconomic theories are based on the development of a balance and sustainable policy at the point of meeting the endless needs of scarce resources. These macroeconomic theories are shaped in the light of liberal and socialist ideas. However, both liberal and socialist macroeconomic policy practices have been the subject of intense criticism in every period. In addition, as the economic and social developments in the world have gained a global dimension, Keynesian mixed macroeconomic models are gaining weight instead of purely liberal or socialist macroeconomic policies. Due to this importance of the subject, liberal and socialist macroeconomic theories are examined with a comparative analysis in this study. Thus, whether these theories are alternative, complementary or contradictory to each other has been evaluated within the framework of their common aspects and basic differences. These evaluations suggest making a conscious choice in the economic policy-making process. Since the subject has been comprehensively evaluated with a wide literature review and a descriptive evaluation in the study, it foresees to make an important contribution to the field.

Dünya Ekonomik Sisteminin Jeopolitiği

Author(s): Girayalp Karakuş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Ekonomi ile ilgili tarihi süreçler ve tarihi kaynaklar sistematiği doyurucu bir arka plan ortaya koyar. Dünya ekonomik sisteminin rekabetçi ortamı sermaye birikiminin jeopolitik nüfuz alanlarını zorunlu kılar. Para, satmak üzere mal veya emek satın almakta kullanıldığı zaman sermaye olur. Aynı şekilde, çoban yününü satarak aldığı parayla yemek için ekmek alırken parasını sermaye olarak kullanmaz. Ama tüccar, yünü daha yüksek fiyata satacağını umarak yün karşılığı para verirken parasını sermaye olarak kullanır. Ticaretin ayrıcalıklı olarak desteklenmesi aşırı sermaye birikiminin sosyal dengeyi ve ulus-devletlerin işlevini değiştirme yönlü gücünü var saymak gerçekçi bir yaklaşım olarak değerlendirilir. Az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin boyunduruk altında kalması iki dalga halinde ele alınmalıdır.