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Humanitarian components of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine from 2014-2022

Author(s): Walenty Baluk,Mykola Doroshko,Bogdan Cherkas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the humanitarian components of the latest Russian-Ukrainian war, which is qualified by its authors as a hybrid war. In principle, it is about the ideological basis, historical and religious mythology, and the information support of Russia’s revanchist policy in Ukraine, which the current Russian regime uses in its armed aggression against Ukraine. The authors convincingly and argumentatively prove that non-military instruments in Russia’s war against Ukraine are subordinated to a single goal – the restoration of the Russian empire and its international political influence. In order to achieve this goal, the Putin regime uses all the means available to it, including the spread of pseudo-historical myths and fakes that justify the expansionist policy of the Kremlin in Ukraine and in the countries of the post-Soviet space. Using a widely sourced base, the authors of the article refute the most common Russian pseudo-historical narratives.

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The impact of political, military, and social factors on the repositioning of Belarus within the regional security architecture

Author(s): Justyna Olędzka,Taras Polovyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The next phase of Russian aggression against Ukraine demonstrated that despite lacking a large military, territorial, population, or raw material potential, Belarus could play a significant role in the project to construct a new regional, continental, and even global security architecture. The purpose of this article is to discuss the problem of repositioning Belarus, which was af- fected not only by the multidimensional change in Belarusian-Ukrainian rela- tions as a result of the war but also by long-term efforts to elevate BelarusianEU relations. In this area, the fundamental research question is whether the war in Ukraine, the breach of the so-called Budapest Memorandum and the deepening of the multifaceted Russian-Belarusian integration within the Union State (including the militarisation of Belarus and the allocation of tactical nuclear weapons) will cause the projects for the redefinition of Belarus-EU relations (which are instrumental in reducing the intensity of political turbulence in the region) to disappear from the EU diplomatic agenda for a long time, with a direct negative impact on the future of European security. The article verifies the hypothesis that due to the specificity of the Belarusian authoritarian model, despite the systematically deepening Russian-Belarusian integration and the ever-expanding sanctions policy towards Belarus, (2) due to the shape of Belarusian-Ukrainian relations after 2014 and the periodically satisfactory Belarusian-EU relations, (1) there are still prospects for Belarus to pursue foreign policy diversification and repositioning of the European vector in it.

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War in Ukraine through the lens of interactive media: A typological study of video games

Author(s): Tetiana Zinovieva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The objective of the research was to assess video games related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and categorise them as media tools. The study revealed that computer games are a distinctive and practical medium for journalism. They help to dismantle the opposing side’s narratives and disseminate information globally about the situation in Ukraine. Video games can help Ukrainian society convey to the world the consequences of Russian aggression.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITIZATION IN THE POST-WAR RECOVERY OF THE ECONOMY

Author(s): Galyna L. MATVIIENKO-BILIAIEVA,Oleksiy Krasnorutskyy,Liudmyla Salionovych,Volyk Serhii,Tetiana Larina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Ukraine has made significant progress in developing digital technologies in recent years, with an average of 289% improvement in Internet access in all regions over the past decade. However, Russia’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine is causing severe problems in this area. There is also a digital divide in providing regions of Ukraine with Internet access. As a result of the conflict in Ukraine, attention has been drawn to the need for digital identification solutions: displaced persons often lose access to their physical documents. At the same time, there is an urgent need to confirm their identification data in host countries. If the war continues, the focus must be on keeping businesses and citizens connected to the Internet and modernizing the communications and infrastructure of public services. Digital technologies should become a critical factor in Ukraine’s post-war recovery. The study aims to analyze the characteristics of digitalization in terms of infrastructure, public services, and the digital economy. Thus, the study confirms that the reduction in the level of digital inequality has a high correlation with the growth of digitalization. In addition, the development of the level of digitalization is directly proportional to the efficiency of the IT industry. Thus, the IT sector in the first quarter of 2022 provided export revenue of 2 billion US dollars, which is 28% more compared to the previous year. The war caused significant disruptions to the sector, but increased international attention could open substantial opportunities for future development.

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THE TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE OF THE MARIUPOL CIVILIANS’ FORCED MIGRATION AND ADAPTATION ABROAD IN 2022

Author(s): Oksana Tashkinova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the interim results of the “Mariupol: past, present, future” research project, which is being conducted by the author since May 2022. The objective is to investigate the problems of social adjustment and integration of civilian residents of Mariupol who were forced to go abroad due to the war in Ukraine and the occupation of Mariupol. The article analyzes the socioeconomic aspects of the forced migration of military migrants abroad and their adaptation in the host communities. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the impact of the traumatic experience of war and evacuation on the successful adaptation of Mariupol civilians in the country of their temporary stay. Qualitative methods of sociological research, analysis of statistical data and documents related to the problem of forced migration and adaptation of Mariupol citizens abroad are used to collect data. The collected empirical material made it possible to clarify and supplement the information about the previous period of the sociological analysis of the society of the city of Mariupol during the war, in particular, evacuation experience, going through the “filtering” procedure of Mariupol civilians, evacuation from the occupied city. Special attention is paid to such issues as the experience of evacuation during this period after a long stay in the occupied city (evacuation in AprilSeptember 2022), the experience of internal displacement on the territory of Ukraine and forced migration to different countries of the world; as well as the views of Mariupol residents on their immediate and/or distant future.

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INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR INVESTING IN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Dmytro Zatonatskiy,Maksym Lavrentiev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Investment in critical infrastructure objects in conditions of military conflict and against the backdrop of the destruction of such infrastructure is associated not so much with economic growth as it is with the survival of the country today. Due to the need to restore critical infrastructure objects through foreign investments, the foundation is laid for unhindered investment in conditions of a state of war, as well as further post-war reconstruction of the country. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state and prospects of institutional support for investment in critical infrastructure objects. It is established that the system of regulation of investment relations in Ukraine is practically formed; it includes various norms contained in different sources and differing in their legal nature. However, this system was formed in peacetime and is mostly aimed at ensuring investors’ subjective rights and fulfilling their legal obligations during that period. The conducted analysis indicates the need for the adoption of new legislative acts that will transmit the national approach to investment in ensuring the stability and restoration of critical infrastructure. State institutions and regulatory acts should not only carry out control measures regarding the management of investment processes but also create favorable conditions for stimulating investment inflows. The main focus should be shifted towards reducing investment risks and creating attractive conditions for investment.

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IMPACT OF THE RUSSO- UKRAINIAN WAR ON BLACK SEA TRADE: GEOECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Author(s): Silviu Nate,Antonia Colibășanu,Andriy Stavytskyy,Ganna Kharlamova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This paper investigates the strategic importanceof the Black Sea region in the context of the ongoingconflict in Ukraine. Focusing on trade dynamics,geopolitical actors, and regional cooperation, the studyanalyzes the region's transformation and the resultingimplications for global trade. The paper examines how theconflict has redefined trade relationships among BlackSea nations and major powers. For this purpose, trendmodels are evaluated for three-time samples for theexport and import of products of 7 countries of the BlackSea Basin in both nominal and relative dimensions. Intotal, the evaluation and analysis encompass 1764econometric models. Noteworthy trends include theevolving roles of the EU, the Middle East, and Russia, thepotential resurgence of Ukraine, and Turkey's mediatingrole. The post-conflict landscape could witnessheightened Western influence and continued Chineseengagement.

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Wernakularna krytyka działań firm i marek w polskich cybermemach w obliczu wielokryzysowości. Casus wojny w Ukrainie

Author(s): Joanna Wardzała,Katarzyna Dojwa-Turczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2023

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2022 met with almost unambiguous criticism from the Pol- ish society, which resonated in actual attitudes and found its dimension in media messages, including those on the Internet. Internet users also created and distributed “funny pictures on the Internet” that dealt with the conflict, which popularized the events and gave them a specific emotional narrative.Although the genesis of today’s popular image-based memes is seen in works related to biology (R. Dawkins), from the humanistic perspective they are seen as products of online folklore, created by and addressed to cyberpeople. Memes as vernacular messages amuse, amuse, stigmatize, criticize, but also convey and popularize content that is very important for the cybernetic community. In the era of war in the East, they also present the issues of companies and brands present in Russia before its escalation and their decisions as to the continued presence of the aggressor in the country.The content of the proposed speech is based on the analysis of memes available on the Polish Internet dedicated to individual economic entities present in Russia before the events of February 24, 2022. The main research problem is how individual Western companies and brands are presented in cyber- memes created in the era of war. The main thesis of the work is the assumption of a positive image of enti- ties leaving Russia and a negative image of those that remain in the country. The collected material also al- lows for an ex post analysis of the areas and instruments of criticism and praise of individual companies.

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The War in Ukraine: Challenges for the Polish Education System

Author(s): Wawrzyniec Roch Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The article takes a closer look at the most relevant issues related to the sudden influx of refugees from Ukraine fleeing from the war to Poland. A significant part of them, according to Polish law, is of an age that is subject to compulsory education or schooling. In view of this, in a short period of time, almost 200 thousand pupils from Ukraine were placed in the units of the Polish education system. The purpose of this article is to present the scale of the problem – statistical data on pupils who are refugees, citizens of Ukraine, the measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Ministry of Education and Science that were necessary to meet the considerable challenges, primarily the legal regulations and financial resources allocated from the state budget to provide these measures. According to the reported data, almost 198.3 thousand children and pupils who have arrived from Ukraine since 24 February 2022 (currently more than 182 thousand) are listed in the units of the Polish education system (in pre-school education, primary and secondary schools). Children and pupils – refugees from Ukraine can be found in all 16 provinces, all across Poland, although almost 40% are concentrated in provincial cities, with the highest number in Warsaw – 17 thousand and about 8 thousand in Wrocław and Kraków each. Faced with this situation, a number of ad hoc systemic changes have been introduced and financial resources of around PLN 3 billion have been allocated from the state budget. The war in Ukraine and the exodus caused by it has become a considerable challenge for the Polish education system. Poland, despite the lack of external financial assistance (including from the European Union), opened the doors of its borders, homes and schools from the first days of this military conflict, providing the necessary support to refugees and introducing the necessary systemic changes to enable the absorption of such a large number of children and young people, in a short period of time, in the middle of the school year.

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Kanada wobec wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej

Author(s): Magdalena Marczuk-Karbownik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The following analysis aims to characterize Ottawa’s policy towards Russian- Ukrainian war. For the following reasoning, it is also important to present what the forms of Canada’s involvement were and how it reacted to the events in Ukraine, from the annexation of Crimea in March 2014 until the Russian invasion in February 2022. The main reason of Canada’s involvement in East- ern Europe is the numerous Ukrainian diaspora and its influence on the pro- cess of shaping Ottawa’s foreign policy. The research methods used in the text are the decision-making and content analysis methods.

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Środowisko akademickie musi odświeżyć ucieleśnioną i niewygodną wiedzę

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Środowisko akademickie musi odświeżyć ucieleśnioną i niewygodną wiedzę

Author(s): Julia Berezhko-Kaminska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

Does academia have space for the embodied knowledge of war overlooked by mainstream Western narratives? There is not much space for live experiences of war in academia outside texts and research analysis. A body that lives through a war is an uncomfortable body. If we want academia to remain relevant to the beating heart of life, and maybe even to react to the challenges of contemporary world, then today – more than ever – we need to learn from our tired, sleep-deprived, worried, and nauseous bodies. Following decolonial, feminist, and other critical scholars we need to recentre embodied and uncomfortable knowledge – knowledge as a burden, knowledge as an injury, and knowledge as emancipation.

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W Ukrainie

Author(s): Yulia Krivich / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

“In December 2019 I stood next to the Dworzec Zachodni train station in Warsaw, holding a flag with the slogan W Ukrainie (In Ukraine). I chose this spot for symbolic reasons: it is at this bus and train station that refugees from Ukraine usually arrive. The campaign gained publicity and inaugurated within Polish society a discussion concerning Polish-Ukrainian relations and the colonial history of both nations. From that time not much has changed. In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Polish Language Council officially accepted the term ‘in Ukraine’ as a correct linguistic form.”

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Migracje z Ukrainy do państw członkowskich UE w latach 2014–2023

Author(s): Ewa Łaźniewska,DARIUSZ Trojszczak,Khrystyna Prytula / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2023

The issue of migration is now a very important challenge faced by countries with different socio-economic development. The degree to which they cope with this problem depends on many factors. The considerations in the article focus on three cross-sections: migration from Ukraine after 2014 and the migration of war refugees particularly as it pertains to the PolishUkrainian border. The work is based on literature studies and analysis of statistical data. The hypothesis is based on discovering the special role played by the institutional environment as well as macroeconomic factors as criteria determining migration from Ukraine in the analysed period of 2014–2023. The main objectives of this analysis are to present the scale of the phenomenon in different periods and regional sections, as well as how regions differ in terms of their attractiveness and the degree to which their labour markets are prepared for the absorption of labour in the European Union. The presented analyses are run within the project NAWA project entitled Challenges for the labour market in counties in the Polish-Ukrainian borderland with regard to the influx of war refugees from Ukraine. Assessment of the situation, conclusions for Polish regions, entrepreneurs, and county labour offices.

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THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ARMS MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MILITARY CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Stefan Săvulescu,Lucian Ivan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The military conflict provoked by the Russian Federation in Ukraine has created major imbalances in international security. In this fluid and unpredictable security environment, the defence industry has reacted promptly, increasing production and export of military equipment and modern weapon systems to counterbalance the aggressive actions of the Russian Federation. The data analysed indicate the Russian Federation’s continuing concern to make significant defence investments, including in the defence complex, which reveals its interest in continuing the military conflict in Ukraine. As for the Euro-Atlantic states, they are trying to counter the threat posed by the Russian Federation by supplying Ukraine with high-performance military equipment, while investing in their militaries to supplement the weapons supplied to Ukraine. After the outbreak of the military conflict in Ukraine, Romania has managed to increase its exports of arms and ammunition, creating favourable conditions for profitable partnerships with large companies in the Euro-Atlantic area. At the same time, Romania has increased its defence budget allocation to 2.5% of GDP, and there are discussions to further increase this percentage in the coming period. A substantial part of this budget allocation is earmarked for the procurement of modern military equipment to NATO standards for the Romanian armed forces.

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FIGHTER JETS FOR UKRAINE: A REALITY CHECK

Author(s): Andreea Losekamm / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

After several NATO countries agreed to supply Ukraine with tanks after months of wrangling, the Ukrainian government is intensifying its demands for Western-style fighter jets. However, even with a few Western jets, Ukraine would hardly be able to destroy the powerful Russian air defence systems. In addition, and more importantly, Western fighter jets place enormous demands on infrastructure and training. A delivery decision would primarily be a political signal of long-term support for the country. However, it would not have any impact on the battlefield at this point in time. With the pressure on western states to deliver these weapon systems, the fears of a further escalation of the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine are increasing. There is concern that Ukraine would use Western combat aircraft to bomb targets on Russian territory, which, in turn, could push Vladimir Putin to further escalate the conflict. However, even though Ukraine has already attacked targets on Russian territory without resorting to aircraft, this specific risk of escalation is overestimated. Even if the risk of escalation from Ukrainian airstrikes on Russian territory is low, a number of other factors speak against the delivery of Western combat aircraft to Ukraine in the near future. Although these are primarily of a practical and not political nature, they nevertheless make it difficult to rebuild the Ukrainian air force with modern fourth-generation jets in the near future.

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THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN WAR ON ITS ABILITY TO PROJECT POWER GEOPOLITICALLY

Author(s): Șerban Grigoraș-Stănescu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

In recent years, Russia has gradually lost influence in peripheral states that traditionally used to gravitate around Moscow. China’s significant investments in infrastructure development and trade with Central Asian states have isolated Russia, causing it to lose its importance and guiding role in the region. At the same time, Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine has led to a complete breakdown in Russian-European relations and increased cohesion among Western nations. Although Russia has lost its role as the world’s second-largest power to China, Sino-Russian relations remain a vital issue in regional and international dynamics due to the conjunctural alliance designed to shake the leading role of the US in the global security architecture. The struggle between the West and Russia creates imbalances throughout the international system, and the current World Order seems more disrupted than ever in the last 30 years.

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KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA TRANZICIJSKIH DEMOGRAFSKIH PROCESA UKRAJINE I HRVATSKE I RECENTNI IZBJEGLIČKI VALOVI

Author(s): Monika Komušanac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2023

The comparative analysis established the similarity of the demographic transition processes in Ukraine and Croatia as a consequence of the specific historical, social and economic conditions of development within the former state communities. Consideration of post-transition characteristics and demographic heritage confirmed the comparability of modern demographic characteristics and processes of these 424 two countries. The recent geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe related to the Russian aggression on Ukraine has caused intensified forced relocations of the population in Ukraine and Europe in the context of exile and refugee movements. The main sources of migration waves, the directions and intensity of certain forms of forced (war) migration to and from the territory of Ukraine are defined. In addition to the increased spatial mobility of the population (both internal and external) and direct demographic losses, other demographic consequences will be visible with a delayed effect, and after the end of the war in Ukraine.

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Ukrajina, novi »tridesetogodišnji rat« i čekanje 21. stoljeća

Author(s): Neven Cvetićanin,Lino Veljak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/170/2023

The paper analyzes the acceleration of the history we are witnessing in our time, which is evident in a series of events and crises that mark the world we live in, especially after the start of the war in Ukraine, which have not occurred in such significant intensity and frequency since the end of the Second World War. Considering these events and crises, the paper discusses the thesis of a historian Eric Hobsbawm that the “short” 20th century that had lasted as “the age of extremes” since the First World War ended with the fall of “communism” and the Berlin Wall, after which we in fact entered the 21st century. Contrary to this thesis and to the well-known thesis on the “end of history”, our paper presents the view that we are still “politically” in the 20th century, because in our time there are similar tensions between the great powers that marked the 20th century and which in general mark the modern world since Westphalian peace in the 17th century. This general thesis is explained by the observation of the most basic lines of the dialectics of modern European and world history. The paper concludes that we are not only “politically” living in the “long” 20th century, but we are still “politically” living in the “longest” classical Westphalian age, which has been lasting for three and a half centuries in the same dialectical contradictions of world politics. Ultimately, the paper also discusses the task of philosophy in the times of the so-called “acceleration of history”, such as ours, and concludes that philosophy as a discipline in these times is obligated to offer, with theoretical creativity, a fresh philosophy of history, explaining in wider perspective a series of actual international occurrences.

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VENEMAA FÖDERATSIOONI SÕDA UKRAINA VASTU: KAS KAALUTUD JA RATSIONAALNE LAHENDUS VENEMAA GEOPOLIITILISTE HUVIDE EDENDAMISEKS?

Author(s): Erik Männik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 22/2023

Venemaa Föderatsioon (VF) alustas rohkem kui aasta tagasi sõda eesmärgiga Ukraina denatsifitseerida ja demilitariseerida. Sõja käigus on Venemaa muutnud oma põhipingutust ning rünnanud nii Ukraina sõjalisi struktuure kui ka tsiviilsihtmärke ja -ühiskonda. Sõjategevus on pakkunud rikkalikku informatsiooni ja õppetunde nii sõjalis-tehnilisel, taktikalisel kui ka operatsioonitasandil, kuid vähem on räägitud sellest, mida Ukraina sõda on näidanud VF-i strateegilise mõtlemise ja selle elluviimise erinevate tahkude kohta. Artiklis on analüüsitud Venemaa sõjalise jõu rakendamise sihipärasust riigi geopoliitiliste eesmärkide saavutamiseks, kasutades strateegiateooria põhiseisukohti. Saadud tulemuste põhjal on kirjeldatud VF-i strateegilise mõtlemise iseloomulikke jooni, tehtud järeldused nende mõju kohta Eesti sõjalise julgeoleku tagamisele ning Ukrainas kestva sõja edasisele kulule.

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REACTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TO THE RUSSIAN AGGRESSION IN UKRAINE IN 2022

Author(s): Tomasz Marcinkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2023

Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine in February 2022 demolished the previous order in Europe. From the beginning of the war, the European Union condemned the Kremlin’s actions and expressed support for defending Ukraine. Various measures like humanitarian, economic and political aid were also taken from the beginning. Restrictions (sanctions) have also been imposed on Russia and Belarus that supports it. However, the EU policy also brings costs to the people of the member states. Despite these costs, support for the EU’s pro-Ukrainian policy is high. However, it varies from country to country. Ukraine’s further struggle depends, among other things, on help from the West (including the EU) and in democratic countries this also depends on public support. This article presents the actions of the EU towards Russia in connection with the aggression against Ukraine and the scale of public support for this policy.

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